말,마 馬의 한자상고음 어원과 horse의 어원 은 같다.

[나비우스]

말,마 馬

galloper 질주하는 말

gallop 질주하다 달리다

굴러뿌-->굴러버려의 경상도사투리

기본형 구르다

몰,구 驅 

한자상고음 khro 혹은 kharo 

Chinese: "驅" | Query method: Match substring

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *khjŏ (~ gh-,-ǝ̆w)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

 

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *=ărḳĔw

Meaning: to drive

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

 

Borean (approx.) : HVRKV

Meaning : run, drive

Eurasiatic : *ʔurKV

Afroasiatic : Sem. *ʕrḳ-

Sino-Caucasian : *=ărḳĔw

Austric : PAN *makaw, *lakaw 'walk, go'

Reference : ND 147.

North Caucasian: *=ărḳĔw

Sino-Tibetan: *khjŏ (~ gh-,-ǝ̆w)

 

Meaning: run

Chinese: 驅 *kh(r)o,-s drive (horses) forward; gallop, hasten.

 

Character: 驅

Modern (Beijing) reading: qū

Preclassic Old Chinese: kho

Classic Old Chinese: kho

Western Han Chinese: khwa

Eastern Han Chinese: khwa

Early Postclassic Chinese: khwo

Middle Postclassic Chinese: khwo

Late Postclassic Chinese: khwo

Middle Chinese: khü

English meaning : to drive (animals), gallop, drive out, drive away

Russian meaning[s]: 1) изгонять, выгонять; 2) мчаться, бежать; торопиться; 3) подстегивать лошадь

Comments: Also read *kho-s, MC khǜ (FQ 區遇) id.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

 

Number: 2528

Chinese etymology: Chinese etymology

Character: 驅

MC description : 遇合三平虞溪

ZIHUI: 7517 0977

Beijing: ćhy 11

Jinan: ćhy 11

Xi'an: ćhy 11

Taiyuan: ćhy 1

Hankou: ćhy 11

Chengdu: ćhy 11

Yangzhou: ćhy 11

Suzhou: ćhy 11

Wenzhou: ćhy 11

Changsha: ćhy 11

Shuangfeng: thy 11

Nanchang: ćhy 11

Meixian: khi 11

Guangzhou: khö_y 11

Xiamen: khu 11

Chaozhou: khu 11

Fuzhou: khü 11

Radical: 187

Four-angle index: 786

Karlgren code: 0122 c-f

Shijing occurrences: 54.1_

Tibetan: dkju to run a race, ãkhju (p. ãkhjus) to run, ãgju (p. gjus) move quickly, rgjug, ãkhjug (p. khjug) to run.

Burmese: LB *kjǝwx > Akha cö to run with great speed.

Comments: Chepang kraw to run away. Coblin 128.

그리고 인도 드라비다어가 그 증거를 제시하고 있다.

Proto-Dravidian : *par-

Meaning : to run

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-South Dravidian: *par-i-

 

Proto-South Dravidian : *par-i-

Meaning : to run

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Tamil : pari (-v-, -nt-)

Tamil meaning : to run, go out, escape

Tamil derivates : (-pp-, -tt-) to run, proceed; n. motion, speed, rapidity, pace of a horse, a horse; parippu motion; pariyal going fast

Malayalam : pari

Malayalam meaning : horse

Kannada : pari, hari

Kannada meaning : to run, flow, proceed (as work), go away, disappear, be discharged (as a debt); n. moving, running, flowing, stream

Kannada derivates : parike, pariya running; parivu id., flowing, current

Tulu : pariyuni, hariyuni

Tulu meaning : to run, flow

Tulu derivates : aryuni to flow, run (as water); parapuni to flow (as water); parapu flowing, running; ? pari path, way; ? payyerụ horse; payyolụ, payyoli id., riding, galloping; bayyelụ running, riding; bayyoḷi a walk

Proto-Nilgiri : *par-ĭ-

 

Proto-Nilgiri : *par-ĭ-

Meaning : (horse) gallops; ride at a gallop

South Dravidian etymology: South Dravidian etymology

Toda : pary- (parc-)

Number in DED : 3963

Number in DED : 3963

Proto-Telugu : *par-

 

Proto-Telugu : *par-

Meaning : running, a run

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Telugu : parugu

Dialectal forms (1) : paruvu

Dialectal forms (2) : parvu

Telugu (Krishnamurti) : parapu "to cause to flow"

Additional forms : Also paruviḍu to run; pāru to run, run away, have a motion of the bowels, purge, (K also) fly (or with 4020)

Number in DED : 3963

Proto-North Dravidian : *par-c-

 

Proto-North-Dravidian : *par-c-

Meaning : to run away

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Malto : parce, parctre

Number in DED : 3963

베트남어 mã [馬] 발음 [마]

대만어  bé 혹은 má

광동어 마-

일본어 바

몽골어 морь 모리 

스웨덴어 häst

라틴어 equus

네덜란드어 paard

독일어 pferd

스페인어 caballo

포르투갈어 cavalo

이탈리아어 cavallo

프랑스어 cheval‎

인도계열언어

구자라트어 Ghōḍō

네팔어 Ghōḍā

마라티어 Ghōḍā

말라얄람어 kutira

벵골어 Ghōṛā

칸나다어 Kudure

타밀어 Kutirai

텔루구어 Gurraṁ

펀자브어 Ghōṛā

힌디어 ghoda

유목민족이었던 영어의 horse는 매우 중요한 어휘이다. ​

과연, 영어 horse의 어원은 무엇일까?

​영어 horse의 고대어는 hors이고, 원시 게르만어 hurusa에서 유래한 것이며, 그 어원은 알려져 있지 않고, 다만 라틴어 currera (to run)과 관련되었다고 추정될 뿐이다.

그러면, 정확한 어원을 찾기 위하여 유라시아어의 조상어인 르완다어를 찾아보자.

르완다어 hurura 는 도주하다, 무리지어 달리다 (to go out against, run with crowd)의 뜻이며, sa는 유사하다 (only, to be similar)의 뜻이다.

원시 게르만어 hurusa는 르완다어 hurura의 어간 <huru + sa>로서, 그저 도주하는 것, 무리지어 달리는 것이라는 의미이다.

영어 horse는 hurura ​(to go out against, run with crowd)에서 기원한 것으로서, 질주하는 동물을 의미하는 것이다.르완다어 hurura

르완다어 sa는 영어의 복수인 s의 어원으로 추정되며, s의 뜻은 five hundred dollars only와 같이 원래는 무리를 하나로 묶는 only의 뜻이었다.​

또한, 고대 동북아시아의 북방 오랑케인 호로(胡虜)족들은 바로 르완다어 hurura에서 유래한 기마민족을 의미하는 것이다.​

한국어에도 호루라기라는 말이 있는데, 르완다어 hurura ​(to go out against, run with crowd)에서 유래한 것이다.​

[출처]https://blog.naver.com/hyyimmm/220385562626 작성자 세건

Proto-Altaic: *pasi ( ~ p`-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

 

Meaning: to run, hurry

Russian meaning: бежать, спешить

Mongolian: *hesüre-

 

Proto-Mongolian: *hesüre-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to jump, leap

Russian meaning: прыгать, скакать

Written Mongolian: üsür- (L 1014)

Khalkha: üsre-

Buriat: hür-

Kalmuck: ösr- (КРС)

Ordos: üsür-

Dagur: xesre- (Тод. Даг. 176), xesure-; hesere- (MD 161)

Shary-Yoghur: sur-

Mogol: üsürü- (Ramstedt 1906)

Comments: MGCD 697.

Tungus-Manchu: *pasi-

 

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *pasi-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 to hurry, scurry 2 commotion, hurry (n.)

Russian meaning: 1 торопиться, суетиться 2 торопливость, смятение

Even: hasụl- 1

Spoken Manchu: fačuhun 'disordered' (1065); fačuhuru- 'to fall into disorder' (1066)

Literary Manchu: fači-xin, faču-xun 2, fačix́aša- 1

Solon: paš́igụ̄̃ 2

Comments: ТМС 2, 36. The root has some peculiarities: p- in Sol. probably means that the word is borrowed < Manchu. Manchu -č- : Evn. -s- is quite strange: it may point to a derivation fači- < *pasi-či- in Manchu. TM > Dag. pačgurā- 'to become confused' (Тод. Даг. 160).

Korean: *pàs- / *pàč-

 

Proto-Korean: *pàs- / *pàč-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 to be hurried, urgent 2 to make hurry

Russian meaning: 1 быть срочным, поспешным 2 торопить, спешить

Modern Korean: pap:ɨ- 1, pap:i-ha- 2

Middle Korean: pàspằ- 1, pàčh- 2

Comments: Liu 371, 373, KED 707.

Comments: The root should be distinguished from *bašo q. v. (cf. the distinction in Manchu), although some contaminations were possible. Note a peculiar alternation *-s-/*-č- both in TM and Kor., possibly indicating an old suffixed variant *p`asi-č`V. PJ *pasir- 'run', because of its vocalism, is rather to be attributed to PA *p`ĕ̀ĺo q. v.

Proto-Altaic: *p`ĕ̀ĺo

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to walk, to run

Russian meaning: ходить, бежать

Turkic: *ẹĺ-

Mongolian: *hülde-

 

Proto-Mongolian: *hülde-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to chase

Russian meaning: гнать

Written Mongolian: ülde- (БАМРС)

Middle Mongolian: xulde- (SH)

Khalkha: ülde- / öldö-

Buriat: ülde-

Tungus-Manchu: *peli- (/*puli-)

Korean: *pā̆rb-

 

Proto-Korean: *pā̆rb-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to tread, trample

Russian meaning: ступать, топтать

Modern Korean: pāp- [pālp-]

Middle Korean: pā̆rp- (-w-)

Comments: Nam 247, KED 732.

Japanese: *pàsìr-

 

Proto-Japanese: *pàsìr-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to run

Russian meaning: бежать

Old Japanese: pasir-

Middle Japanese: fàsìr-

Tokyo: hashír-

Kyoto: háshír-

Kagoshima: hàshìr-

Comments: JLTT 685.

Comments: Цинциус 1984, 46-47, JOAL 119, Street 1985, 646.

한자상고음 pran ㅅ바른-->빠른(어원1)

gumra2 a horse, a pony; (H) kumraŋ 자료를 통해 

gupra 구불러 혹은 kuprang 구불른(어원2)

구불다

국어사전

[동사] 1. ‘구르다1’의 방언(경남). 2. ‘굽다2(한쪽으로 휘다)’의 북한어.

동사

구르다 

「…으로」 바퀴처럼 돌면서 옮겨 가다.

바위가 언덕 아래로 구르다

공이 골문 안으로 굴러 들어갔다.

동전이 떨어져 하수구로 굴러 버렸다.  

마소나 수레 따위가 걷거나 달리거나 할 때에 출썩거리다.

horse 말 

빨랐어 혹은 굴렀어(달렸어)-->어원

ㅁ<---ㅂ<--ㅍ<-->ㅎ

mare 암말; 암탕나귀

역시 ㅍ-->ㅂ-->ㅁ 발음변천과정

빨라--> 어원

ㅍ-->ㅂ-->ㅁ 발음변천과정을 따른다.

독일어 pferd 빠르다-->어원

프랑스어 cheval‎ [슈발] 어두자음군 ㅅ바르

North Caucasian: *farnē  빠르네 -->어원

Chinese: "馬" | Query method: Match substring

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *mrāH / *mrāŋ

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

 

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *xmarŋē

Meaning: horse

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *farnē

 

Proto-North Caucasian: *farnē

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: horse, mare

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *xʷVnV

 

Protoform: *xʷVnV

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: horses (collect.)

Avar: xʷáni

Comments: Exceptional accent paradigm: gen. xʷánu-l, pl. xunú-l. The word is known also in Andian languages (Akhv., And., Bagv. xʷani, Kar. xʷane), but is obviously a loan from Avar.

Proto-Tsezian: *χar-am (?)

 

Proto-Tsezian: *χar-am (?)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: foal

Khvarshi: χaram

Comments: Quoted from Khaidakov 1973, thus not very reliable.

Proto-Lezghian: *χʷar(a)

 

Proto-Lezghian: *χʷar(a)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: mare

Lezghian: χʷar

Tabasaran: χʷar

Agul: χʷar

Rutul: χʷar

Comment: Cf. also Lezg. Khl. χʷar, Tab. Düb. χar, Ag. Bursh. χʷar. Obl. base *χʷara- or *χʷarä- (Lezg. χʷara-, Khl. χura-, Tab. χʷara-, Düb. χara-, Ag. χʷara-). 3d class in Rut.

Proto-West Caucasian: *xʷara (~ f-)

 

Proto-West-Caucasian: *xʷara (~ f-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: thoroughbred horse

Adyghe: fāra

Kabardian: xʷāra

Comments: PAK *xʷará. Phonetically a perfect match would be PAT *fǝrǝ in Abkh. a-fǝ́r-χac̣a, Abaz. fǝr 'hero', if we assume a metaphoric use of the root in PAT.

Notes: The etymology seems satisfactory both phonetically and semantically. The root must have denoted a good horse, mare ('thoroughbred' in WC).

Sino-Tibetan: *mrāH / *mrāŋ

 

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *mrāH / *mrāŋ

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: horse

Chinese: 馬 *mrāʔ horse.

Burmese: mraŋh horse, LB *mhruŋx.

Kachin: gumra² a horse, a pony; (H) kumraŋ a horse, a pony.

Comments: Haka ray; Kanauri ray; Thebor śaŋ; Chepang saraŋ; Rgyarung nporo, poro, moro. Sh. 121, 135, 143, 410; Ben. 43; Mat. 182.

Basque: *behor̄ (*be-hor̄ ?)

 

Proto-Basque: *behor̄

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: mare

Bizkaian: beor

Gipuzkoan: beor

High Navarrese: beor

Low Navarrese: behor

Salazarese: beor

Lapurdian: behor

Zuberoan: bóhor

Roncalese: beor, (Uztárroz) beur

Comments: Initial *be- is not likely to be a fossilized prefix, since *be=/*bi= does not occur with animate beings (human or animal). Perhaps a dissimilated reduplication (*fefor > *befor, or the like)?

Comments and references : WFR 74, LV B10, BCD 262.

Meaning: horse

Chinese: 馬 *mrāʔ horse.

 

Character: 馬

Modern (Beijing) reading: mǎ

Preclassic Old Chinese: mrāʔ

Classic Old Chinese: mrā́

Western Han Chinese: mrā́

Eastern Han Chinese: mrǟ́

Early Postclassic Chinese: mạ̄́

Middle Postclassic Chinese: mạ̄́

Late Postclassic Chinese: mạ̄́

Middle Chinese: mạ́

Fanqie: 姥雅

Rhyme class: 馬

English meaning : horse

Russian meaning[s]: 1) лошадь; конь (символ армии); армия; конный, кавалерийский; 2) разбойный, буйный; 3) сокр. марка (немецкая); 4) немедленно, не сходя с места; 5) 21-е число (в телеграммах); 6) Ма (фамилия)

Shuowen gloss: 怒也. 武也. 象馬頭髦尾四足之形. 凡馬之屬皆從馬.

Comments: For *m- cf. Xiamen, Chaozhou be³, Fuzhou, Jianou ma³.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

 

Number: 1088

Chinese etymology: Chinese etymology

Character: 馬

MC description : 假開二上馬明

ZIHUI: 7456 0023

Beijing: ma 2

Jinan: ma 2

Xi'an: ma 2

Taiyuan: ma 2

Hankou: ma 2

Chengdu: ma 2

Yangzhou: mai 2

Suzhou: ma_ 32 (lit.); mo 32

Wenzhou: mo 21

Changsha: ma 2

Shuangfeng: mû 2

Nanchang: ma 2

Meixian: ma 11

Guangzhou: ma 22

Xiamen: ma 2 (lit.); mã 2 (lit.); be 2

Chaozhou: be 21

Fuzhou: ma 2

Shanghai: mo 32

Zhongyuan yinyun: ma 2

Radical: 187

Four-angle index: 4586

Karlgren code: 0040 a-e

Vietnamese reading: mã

Jianchuan Bai: mɛ1

Dali Bai: mer1

Bijiang Bai: mo1, ma1

Shijing occurrences: 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 9.2_, 31.3_, 53.1, 53.2, 53.3, 54.1

Burmese: mraŋh horse, LB *mhruŋx.

Kachin: gumra² a horse, a pony; (H) kumraŋ a horse, a pony.

Comments: Haka ray; Kanauri ray; Thebor śaŋ; Chepang saraŋ; Rgyarung nporo, poro, moro. Sh. 121, 135, 143, 410; Ben. 43; Mat. 182.