[결정적 자료] 허블 우주망원경에 관해

[스텔라 정]

나사에서 쏘아올린 허블 우주 망원경의 결함과 그 복구에 대한

기출 결정적 자료입니다!

이 기사는 그 일이 뻥~터진 1990년도 시애틀 타임즈에 실린 기사입니다~

작은 결함이었지만...

큰 사고로 이어질 수도 있었고 추후 비용도 많이 들었던 일인만큼

그 당시 시끌시끌 했나봅니다!

나사의 실수...그에 대한 시사독해입니다!

Nasa, Builder Share Blame For Flaws In Hubble Space Telescope

By Robert S. Capers, Eric Lipton

Hartford Courant

NASA and the manufacturer share the blame for a mirror flaw that prevents the $1.5 billion Hubble Space Telescope from focusing clearly, a NASA panel has concluded after a five-month probe.

To some extent, the flaw polished into the 94.5-inch mirror in 1980 and 1981 is a product of the same management climate that led to the fatal explosion of the space shuttle Challenger in 1986, said John Mangus, a member of the Hubble Space Telescope Optical Systems Board of Investigation.

Conditions discouraged engineers from bringing potential problems to their superiors at the National and Space Administration and at Perkin-Elmer Corp. in Danbury, Conn., where the mirrors were made, Mangus, head of the optics branch of the space technology division at NASA, said.

``The culture has to be encouraged where you don't shoot the messenger,'' Mangus said. ``People don't like bad news, but what they like worse is not to be told about the problems. I know it has occurred on many of NASA's projects.''

An investigation into the Challenger explosion that killed seven crew members found that NASA ignored evidence of problems with O-rings sealing the joints of the shuttle's solid-fuel rocket boosters. Investigators faulted NASA for poor quality control and found that, under intense schedule pressure, engineers sometimes failed to report problems to managers.

The immediate cause of the Hubble mirror flaw was a technician's mistake, but program managers approved the flawed quality-control program that allowed the mistake to escape detection, says the investigatory board's report, which is scheduled to be released tomorrow.

Board members would not release the report, but Mangus and others members said it also says:

-- Mirror-testing relied too heavily on a single instrument, which had been assembled improperly. Relatively simple ``sanity checks'' should have done to make sure the mirror-polishing system was working properly.

-- There was too little contact between those working on the mirror and NASA project supervisors who could have understood the test results.

-- Quality-control inspectors lacked the expertise in optics to understand test results that showed a flaw in the mirror.

NASA needs to develop in-house expertise in this area, Mangus said.

``The people in the quality-assurance area were concerned about obvious things, like if you go above the mirror with a pencil in your pocket it can drop out and chip the mirror. But they did not have the technical background in optics that is required to understand the subtleties of the things that you look for,'' Mangus said.

``It might never have occurred to them to look at the raw data, and if they had, they might never have known how to interpret what they were looking at.''

The report is expected to receive considerable attention, and findings of systemic problems at NASA will be especially scrutinized because they could affect present or future projects.

NASA has acknowledged past problems and said that management changes were made after the Challenger disaster to correct deficiencies in the agency.

However, confidence in NASA has been shaken anew in recent months because of the Hubble flaw, hydrogen leaks in the space shuttle and problems on other programs. In addition, Congress said last month that it was unhappy with plans for the space station and ordered changes, and a Bush administration panel is considering the future of NASA and the nation's space program.

``NASA certainly had the overall management responsibility,'' Mangus said of the Hubble project. ``They did not have the management system in place to penetrate far enough into the system - otherwise this probably would not have happened.''

The Hubble telescope was launched with the space shuttle April 24, and the focusing flaw was disclosed June 27. The investigatory committee convened July 2.

Much of the committee's report is devoted to an explanation of the basic mechanical mistakes that caused a spherical aberration to be polished into the mirror.

The mirror is flawed because a null corrector, the principal optical instrument used to test it and measure the progress of the polishing, had been assembled incorrectly by technicians working at Perkin-Elmer's optical division, which now is Hughes Danbury Optical Systems.

In addition, the report says, tests done with a second null corrector indicated the mirror was flawed, but those results were discounted because engineers working on the mirror were confident their primary test instrument could not be giving false readings.

``You would dearly have loved to have someone more thoughtful about what was being seen there when the warning flags went up,'' said Roger Angel, an astronomy professor at the University of Arizona and a member of the NASA investigatory panel. ``But you could also fault something that set in motion a procedure that allowed this to happen.''

Copyright (c) 1990 Seattle Times Company, All Rights Reserved.

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