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01 General Presumptions and Concepts Referring to Conscious.pdf
02 Theoretical Inspirations 10-37.pdf
03 The Variety of Subjective Experience 38-60.pdf
04 Research on Altered States of Consciousness 61-81.pdf
05 Models of the States of Consciousness and Information Me.pdf
06 Applications and Extensions of the Models 143-169.pdf
07 Information Metabolism in the Framework of Exact Science.pdf
08 Metabolism of Information as a Model for Multiaxial Psyc.pdf
STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS: Models for Psychology and Psychotherapy
Written by Andrzej Kokoszka
Contents
Preface ................................................................................... vii
Acknowledgments..................................................................... xi
Permissions ............................................................................. xiii
Introduction ............................................................................ xxiii
1. General Presumptions and Concepts Referring to Consciousness
and Its Altered States ............................................................ 1
Preface ................................................................................ 1
1. Philosophical Presumptions................................................... 2
2. Consciousness, Self-Consciousness, and Awareness..................... 4
3. The Notion of Altered States of Consciousness and Other Terms
of Similar Meaning............................................................. 5
4. Superficially and Profoundly Altered States of Consciousness ........ 8
2. Theoretical Inspirations ......................................................... 10
Preface ................................................................................ 10
1. Neo-Jacksonian Psychophysiological Psychiatry of Jan
Mazurkiewicz.................................................................... 11
1.1. Introduction................................................................ 11
1.2. History of Misperception of Jacksonian Theory by
Psychiatry .................................................................. 12
1.3. The Main Principles of the Neo-Jacksonian Theory
of Mazurkiewicz.......................................................... 13
1.3.1. Double Function of the CNS................................... 13
1.3.2. Instinctual Sources of Psychic Activity...................... 14
1.3.3. Dynamic Function of Emotions ............................... 15
1.3.4. The Psychophysiology Theory ................................ 16
1.3.5. The Psychopathology Theory ................................. 17
1.3.6. Schema of Human Psychical Activity........................ 18
1.4. Conclusions................................................................ 18
2. Comprehensive Descriptive Psychiatry of Antoni Kepi´nski:
Metabolism of Information and Psychopathology of Values
Experiencing..................................................................... 20
2.1. Introduction................................................................ 20
2.2. Metabolism of Information ............................................. 21
2.2.1. Basic Notion ...................................................... 21
2.2.2. Basic Functions and Structures................................ 22
2.2.3. A Model of Information Metabolism......................... 24
2.3. The Axiological Approach To Psychiatry According to
Antoni Kepi´nski........................................................... 28
2.4. To Understand in Order to “Raise the Spirit” ....................... 30
2.5. Conclusions................................................................ 32
3. Constructivism .................................................................. 32
4. Mindfulness...................................................................... 34
5. Neuroimaging of States of Consciousness ................................. 35
3. The Variety of Subjective Experience........................................ 38
Preface ................................................................................ 38
1. Altered States of Consciousness Are Common ........................... 38
1.1. Hallucination Occurrence............................................... 39
1.2. Mystical-Like States and Peak Experiences ......................... 40
1.3. Hypnotic-Like Experiences............................................. 41
1.4. Near-Death Experiences and Out-of-Body Experiences .......... 42
1.5. The Altered States of Consciousness Occurrence .................. 42
1.5.1. States of Consciousness Subjectively Considered as
Unusual ............................................................ 43
1.5.2. Occurrence of Altered States of Consciousness
Among Students.................................................. 43
1.6. Implications of Research on ASC Occurrence for the
Psychology of Consciousness .......................................... 45
2. Phenomenology of Altered States of Consciousness..................... 45
2.1. Profoundly Altered States of Consciousness ........................ 47
2.2. Superficially Altered States of Consciousness ...................... 47
2.3. The Comparison of the Experiences Accompanying SASC
and PASC.................................................................. 54
2.4. Conclusions................................................................ 57
3. The Contents of Experience Is Not Specific for Mental
Disorders: Altered States of Consciousness Among
Schizophrenics and Healthy Controls....................................... 57
4. Research on Altered States of Consciousness: Main Results and
General Theories .................................................................. 61
Preface ................................................................................ 61
1. Review of Scientific Findings ................................................ 62
1.1. Historical Background of ASC Investigations ...................... 62
1.1.1. Period of Philosophical Investigations ....................... 62
Contents xvii
1.1.2. The First Period of Psychological Investigations .......... 62
1.1.3. Period of Nonpsychological Investigations ................. 62
1.1.4. Period of Interdisciplinary Investigations of Altered
States of Consciousness......................................... 63
1.1.5. The Second Period of Psychological Investigations of
the States of Consciousness.................................... 63
1.1.6. Period of Studies on Aspects of Consciousness............ 63
1.2. Conclusions from Researchers Investigating Altered States
of Consciousness Mechanisms......................................... 64
1.2.1. Meditation......................................................... 64
1.2.2. Sensory Deprivation ............................................. 65
1.2.3. Hypnosis........................................................... 66
1.2.4. Biofeedback....................................................... 66
1.2.5. States of Consciousness in Sleep.............................. 67
1.2.6. Brain Hemispheres............................................... 67
1.2.7. Neurological Findings........................................... 68
2. General Psychological Theories and Models of Altered States
of Consciousness................................................................ 68
2.1. Classical Theories of Consciousness.................................. 68
2.1.1. William James .................................................... 68
2.1.2. Karl Jaspers ....................................................... 69
2.1.3. Sigmund Freud ................................................... 71
2.1.4. Carl Gustav Jung................................................. 72
2.2. Contemporary Theories and Models of Consciousness ........... 73
2.2.1. Introduction ....................................................... 73
2.2.2. Gruehn ............................................................. 73
2.2.3. Fisher’s Cartography of States of Consciousness .......... 73
2.2.4. Weils’s Drive to ASC............................................ 74
2.2.5. Tart’s System Approach ........................................ 74
2.2.6. Jaynes’s Concept of Bicameral Mind ........................ 75
2.2.7. Transpersonal Approach........................................ 75
2.2.8. Psychodynamic Approach...................................... 76
2.2.9. Cognitive Approach ............................................. 76
2.2.10. Other Theories .................................................. 78
3. Conclusions from the Review of Existing Data and Theories of
States of Consciousness and Altered States................................ 80
3.1. The Common Views ..................................................... 80
5. Models of the States of Consciousness and Information
Metabolism.......................................................................... 82
Preface ................................................................................ 82
1. Terminological Solutions...................................................... 82
1.1. Introduction................................................................ 82
1.1.1. Development .................................................... 82
1.1.2. Conceptual Approach to Consciousness ................... 83
xviii Contents
2. Theoretical Presumptions ..................................................... 86
2.1. The Current Version of the Model of Information
Metabolism ................................................................ 86
2.1.1. The Main Presumptions ....................................... 86
2.1.2. Justification of the Information Metabolism Model...... 90
2.1.3. Meaning of Information....................................... 91
3. Model of the Main Everyday States of Consciousness .................. 91
3.1. The Basic Rest–Activity Cycle (BRAC) ............................. 92
3.1.1. Data Against BRAC ........................................... 93
3.1.2. Why a Hypothesis about Cyclical Activity of
Imagination Should Not Yet Be Abandoned .............. 94
3.1.3. Concept of Protective Mechanisms of the BRAC and
Metabolism of Information ................................... 94
3.1.4. Empirical Data Supporting the Protective
Mechanisms of the BRAC and of the
Information Metabolism ...................................... 97
3.2. An Integrated Model of the Main Everyday States
of Consciousness ......................................................... 100
4. An Evolutionary Leveled Model of the Main States
of Consciousness................................................................ 102
4.1. The Main Levels of Psychical Organization......................... 103
4.1.1. Proposals of Terminological Order.......................... 105
4.1.2. Kinds of Accessibility of Consciousness .................. 105
4.1.3. Toward an Integration of Contemporary Knowledge
on Consciousness............................................... 106
4.2. Conception of Permanent Evolution and Dissolution
According to the Metabolism of Information ....................... 107
5. An Evolutionary-Psychodynamic Model of the Main States
of Consciousness ............................................................... 109
5.1. Main Ideas of the Psychodynamic Approach........................ 109
5.1.1. The Psychology of the Ego................................... 111
5.1.2. The Relation with the Object................................. 111
5.1.3. The Psychology of the Self ................................... 112
5.1.4. The Basic Assumptions of the Psychodynamic
Approach......................................................... 112
5.1.5. Regressive Phenomena ........................................ 115
5.2. Structural Relations of Mental Personality in Freud’s Model
of Psychical Apparatus .................................................. 118
5.3. An Integrated Evolutionary-Psychodynamic Model of the
Main States of Consciousness.......................................... 120
5.4. An Evolutionary-Psychodynamic Model of Information
Metabolism ................................................................ 124
5.5. Hypothesis of Mindfulness/Hypofrontality as the Means for
the Achievement of the Higher States of Consciousness.......... 125
Contents xix
5.6. Integrative Capacities of the Neo-Jacksonian Model of the
Main States of Consciousness.......................................... 126
6. The Model of States of Consciousness in the Main
Psychopathological Conditions .............................................. 126
6.1. Contemporary Approaches in Clinical Psychopathology ......... 126
6.2. Personality: Its Features and Disorders............................... 129
6.2.1. Personality ....................................................... 129
6.2.2. Personality Disorders ......................................... 129
6.2.3. Neurotic Personality ........................................... 131
6.3. Acute Mental Disorders ................................................. 132
6.3.1. Acute Symptoms ............................................... 132
6.3.2. Neurotic Symptoms............................................ 133
6.3.3. Psychotic Symptoms........................................... 134
6.3.4. Symptoms of Affective Disorders ........................... 138
7. Cognitive Extensions of the Model of States of Consciousness to
the Main Psychopathological Conditions .................................. 140
7.1. Outline of Rationale for the Diagnosis of Cognitive Structures
in Clinical Disorders ..................................................... 141
7.1.1. Diagnosis of Clinical Disorders.............................. 141
7.1.2. Diagnosis of Personality and Personality Disorders ..... 142
6. Applications and Extensions of the Models................................. 143
Preface ................................................................................ 143
1. A Rationale for a General Theory of Relaxation.......................... 143
1.1. Introduction ............................................................... 143
1.2. Relaxation as a Cultural Protective Mechanism of the BRAC
and Information Metabolism ........................................... 144
1.3. Classification of the Relaxation Phenomena......................... 145
1.3.1. Relaxation States ............................................... 145
1.3.2. Relaxation Techniques......................................... 147
1.4. Practical Conclusions .................................................... 148
1.5. A Rationale for a Multileveled Model of Relaxation States ...... 148
1.6. Application of the Evolutionary Model in Relaxation............. 149
1.6.1. Meditation ....................................................... 149
1.6.2. Hypnosis ......................................................... 151
1.7. Conclusions................................................................ 151
2. A Rationale for an Evolutionary Model of Value Experience .......... 152
2.1. Introduction................................................................ 152
2.2. Philosophical Description of Value Experience..................... 153
2.2.1. Axiological Experience ....................................... 153
2.2.2. Tischner’s Description of the Axiological
Experience....................................................... 153
2.2.3. The Meaning of Philosophical Analysis of Value
Experience for Psychology ................................... 155
2.3. Psychological Description of Value Experience .................... 155
2.3.1. Maslow’s Needs as Psychological Experience............ 156
xx Contents
2.4. The Characteristics of the Experience of Values According
to the Evolutionary-Level Model of Mental Processes
Organization and the Main Forms of Interpersonal Relations.... 156
2.5. Threatening Simplifications ............................................ 160
2.5.1. Morality and Development ................................... 160
2.5.2. The Tendency to Concentrate on the Highest
Evolutionary Level ............................................. 161
2.6. The Meaning of the Neo-Jacksonian Model in the Psychology
of Value Experience...................................................... 161
2.7. Concept of Corrective Experience ofValues in Psychotherapy
and Results of Preliminary Research.................................. 161
2.7.1. Corrective Axiological Experience.......................... 161
2.7.2. The Corrective Axiological Experience and the
Corrective Emotional Experience ........................... 163
2.7.3. The Concept of Corrective Axiological Experience ..... 164
2.7.4. The Recent Development of the Concept of
Corrective Experience of Value.............................. 165
3. Information Metabolism in Interpersonal Contacts ...................... 166
3.1. Introduction................................................................ 166
3.2. Psychodynamic-Cognitive Model of Information
Metabolism ................................................................ 167
3.3. The Strategy of Understanding the Experiences of the Other
Person According to the Model of Information Metabolism ..... 169
7. Information Metabolism in the Framework of Exact Sciences
by Andrzej Bielecki ............................................................... 170
Preface ................................................................................ 170
1. Introduction ...................................................................... 171
2. Mathematical, Computer Science, and Cybernetic Models............. 173
3. Possibility of Modeling the Higher Mental
Functions—a “Top-Down” Approach....................................... 177
3.1. Physical and Topological Aspects of the Information
Metabolism Theory ...................................................... 178
3.2. Dynamics of the Psyche in Light of the Dynamical Systems
Theory ...................................................................... 184
4. Neuronal System for Consciousness Dynamics........................... 191
5. Information Metabolism Structures ......................................... 195
6. Integrated Model of Mental Organization.................................. 205
7. Summary ......................................................................... 206
References ........................................................................... 211
8. Metabolism of Information as a Model for Multiaxial
Psychotherapeutic Diagnosis ................................................... 216
Preface ................................................................................ 216
1. Introduction: Lack of Widely Useful Model for Psychotherapy ....... 216
1.1. Self-Organizing and Dynamically Changing Structure
of Mental Processes ...................................................... 217
Contents xxi
1.2. Information Metabolism as a Dynamical Systems ................. 219
1.3. Schema for Multiaxial Diagnosis for Psychotherapy
According to Information Metabolism ............................... 219
1.4. Assessment of Information Metabolism as a
Potential Psychotherapeutic Diagnostic Supplement
to DSM-IV................................................................. 221
2. Clinical Application of the Multiaxial Diagnosis for
Psychotherapy: Integration of the Current Knowledge on
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Case Study ............................ 222
2.1. Definitions of Trauma ................................................... 222
2.2. Current Knowledge on Mechanisms of Pathological
Responses to Traumatic Events ........................................ 223
2.3. An Application of the Information Metabolism Model to
a Comprehensive Synthesis of the Data on Post-Traumatic
Stress Disorder ............................................................ 224
2.4. An Application of the Information Metabolism Model to a
Multiaxial Psychotherapeutic Diagnosis—Case Study............ 226
2.5. A Case Illustration of the Current Findings Dealing with
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder........................................ 229
3. Conclusions...................................................................... 230
Afterwards: Ineffable Features of States of Consciousness Modalities.. 231
References............................................................................... 233
Index...................................................................................... 255
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