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Public debate(공개토론)
The International Public Debate Association (IPDA), inaugurated on February 15, 1997 at St. Mary's University (Texas) in San Antonio, Texas, is a national debate league currently active in the states of Arkansas, Louisiana, Kansas, Alabama, Texas, Mississippi, Tennessee, Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Florida, and Oklahoma. Among universities, IPDA is the fastest growing debate association within the United States. Although evidence is used, the central focus of IPDA is to promote a debate format that emphasizes public speaking and real-world persuasion skills over the predominate use of evidence and speed. To further this goal, IPDA predominantly uses lay judges in order to encourage an audience-centered debate style. Furthermore, although the main goal of the debater is to persuade the judge, IPDA also awards the best speakers within each tournament.
IPDA offers both team debate where two teams of two debate and individual debate. In both team and individual debate a list of topics are given to the two sides thirty minutes before the start of the round. A striking negotiation ensues to pick a topic. The sides, one affirming the resolution and one negating the resolution, then prepare an opening speech, a cross-examination of the other side, and closing remarks for the round.
While most member programs the International Public Debate Association are associated with colleges or universities, participation in IPDA tournaments is open to anyone whose education level is equivalent to seventh-grade or higher.
IPDA offers both team debate where two teams of two debate and individual debate.
a list of topics are given to the two sides thirty minutes before the start of the round. | 라운드 시작 30분 양측에 논제목록 제시 |
A striking negotiation ensues to pick a topic. | 논제 선정 협상 이어짐 |
the start of the round. | 라운드시작 |
preparing an opening speech, | 논제 찬성측 반대측 모두 발언 |
a cross-examination of the other side | 상대방에 대한 반대심문 |
a closing remarks for the round. | 최종발언 |
public debate (1. 논제 제시 2. 논제 협상 3.토론)
찬성 | 반대 |
1. 입론 | |
2. 입론 | |
3. 반대심문 | |
4. 종결발언 | |
5. 종결발언 |
Australian debate(호주식 토론)
Australasia style debates consist of two teams who debate over an issue, more commonly called a topic or proposition. The issue, by convention, is presented in the form of an affirmative statement beginning with "That", for example, "That cats are better than dogs," or "This House", for example, "This House would establish a world government." The subject of topics varies from region to region. Most topics however, are usually region specific to facilitate interest by both the participants and their audiences.
Each team has three members, each of whom is named according to their team and speaking position within his/her team. For instance the second speaker of the affirmative team to speak is called the "Second Affirmative Speaker" or "Second Proposition Speaker", depending on the terminology used. Each of the speakers' positions is based around a specific role, the third speaker for example has the opportunity to make a rebuttal towards the opposing teams argument introducing new evidence to add to their position. The last speaker is called the "Team Advisor/Captain". Using this style, the debate is finished with a closing argument by each of the first speakers from each team and new evidence may not be introduced. Each of the six speakers (three affirmative and three negative) speak in succession to each other beginning with the Affirmative Team. The speaking order is as follows: First Affirmative, First Negative, Second Affirmative, Second Negative, Third Affirmative, and finally Third Negative.
Each team has three members(6년 3분, 11~12년 8~10분)
찬성 | 시간 | 반대 | 시간 |
First Affirmative(the first speaker of the affirmative team)(Prime Minister) | |||
찬성측 첫 번째 발언자 입론(총리) | First Negative(the first speaker of the negative team)(Opposition Leader) | ||
Second Affirmative(the second speaker of the affirmative team)( Deputy Prime Minister) | 반대측 첫 번째 발언자 입론(야당대표) | ||
찬성측 두 번째 발언자 입론(부총리) | Second Negative(the second speaker of the negative team)(Deputy Opposition Leader) | ||
반대측 두번째 발언자 입론((야당부대표) | |||
Third Affirmative(the third speaker of the affirmative team( Government Whip) | Team Advisor/Captain | ||
찬성측 세 번째 발언자 입론(총무: Team Advisor/Captain) | Third Negative(the third speaker of the negative team)(Opposition Whip) | ||
a closing argument | . | 반대측 세 번째 발언자 입론(총무: Team Advisor/Captain) | |
찬성측 첫 번째 발언자 종결논증( 총리) | a closing argument | ||
반대측 첫 번째 발언자(종결논증: 여당대표) |
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찬성 | 시간 | 반대 | 시간 |
찬성측 첫 번째 발언자 입론(총리) | |||
반대측 첫 번째 발언자 입론(야당대표) | |||
찬성측 두 번째 발언자 입론(부총리) | |||
반대측 두번째 발언자 입론(야당부대표) | |||
찬성측 세 번째 발언자 입론(총무: Team Advisor/Captain) | |||
반대측 세 번째 발언자 입론(총무: Team Advisor/Captain) | |||
찬성측 첫 번째 발언자 종결논증( 총리) | . | ||
반대측 첫 번째 발언자(종결논증: 여당대표) | |||
a closing argument : by each of the first speakers from each team and new evidence may not be introduced
The context in which the Australasia style of debate is used varies, but in Australia and New Zealand is mostly used at the Primary and Secondary school level, ranging from small informal one-off intra-school debates to larger more formal inter-school competitions with several rounds and a finals series which occur over a year.
World Universities Peace Invitational Debate (WUPID)(세계대학평화초청토론)
WUPID is an invitational tournament that employs the BP or Worlds format of debating. It invites the top 30 debating institutions in accordance to the list provided by the World Debate Website administered by Colm Flynn. If any or some of the teams cannot participate than replacements would be called in from the top 60 teams or based on strong recommendations from senior members of the University Debating community.
WUPID was first held in December 2007 with Sydney University being crowned champion. The second installation in 2008 saw Monash taking the trophy home. The third WUPID will be held in University Putra Malaysia (UPM) in December 2009. The first two tournaments were co-hosted by Univerisiti Kuala Lumpur (UNIKL).
WUPID was the brainchild of Daniel Hasni Mustaffa, Saiful Amin Jalun and Muhammad Yunus Zakariah. They were all former debaters for UPM who took part at all possible levels of debating from the Malaysian nationals to the World Championship.
Asian Universities Debating Championship(아시아대학토론챔피언십)
United Asian Debating Championship is the biggest debating tournament in Asia, where teams from the Middle East to Japan[citation needed] come to debate. It is traditionally hosted in southeast Asia where participation is usually highest compared to other parts of Asia.
Asian debates are largely an adaptation of the Australasian format. The only difference is that each speaker is given 7 minutes of speech time and there will be points of information (POI) offered by the opposing team between the 2nd to 6th minutes of the speech. This means that the 1st and 7th minute is considered the 'protected' period where no POIs can be offered to the speaker.
The debate will commence with the Prime Minister's speech (first proposition) and will be continued by the first opposition. This alternating speech will go on until the third opposition. Following this, the opposition bench will give the reply speech.
In the reply speech, the opposition goes first and then the proposition. The debate ends when the proposition ends the reply speech. 4 minutes is allocated for the reply speech and no POI's can be offered during this time.
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