피아노 제조회사 - Steinway & Sons

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Steinway & Sons

19세기 초부터 독일 세쎈에서 하인리히 엥겔하르트 슈타인벡이

제조하던 수제 피아노회사가 슈타인벡이 1849년 미국 뉴욕으로 이주하여 이름을

영어식인 헨리 E.스타인웨이로 고치고 아들들과 함께 자신의 이름을 걸고 스타인웨이

앤드 선스라는 고급 피아노회사를 미국 뉴욕 멘하탄에서 설립하고 피아노를 생산한다. 

스타인웨이 가족은 혁신적인 기술을 도입한 피아노를 만들어 미국과 유럽에서 명성을 

떨치게 되었고, 수요가 폭발적으로 늘자 뉴욕 퀸즈에 생산 공장과 독일 함부르그에

생산 전진 기지를 만들어 많은 피아노를 생산하게된다.

이후 전문 피아니스트들과 세계의 연주홀에서 이악기를 선호하자 연주회장에서 연주되는 

고급 피아노의 대명사로 통하게 된다.

1853 by H.E Steinweg

하인리히 엥겔하르트 슈테인벡은 1820년대 처음 독일의 세쎈에서 처음 피아노를 제작

하고 미국으로 이주하기 전까지 스타인벡 브랜드로 피아노를 제작하다가 9명의 자식중

큰아들인 테오돌 슈타인벡 만을 독일에 두고 미국으로 이주를 한다.

큰아들은 프리드리히 그로트리안과 독일에서 계속해서 스타인벡 브랜드로 피아노를

생산하고, 미국으로 이주한 엥겔하르트는 다른 자식들과 1853년 뉴욕 멘하탄에서

피아노 제조회사를 설립해 1864년까지 스타인벡 이름으로 피아노를 생산하다가 이후

스타인웨이 & 선스라는 이름으로 피아노를 제조하게 된다.

                         

Steinway's factory in Manhattan, New York City, 1876         White House's Steinway

             

Steinway Artist Sergei Rachmaninoff

제2차 세계대전 후 스타인웨이는 여러 합병과 분할을 거듭하다가 스타인웨이의 후손들이

갖고 있던 경영권도 넘어간다. 1995년 스타인웨이 피아노를 주력으로 하는 종합 악기

제조 그룹인 스타인웨이 뮤지컬 인스트루먼츠가 설립된다.

현재 스타인웨이 뮤지컬 인스트루먼츠의 산하브랜드인 스타인웨이 앤드 선스 피아노는

미국 뉴욕과 독일 함부르그에 기반을 두고 계속 최고급 피아노를 생산하고 있으며,

동시에 중저가 모델인 Boston과 Essex도 제조하고 있다. 2013년에 미국의 헤치펀드

회사 중 하나인 Paulson & co.가 이 회사를 인수한다.

Steinway New York fertigt sechs Flugelmodelle und drei Klaviermodelle.

• Flugelmodelle: S-155, M-170, O-180, A-188, B-211, D-274
• Klaviermodelle: 4510 (Sheraton), 1098, K-52

Steinway Hamburg fertigt sieben Flugelmodelle und zwei Klaviermodelle.

• Flugelmodelle: S-155, M-170, O-180, A-188, B-211, C-227, D-274
• Klaviermodelle: V-125, K-132

Modelle

Flugelmodelle

Modell	Lange [cm]	Breite [cm]	Gewicht [kg]	Bauzeit seit	Bemerkung
S-155	155	146,5	252	1935
M-170	170	146,5	275	1914	entwickelt als gekurztes Design aus dem O-180
O-180	180	146,5	280	1900	urspr. Bezeichnung: Miniature design
A-188	188	148	315	1878	1,5 cm breiter als S, M, O; Mechanik gleich dem B-211; anfangs (1878–1892) kurzer (182 cm) und 85 Tasten
B-211	211	148	345	1878	anfangs (1878–1892) 85 Tasten
C-227	227	155	400	1886	Semi-Konzertflugel fur kleine Sale, sieben Zentimeter breiter als A, B, Mechanik gleich dem D
D-274	274	156	480	1884	Konzertflugel; bis ca. 1916 etwas kurzer

Klaviermodelle

Modell	Hohe [cm]	Breite [cm]	Tiefe [cm]	Gewicht [kg]	Bauzeit seit	Bemerkung
4510 (Sheraton)	114	148	64	218
1098	118	148	64	218
V-125	125	152,5	67,5	267
K-52 K-132	132	152,5	68	305	1903

Steinway Artists

Steinway Artist Sergei Rachmaninoff at a Steinway grand piano

Steinway Artist Keith Jarrettperforming on a Steinway grand piano

Today, more than 1,600 concert artists and ensembles are official Steinway Artists,^[155] which means that they have chosen to perform on Steinway pianos exclusively, and each owns a Steinway. None are paid to do so. Steinway Artists come from every genre: classical, jazz, rock, and pop. A few examples of Steinway Artists are Daniel Barenboim,Harry Connick, Jr., Billy Joel, Evgeny Kissin, Diana Krall, and Lang Lang; and a few examples of "immortals" are Benjamin Britten, Duke Ellington, George Gershwin, Vladimir Horowitz, Cole Porter, and Sergei Rachmaninoff. Also piano ensembles are on the Steinway Artist roster, for example Eroica Trio, Guher and Suher Pekinel,^[170] Katia and Marielle Labeque, and The 5 Browns. These ensembles consist of pianists, who are all Steinway Artists. In 2009, Steinway developed a new program for young artists, Young Steinway Artists. The title of Young Steinway Artist gives talented young pianists between the ages of 16 and 35 the opportunity of being affiliated with the Steinway Artist family, and access to the worldwide resources of Steinway and its network of dealers.In contrast to other piano makers, who presented their pianos to pianists, William Steinwayengaged the Russian pianist Anton Rubinstein to play Steinway pianos during Rubinstein's first and only American concert tour from 1872 to 1873, with 215 concerts in 239 days. It was a success for both Rubinstein and Steinway. Thus, the Steinway Artist program was born. Later the Polish pianist Ignacy Jan Paderewski toured America playing 107 concerts on Steinway pianos in just 117 days.

Steinway expects Steinway Artists to perform on Steinway pianos where they are available and in appropriate condition.^[175] Artur Schnabel complained once that "Steinway refused to let me use their pianos [i.e., Steinway pianos owned by Steinway] unless I would give up playing the Bechstein piano – which I had used for so many years – in Europe. They insisted that I play on Steinway exclusively, everywhere in the world, otherwise they would not give me their pianos in the United States. That is the reason why from 1923 until 1930 I did not return to America. ... [in] 1933, Steinway changed their attitude and agreed to let me use their pianos in the United States, even if I continued elsewhere to play the Bechstein piano... Thus, from 1933 on, I went every year to America." In 1972, Steinway responded to Garrick Ohlsson's statement that Bosendorfer was "the Rolls-Royce of pianos" by trucking away the Steinway-owned Steinway concert grand piano that Ohlsson was about to give a recital on at Alice Tully Hall in New York City. Ohlsson ended up performing on a Bosendorfer piano borrowed at the eleventh hour, and Steinway would not let him borrow Steinway-owned instruments for some time. Ohlsson has since made peace with Steinway.^[175] Angela Hewitt was removed from the Steinway Artist roster around 2002 after she purchased and performed on a Faziolipiano and referred to the New York Steinway as "clumsy" After the Canadian pianist Louis Lortie was removed from the Steinway Artist roster in 2003, he complained in a newspaper article that Steinway is trying to establish a monopoly on the concert world by becoming "the Microsoft of pianos". A Steinway spokesman said, in response to Lortie's decision to perform a concert on a Fazioli, that "I don't want anyone on our roster ... who doesn't want to play the Steinway exclusively." According to the Australian pianist Michael Kieran Harvey, "The pianist that crosses Steinway commits suicide", and it is difficult to maintain an international career "without paying a least lip-service to Steinway." According to the Canadian pianist Diana Krall, "It is a privilege and an honor to perform on Steinway pianos."

The Steinway Artist program has been copied by other piano companies, but Steinway's program is still unique in that a pianist must promise to play pianos of the Steinway brand only to become a Steinway Artist. The Steinway Artist designation restricts a pianist's use of pianos by other makers and implies an obligation to perform on Steinway pianos.

Awards

"Sudden Mania to become Pianists created upon hearing Steinway's Pianos at the Paris Exposition."
This lithograph by Amedee de Noe a.k.a. Cham conveys the wild popularity of the Steinway piano, the musicality of which had just been demonstrated by famed pianistDesire Magnus at the 1867 Exposition Universelle in Paris.^[29] (Harper's Weekly, August 10, 1867, reporting on the world exposition).

The Steinway company and its leaders have won numerous awards, including:

• In 1839, Heinrich Engelhard Steinweg exhibited three pianos at the state trade exhibition in Braunschweig, Germany and was awarded a gold medal.
• In 1855, Steinway attended the Metropolitan Mechanics Institute fair in Washington, D.C. and won 1st prize.
• In 1855, Steinway exhibited at the American Institute Fair in the New York Crystal Palace in what is now Bryant Park in New York City. Steinway won a gold medal "for excellent quality". A reporter wrote the following: "Their square pianos are characterized by great power of tone, a depth and richness in the bass, a full mellowness in the middle register and brilliant purity in the treble, making a scale perfectly equal and singularly melodious throughout its entire range. In touch, they are all that could be desired."
• From 1855 to 1862 Steinway pianos received 35 medals in the United States alone, since which time Steinway entered their pianos at international exhibitions only.
• In 1862, for the International Exhibition in London, Steinway shipped two square pianos and two grand pianos to England (two to Liverpool and two to London) and won 1st prize.
• In 1867, Steinway won three awards at the International Exposition in Paris: the Grand Gold Medal of Honor "for excellence in manufacturing and engineering pianos", the grand annual testimonial medal, and an honorary membership of the Societe Nationale des Beaux-Arts. These medals won in Europe increased the demand for Steinway pianos, thus the reason the family looked into opening a store in London. The International Exposition of 1867 established Steinway as the leading choice for pianos in Europe.
• In 1876, at the famous Centennial Exposition in the United States, Steinway received the two highest awards and a certificate of the judges showing a rating of 95.5 of a possible 96.
• In 1885, Steinway received the gold medal at the International Inventions Exhibition in London and the grand gold medal of theRoyal Society of Arts in London.
• In 2007, the National Medal of Arts was awarded to Henry Z. Steinway and presented by US President George W. Bush in an East Room ceremony at the White House. Henry Z. Steinway received the award for "his devotion to preserving and promoting quality craftsmanship and performance, as an arts patron and advocate for music and music education; and for continuing the fine tradition of the Steinway piano as an international symbol of American ingenuity and cultural excellence."^[212] The National Medal of Arts is a presidential initiative managed by the National Endowment for the Arts.
• In 2014, Steinway received the Red Dot product design award for the Arabesque limited edition grand piano. The jury wrote: "The design of the Arabesque impresses through elegance and individuality. It thus excellently complements the high-class product line of this renowned manufacturing house."

Patented inventions

Steinway's patent No. 229,198
of June 22, 1880

Blueprint for Steinway's patent No. 229,198, a tool for bending wood

In action at Steinway's factory in Hamburg (2006)

Steinway has been granted 126 patents in piano making; the first patent was achieved in 1857. Some notable examples of these are:

• Patent No. 26,532 (December 20, 1859): The bass strings are "overstrung" above the treble strings to provide more length and better tonal quality. The invention won 1st prize medal at the 1862 International Exhibition in London. Today, the invention is a standard feature of grand piano construction.
• Patent No. 126,848 (May 14, 1872): Steinway invented the duplex scale on the principle of enabling the freely oscillating parts of the string, directly in front of and behind the segment of the string actually struck, also to resound. The outcome is a large range and fullness of overtones – one of the characteristics of the Steinway sound.
• Patent No. 127,383 (May 28, 1872) In a Steinway piano, the cast iron plate rests on wooden dowels without actually touching the soundboard. It is lightly curved, creating a large hollow between the plate and the soundboard. This cavity acts as a reinforcement of existing resonant properties. An additional function of the plate is to counteract the pull of more than 20 tons of the string tension.
• Patent No. 156,388 (October 27, 1874): Steinway invented the middle piano pedal, called the sostenuto pedal. The sostenuto pedal gives the pianist an ability to create what is called an organ pedal point by keeping a specific note's damper, or notes' dampers, in their open position(s), allowing those strings to continue to sound while other notes can be played without continuing to resonate.
• Patent No. 170,645 (November 30, 1875): Steinway's "regulation action pilot" – also known as the capstan screw, which lifts the parts that drive the hammer toward the string. The Steinway device was adjustable, an advance that simplifies the chore of modifying a piano's action to a pianist's liking. Henry Z. Steinway called that patent the birth of the modern grand piano action.
• Patent No. 233,710 (October 26, 1880): The bridge transmits the vibration of the strings to the soundboard. In a Steinway piano, the bridge consists of vertically glued laminations; a principle that ensures that vibrations are easily developed and forwarded.
• Patent No. 314,742 (March 31, 1885):The inner and outer case comprise up to 18 layers of solid, hard-textured, horizontal-grain timber, pressed and bent into shape in one operation. They turn the case into one of the major components of the entire resonant body. It is a special bending process without the application of either heat or humidity.
• Patent No. 2,051,633 (August 18, 1936): The soundboard resembles a membrane. The special molding, gradually tapering from the center to the edge, provides great flexibility and freer vibration across the board.
• Patent No. 3,091,149 (May 28, 1963): The pin-block is specially designed to keep the instrument in tune longer. Steinway uses six glued layers of hard-textured wood, set at a 45° angle to the run of the grain. In this way, the tuning pins have a strong hold in the pin-block against overall pull and tension.

Documentary films

Note by Note: The Making of Steinway L1037

Main article: Note by Note: The Making of Steinway L1037

Note by Note: The Making of Steinway L1037 is an independent documentary film that follows the construction of a Steinway concert grand piano for more than a year, from the search for wood in Alaska to a display at Manhattan's Steinway Hall. The documentary film received its U.S. theatrical premiere at New York's Film Forum in November 2007.

In the documentary, the pianists Pierre-Laurent Aimard, Kenny Barron, Bill Charlap, Harry Connick, Jr., Helene Grimaud, Hank Jones,Lang Lang and Marcus Roberts, are seen testing and talking about Steinway pianos. The Steinway founder's great-grandson, Henry Z. Steinway, talks about the company's history.

Critics gave the documentary mostly positive reviews. As of July 17, 2011, the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported that 90% of critics gave the film positive reviews, based on 20 reviews.

Pianomania

Main article: Pianomania

Pianomania is a 2009 German-Austrian documentary film. The film presents Steinway's chief piano tuner and concert technician for the Vienna-area, Stefan Knupfer, in his work with pianists such as Lang Lang, Alfred Brendel and Pierre-Laurent Aimard.

The collaborative work between Stefan Knupfer and Pierre-Laurent Aimard is at the center of the film. The Art of Fugue by Johann Sebastian Bach is to be recorded and the film gain insight into Stefan Knupfer's work on the Steinway piano before and during the recording session. The film begins one year before the recording takes place. One of Alfred Brendel's last concerts takes place at the Grafenegg Music Festival in Vienna. Stefan Knupfer prepares the Steinway piano for him while Alfred Brendel gives his directions humorously.

          

             

                 

    

Workers outside of the Steinway factory. square piano                              Die Rotunde der Steinway Hall 

          

            

                   

                

           

Steinway grand pianos the serial number

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