History of Royal R. Rife, Jr. (and the Rife Ray machine)

[파이랑]

May 16, 1888 - August 5, 1971

(A work in progress .. Copyright 2002-2005, all rights reserved, may not be reprinted without written permission of the author)   Updated 04/04/05

(진행 중인 작업... 저작권 2002-2005, 모든 권리 보유. 저자의 서면 허가 없이는 재인쇄할 수 없습니다.) 2005년 4월 4일 업데이트

이 글은 로열 레이먼드 라이프 주니어의 생애에 대한 기록입니다. 그의 어린 시절에 대해서는 1888년 5월 16일 네브래스카주 엘크혼에서 로열 레이먼드 라이프와 아이다 메이 라이프 부부의 둘째 아들로 태어났다는 사실 외에는 알려진 바가 많지 않습니다. 그의 아버지는 기계 엔지니어였습니다. 로열 라이프의 강한 독일 억양은 그의 가족이 독일어를 모국어로 사용했음을 시사합니다. (엘크혼 웹사이트에 따르면 이 지역 주민의 47%가 독일계입니다.)

라이프는 4~5년간 뉴욕에서 근무한 후(칼 자이스 사에서 근무한 것으로 추정됨) 1912년 샌디에이고에 첫 번째 연구소를 설립했다고 밝혔습니다. 그는 이후 독일로 건너가 하이델베르크에 있는 자이스 광학 회사(현미경 및 기타 정밀 광학 기기의 주요 제조업체)의 칼 자이스와 함께 일했던 것으로 보입니다. 그의 후대 경력에 대한 기록에 따르면, 그는 미국 해군 사령관으로 전역했으며 유럽에 있는 동안 미국 정부의 임무를 수행했을 가능성도 제기되었습니다. 1912년, 그는 샌디에이고 지역에서 매미 퀸과 결혼했습니다. 그는 아내와 함께 유럽을 광범위하게 여행했다는 기록이 있는데, 아마도 1910년대 후반이나 제1차 세계 대전 이후인 1920년대였을 것입니다. 라이프는 뛰어난 음악가였으며, 프렌치 호른과 기타를 연주했습니다. 한 편지에는 그가 100현 기타 형태의 악기를 제작했다는 내용이 있습니다. 그는 또한 뛰어난 스포츠맨이기도 했는데, 고성능 소총을 수집했고, 1971년 사망할 때까지 고성능 모터보트 최고 속도 기록을 보유했습니다. 그가 악기를 연주하는 모습(그리고 모터보트 위에서 찍은 사진들)은 몇몇 웹사이트에서 찾아볼 수 있습니다. 존 크레인이 1954년에 쓴 라이프의 간략한 전기에서, 라이프는 1914년 하이델베르크 대학교에서 기생충학 명예 박사 학위를 받았다고 언급했습니다. 크레인은 또한 라이프가 1936년 서던 캘리포니아 대학교에서 명예 이학 박사 학위를 받았다고 했지만, 1930년대 서류를 보면 라이프가 USC에서 학위를 수락하지 않았을 가능성이 있습니다. 실제로 라이프는 그 당시 우편물을 개봉하지 않고 쓰레기통에 버리는 것으로 유명했습니다.

라이프는 1921년에 첫 현미경을 제작했으며, 이후 현미경 광학 및 광원에 대한 많은 연구와 작업을 거쳤다고 전해집니다. 그는 1929년에 현미경용 고강도 램프에 대한 특허를 출원했습니다(특허 번호 1727618).

라이프는 대장균(B. coli)을 이용한 실험에서 특정 주파수의 무선 주파수 에너지에 노출되면 세균이 "비활성화"되거나 사멸한다는 사실을 발견했습니다. 이후 다른 대장균 샘플에 동일한 주파수를 적용한 실험에서도 같은 결과가 나타났습니다. 라이프는 더 작은 병원균, 가능하다면 바이러스 크기까지 관찰할 수 있는 방법을 필요로 했고, 현미경 광학 장치와 표준 광학 현미경의 배율을 1000배에서 1500배 사이로 제한하는 요인, 즉 "프라운호퍼 회절 한계"를 연구하기 시작했습니다. 그는 현미경 경통에 특수하게 가공된 석영 프리즘을 사용하여 매우 긴 광경로를 가진 현미경을 제작하는 방법을 개발했습니다. 또한, 그는 가시광선의 모든 파장을 포함하는 백색광이 고배율 광학 장치에 적합하지 않다는 것을 알아내고, 광원과 시료 사이에 "리슬리" 프리즘을 사용하여 단일 주파수의 단색광으로 시료를 비추었습니다(오늘날 레이저를 사용하는 고해상도 연구용 현미경과 매우 유사합니다).

라이프는 1920년에 선반과 유사한 광학 작업대 위에 최초의 현미경인 "1번 현미경"을 제작했습니다. 2번 현미경은 구조는 비슷했지만, 1923년에 표준 현미경과 유사한 수직형으로 제작되었습니다. 2번 현미경은 1932년경 아서 켄달 박사의 사용을 위해 노스웨스턴 대학교로 보내졌습니다. 1933년에 제작되어 오른쪽 위에 보이는 3번 현미경은 편광, 명시야, 암시야, 적외선 및 자외선 이미징 기능을 갖춘 "만능 현미경"이었습니다. 3번 현미경은 라이프가 살아있는 바이러스 샘플을 검사하는 데 사용했기 때문에 많은 이야기가 전해집니다. 편광판은 없지만 최대 15,000배까지 확대할 수 있는 4번 현미경은 1935년에 제작되었으며, 라이프가 제조업체를 찾고자 했던 훨씬 더 간단한 만능 현미경의 초기 버전으로 보입니다. 라이프는 한 편지에서 4번 현미경이 제조업체의 요청으로 제작되었다고 언급했지만, 그 제조업체가 누구였는지는 밝히지 않았습니다. 1938년경 영국에서 작성된 문서에는 4번 현미경이 영국으로 보내졌고, 라이프의 기술자가 설치를 돕기 위해 그곳에 갔다는 내용이 있습니다. 이후 4번 현미경은 라이프에게 반환되었고(1939년), 어느 시점에 더 새로운 5번 현미경이 보내졌습니다. 1938년경 제작된 5번 현미경은 현재 영국 런던 과학 박물관에 소장되어 있으며, 일반 관람은 불가능하지만 연구원들이 면밀히 조사할 수 있었고, 1999년에는 그 모습을 비디오로 녹화하기도 했습니다.

샌디에이고 전기 클럽은 1930년 2월 라이프가 진행한 강연에 감사를 표하는 편지를 보냈습니다. 이와 유사한 편지들이 기록에 많이 남아 있는데, 라이프는 인기 있고 매력적이며 재미있는 강연자였습니다!

1930년대 초, 라이프는 밀뱅크 존슨 박사와 교류하게 되었습니다. 존슨 박사는 이전에는 서던 캘리포니아 대학교(USC)에서 생리학 및 임상 의학 교수로 재직했으며, "특별 의학 연구 위원회"의 위원장을 맡기도 했습니다. USC에는 그러한 조직의 기록이 없지만, 존슨 박사를 비롯한 여러 사람들이 위원회를 언급하는 문서들이 많이 남아 있습니다. 이 위원회는 존슨 박사와 USC 총장인 루퍼스 B. 폰 클라인스미드 박사 간의 비공식적인 합의였을 가능성이 높습니다. 또한, USC의 많은 연구자들이 이 위원회의 구성원으로 거론되는 것을 보면, 어떤 형태로든 이 그룹이 존재했음은 분명합니다. 존슨 박사는 1893년 캘리포니아주 알함브라에 병원을 설립하기 위해 캘리포니아로 왔습니다. 그는 미국 의학 협회, 로스앤젤레스 의학 협회, 남부 캘리포니아 의학 협회의 회원이었으며, 1903년부터 1905년까지 남부 캘리포니아 자동차 클럽의 창립자이자 제2대 회장을 역임했습니다. 또한 1906년부터 1933년까지 퍼시픽 뮤추얼 보험 회사의 이사로 재직했습니다. 존슨 박사는 라이프 현미경 개발의 핵심 인물이었습니다. 그와 라이프 현미경 연구에 참여한 많은 사람들은 각 분야에서 전국적으로 명성이 높았으며, 현미경과 "광선 기계"가 실제로 효과가 있었다는 사실에는 의심의 여지가 없습니다. 당시 생물체 사멸 연구에 참여했던 의학 연구자 및 의사들 중에는 메이요 클리닉 실험 세균학 책임자, 노스웨스턴 대학교 의학 연구소 소장 등 각 분야 최고 전문가들이 다수 포함되어 있었습니다.

1931년, 존슨 박사는 시카고 근처 노스웨스턴 대학교 의학 연구소 소장(훗날 의과대학 학장)이었던 아서 켄달 박사의 연락을 받았고, 켄달 박사를 캘리포니아로 초청하여 로열 라이프를 만나게 했습니다. 두 사람은 켄달 박사가 돼지 조직에서 개발한 "K" 배지를 사용하여 인간 암세포를 배양하고, 라이프의 "광선 기계" 또는 주파수 기기를 이용한 실험을 진행하며 친분을 쌓았습니다.

1932년 5월, 존슨 박사는 켄달 박사(한때 파나마 운하 건설 프로젝트의 위생 연구소 소장을 역임했음)에게 편지를 썼습니다. (이 국립 위생 연구소는 훗날 국립보건원이 되었습니다.) 켄달은 국제적으로 명망 있는 박사였으며, 1932년 USC에서 이학박사 학위를 받았습니다. (켄달은 1942년 65세 무렵 노스웨스턴 대학교에서 은퇴하고 멕시코에서 적극적으로 지원했던 주택 개발 사업으로 이주했으며, 개발 사업이 실패한 후 1959년 말 샌디에이고 지역에서 사망했습니다.)

라이프는 1930년대 중반에 당대의 주요 질병들을 치료할 수 있는 주파수를 발견하고 기록하는 데 성공했으며, 매우 정밀한 무선 주파수로 여기되는 헬륨 플라즈마 램프를 사용하는 "광선 기계"를 제작했습니다. 3일에 한 번씩 짧게 노출하는 것이 가장 효과적인 치료법으로 여겨졌으며, 라이프의 "광선 기계"를 사용한 의사와 환자들의 편지가 많이 남아 있습니다. 비록 미국 내 몇몇 의사들이 결국 그의 광선 기계를 사용하여 다양한 질병에 대해 상당히 성공적인 결과를 얻었지만, 의료계는 이에 관심을 보이지 않았습니다. 당시에는 이러한 기계가 많이 존재하지 않았습니다. 아마 4~6개 정도였을 텐데, 신기술이라 제작비가 많이 들고 어려웠다. 라이프는 다양한 병원균을 무력화시키는 정확한 주파수를 찾는 데 집중했는데, 그는 본질적으로 꼼꼼한 기계공이었다.

확실하지는 않지만, 1933년경 존슨 박사가 라이프에게 인근 캘리포니아주 알타데나에 거주하는 필립 호일랜드라는 라디오 엔지니어를 추천하여 그가 레이저관 장치 제작을 도울 수 있을 것이라고 제안했다는 추측이 있습니다. 당시 뛰어난 라디오 엔지니어로 알려졌던 호일랜드는 알타데나에 있는 자신의 집이나 차고에서 라이프의 장비를 제작하여 트럭으로 라이프의 연구실까지 운반했습니다. 로라 메이지와 결혼한 호일랜드는 1927년 파사데나 지역으로 이주하여 캘리포니아 프리미어 라디오 회사의 사장 겸 경영자를 역임했습니다. 1928년에는 로울리 전기 회사의 영업 사원으로, 1929년과 1930년에는 파사데나의 라디오 독 회사에서 서비스 기사로 일했습니다. 그는 알타데나의 스톤허스트 드라이브 584번지에 자택을 소유하고 있었습니다. 호일랜드가 초기 라이프 레이 기계의 대부분, 혹은 전부를 제작한 것으로 추정되며, 법원 문서에는 그가 라이프와 함께 라이프 레이 기계의 소유주로 등재되어 있습니다. 1930년대 후반 라이프가 레이 기계 옆에 서 있는 사진에는 호일랜드가 라이프에게 기계에 대해 설명하는 모습이 담겨 있지만, 호일랜드는 레이 기계의 대부분을 제작했음에도 불구하고 그의 수많은 공헌에 대한 공로를 인정받지 못했습니다.

1934년 "암 클리닉"…? 1934년 4월, 캘리포니아주 패서디나의 밀뱅크 존슨 박사는 아서 켄달에게 6월 중순부터 캘리포니아주 라호야에서 열릴 예정인 클리닉에 대해 편지를 썼고, 스크립스 목장의 "별관"에서 6월부터 8월/9월까지 열린 클리닉에 가까이 있기 위해 3개월 동안 그곳에 집을 빌렸다고 언급했습니다. 그는 또한 "그때쯤이면 우리가 연구할 인체 사례가 생기기를 바랍니다."라고 덧붙였습니다. 클리닉에는 암 환자를 포함한 여러 환자가 있었습니다. 존슨은 나중에 "간호사나 조수도 없이 아무런 도움도 받지 못했다"고 썼습니다. 1935년의 또 다른 편지에서 그는 결과가 "결정적이지 않다"고 말했습니다. 일부 환자는 라이프 광선 기계 치료에 좋은 반응을 보였지만, 존슨은 그러한 빠른 회복이 반드시 "완치"와 같은 의미는 아니라고 확신했던 것으로 보입니다. 하지만 로열 라이프는 그들을 "완치"로 간주했던 것 같습니다. 존슨 박사는 또한 나중에 라이프 광선 기계가 시험관 내에서, 즉 인체에서 어떤 효과를 낼 수 있는지 증명하기 위해 혼자서 클리닉을 운영했다고 썼습니다. 라이프 씨는 이 클리닉의 대부분 기간 동안 참석하지 않았을 가능성이 매우 높지만, 가끔씩 도움을 주거나 참관하기 위해 방문했을 수도 있습니다. 그는 나중에 법정에서 인간 환자를 치료한 적이 없다고 증언했습니다. 그 클리닉의 환자 중 한 명은 (뺨에) 눈에 띄는 암이 있는 몇 안 되는 환자 중 한 명으로 묘사되었는데, 1935년 초 존슨 박사에게 연락했고, 한쪽 눈을 제거하기 위해 다른 의사에게 보내졌습니다. 그가 안구암을 앓았는데, 암이 낫지 않았거나 재발했다는 증거가 있습니다. 존슨 박사가 그를 눈 제거 수술을 받도록 보냈다는 것은 확실합니다. 패서디나의 라스 엔시나스 요양원 원장이자 로스앤젤레스 카운티 의사회 회장이었던 조지 독 박사는 당시 여러 편지에서 "참석"했거나, 더 정확히는 자문을 제공했을 의사 중 한 명으로 언급됩니다. 이 다른 의사들 중 누구도 실제로 클리닉에 참여하지 않았을 가능성도 있으며, 앨빈 포드 박사는 나중에 존슨 박사가 보낸 샘플에 대한 검사만 했다고 증언했습니다. 존슨은 열렬한 작가였지만, 클리닉 운영 시기부터 1935년까지 그가 쓴 편지는 극히 드뭅니다. 만약 그가 라호야 클리닉의 결과에 만족했다면, 많은 친구들에게 그 결과를 알리는 편지를 썼을 것이라고 생각합니다. 하지만 그러한 편지들은 발견되지 않았고, 이는 클리닉의 결과에 심각한 의문을 제기합니다.

1935년 5월 15일, 존슨 박사는 라이프에게 남캘리포니아 대학교(USC)에서 그에게 명예 이학박사 학위를 수여한다는 통보를 보냈다고 편지를 보냈습니다. 라이프는 USC에 답장을 보내지 않은 것으로 보이며, 존슨 박사는 라이프에게 보낸 편지에서 그를 "서신 왕래가 서툰 사람"이라고 질책했습니다. 또한 1935년, 라이프는 "매우 민감한 청진기" 주문을 받았는데, 이는 라이프가 연구원과 의사들을 위해 다른 의료기기를 제작하고 있었음을 시사합니다. 1939년 편지에서 그는 "청진기와 기타 발명품"을 영국으로 가져와 시판해 달라는 요청을 받았습니다(하지만 라이프가 빔 레이 재판에 증인으로 소환되면서 그 여행은 성사되지 않았습니다). 존슨 박사는 라호야 클리닉이 문을 연 다음 해인 1935년 가을, 로스앤젤레스의 산타페 병원에 레이 머신(아마도 5번 또는 6번)을 설치하여 사용하기 시작했습니다. 치료는 일주일에 두 번, 보통 5분씩 진행되었으며, 개별 질환에 초점을 맞춘 것으로 보입니다.

1936년 밀뱅크 존슨 박사는 필 호일랜드가 라이프의 광선 치료기 중 하나에 문제가 있음을 알아냈고, 수리하는 데 어려움이 없을 것이라는 사실에 기뻐했다고 편지에 썼습니다. 당시의 다른 문서들을 보면 라이프는 보통 필 호일랜드가 제작한 광선 치료기를 최소 한 대 이상 보유하고 있었고, 두 사람은 한 대를 수리하는 동안 다른 한 대를 교환하기도 했다는 것을 알 수 있습니다. 같은 해 4월, 굿맨 박사는 존슨에게 자신의 환자 한 명의 치료 후 시력이 호전되었다는 내용의 편지를 보냈습니다. 이후 존슨이 라이프에게 보낸 편지에는 이 환자가 광선 치료기로 3분씩 7회 치료를 받았다고 언급되어 있습니다.

라이프에게는 더 나은 연구 시설이 필요하다는 것이 분명해졌고, 밀뱅크 존슨은 헨리 팀켄에게 새로운 연구실 건립 자금을 요청했습니다. 존슨의 편지들을 보면 팀켄은 추가 지출에 대해 탐탁지 않아 했지만, 존슨은 브리지스 부인의 도움을 받아 팀켄의 우려를 해소했습니다. 라이프의 새 연구실은 1936년 4월에 착공되어 1936년 8월에 라이프가 입주한 것으로 보입니다. 이 연구실은 존 크레인이 내레이션을 맡은 영화(현재 비디오테이프로 보존됨)에 나오는 바로 그 연구실입니다. 라이프는 존슨 박사의 상당한 조언(손님들이 화장실을 이용하기 위해 연구실을 가로지르지 않아도 되도록 입구 근처에 화장실을 배치하자는 제안 등)을 받아 자신의 설계대로 처음부터 새로 지어진 이 시설에 매우 만족감을 표했습니다. 또한 동물실과 무거운 장비들을 지하에 배치한 것도 그의 의견이었습니다. 1936년 10월에서 11월 사이, 존슨 박사는 패서디나 노인 요양원의 한 클리닉에서 방사선 치료기를 사용하기 시작했고, 일주일에 세 번씩 조사하여 탁월한 결과를 얻었다고 보고했습니다. 그는 또한 편지에서 개조된 기계를 사용하여 "새로운" 주파수 대역을 발견했는데, 이 대역의 방사선이 연구실의 모든 유리창을 깨뜨렸을 뿐만 아니라 곰팡이를 포함한 모든 배양 샘플을 죽였다고 언급했습니다. 존슨은 라이프에게 보낸 편지에서 이 사실에 대해 상당히 흥분했다고 언급했습니다. 이후 편지에서는 패서디나에 있는 자신의 클리닉에서 회당 20~22명의 환자를 치료했으며, 탁월한 결과를 얻었다고 전했습니다. 존슨이 클리닉을 폐쇄할 당시, 그는 치료 결과를 논문으로 정리하고 있었던 것으로 보입니다. 한 기록에는 백내장 환자 중 한 명을 제외한 모든 환자가 정상 시력을 회복했다고 적혀 있지만, 실제로 논문이 출판되었는지는 알려지지 않았습니다.

1936년, 역사 문헌에 따르면 라이프는 "라이프 사령관"으로 불렸으며, 광선 튜브 치료 후 백내장과 암이 완치된 사례가 여러 건 기록되어 있습니다. 공교롭게도 라이프는 당시 시력이 악화되어 만능 현미경 사용 시간을 하루 2시간으로 제한하라는 지시를 받았습니다. 현미경을 쉬지 않고 장시간(실제로는 며칠 동안) 사용하는 것이 그의 눈에 악영향을 미치고 있었던 것입니다. 라이프가 사용했던 램프 중 하나는 자외선을 상당히 많이 방출하는 소형 수은 증기 램프였습니다. 라이프가 석영 광학 장치를 사용했기 때문에, 그 자외선이 그의 시력 저하에 영향을 미쳤을 가능성이 있습니다.

빔 레이 컴퍼니(Beam Ray Company)는 라이프와 호일랜드의 승인 하에 1936년 10월에 설립된 것으로 보입니다. 라이프가 빔 레이에 정확히 어떤 역할을 했는지는 알려지지 않았지만, 생산된 기계의 "진정한 활력 회복력"에 대해 철저한 테스트와 인증을 받아야 한다는 점에 깊은 관심을 가졌던 것은 분명합니다. 1937년 6월 1일, 회사는 정관을 개정하여 이사회를 3명에서 9명으로 늘렸습니다. 빔 레이 컴퍼니의 임원진은 벤자민 컬렌(사장), 레이 윌리엄스(부사장), 베스 윌먼(비서), 필립 호일랜드, 찰스 윈터, J. W. C. 키친, A. B. 윅스, 조지 에드워즈, 레이 레이놀즈, 존 에른스팅으로 구성되었습니다. (9명 이상) (현재 운영 중인 빔 레이 컴퍼니와는 아무런 관련이 없습니다.) 1938년 초, 벤자민 컬렌은 빔 레이 주식 450주를 로열 라이프에게, 140주를 필립 호일랜드에게, 480주를 에디스 헨더슨에게, 그리고 380주를 W. H. 밴 워트에게 양도하고 나머지 600주는 자신이 보유했다. A. W. 올름스테드는 찰스 윈터에게 53주, 베스 윌먼에게 447주를 양도하고 자신은 100주를 보유했으며, C. R. 허친슨은 C. W. 에른스팅에게 250주, 조지 에드워즈에게 50주, 레이 레이놀즈에게 50주, 로열 라이프에게 200주, 필립 호일랜드에게 610주, R. O. 버시안에게 100주, 베스 윌먼에게 300주, W. V. 블레윗에게 300주, W. H. 반 워트에게 20주, 에디스 헨더슨에게 20주, 그리고 찰스 윈터에게 447주를 양도하고 자신은 700주를 보유했다.

1937년, 존슨 박사는 라이프가 헬륨과 아르곤 광선관을 사용하고 있었다고 언급합니다. 초기 버전에는 헬륨이 사용되었던 것으로 보이는데, 헬륨은 분자 크기가 매우 작아 유리관 안에 보관하기조차 어려웠을 것입니다. 여러 논문에서 광선관을 재충전하기 위해 라이프나 빔 레이(Beam Ray)로 보내야 했다는 내용이 언급되어 있는데, 이는 라이프가 초기 광선관에 헬륨을 사용했고, 이후 플라즈마 램프에 사용할 비활성 기체로 아르곤으로 전환했을 가능성을 시사합니다. 다른 기록에서는 광선관을 호일랜드(Hoyland)로 보내 "재충전" 또는 당시 사용되던 비활성 기체(헬륨과 아르곤 모두 언급됨)로 다시 채워야 했다는 내용이 있습니다. 1937년 6월, 존슨은 8개월간의 운영 끝에 주로 노인 백내장 환자를 치료하던 자신의 패서디나 클리닉을 폐업했다고 기록했습니다. 안과 전문의와의 협의를 통해, 한 명을 제외한 모든 환자의 백내장이 완치되거나 시력이 호전되어 더 이상의 치료가 필요하지 않다는 결론이 내려졌습니다. 1937년 필립 호일랜드는 샌디에이고 지역에 거주하며 로열 라이프와 함께 광선 기계를 연구하고 있었습니다. 1937년 말 존슨이 라이프에게 보낸 편지에는 두 사람 사이에 어떤 오해가 있었음을 암시하며, 이후 존슨과 라이프의 서신 왕래는 줄어들었습니다.

1938년 웨스턴 일렉트로닉 코퍼레이션에서 보낸 편지에는 라이프가 평면 시야 렌즈 망원경을 제작하고 있었으며, 아마도 1950년대까지 연구를 계속했을 것으로 추정됩니다. 1939년 영국 왕립 현미경 학회(영국 의학회 소속으로 추정)에 보낸 편지에는 라이프가 해당 학회의 펠로우십 후보로 추천되었다는 내용이 담겨 있습니다.

1938년 5월 6일, 샌디에이고 이브닝 이그재미너(San Diego Evening Examiner)는 1면에 라이프(Rife)와 호일랜드(Hoyland)가 레이(Ray) 현미경 앞에 서 있는 사진과 함께 기사를 실었습니다(사진을 보려면 클릭하세요). 기사 내용은 라이프가 작성했으며, 호일랜드에 대한 언급은 거의 없습니다.

1938년, 버트램 고닌(Bertram Gonin) 박사는 영국에서 편지를 보내 자신이 받은 두 대의 현미경이 작동하지 않는다고 우려를 표명했습니다. 몇 년 후, 존 크레인(John Crane)은 빔 레이(Beam Ray) 직원 중 한 명이 미완성된 현미경을 영국으로 보내 수리를 의뢰받았을지도 모른다고 생각했습니다. 최근 정보에 따르면 영국에 있던 누군가가 현미경을 조작했을 가능성이 있으며, 라이프의 직원 헨리 시너(Henry Siner)는 1939년 영국으로 가서 현미경을 조정하고 보내진 레이 현미경을 수리했습니다. 시너는 나중에 레이 현미경이 정상적으로 작동한다고 보고했습니다. 그는 1939년에 (4번 현미경과 함께) 미국으로 돌아왔습니다. 라이프는 영국 방문을 계획했지만, 이후 제기된 소송 때문에 여행이 무산되었습니다. 유니버설 3번 현미경을 크게 간소화한 5번 현미경은 나중에 영국으로 보내졌고, 현재 런던 과학 박물관에 소장되어 있지만 평소에는 전시되지 않습니다.

1938년 4월 24일, 라이프 레이 장비의 소유자인 로열 라이프와 필립 호일랜드는 C. R. 허친슨에게 "라이프 레이 장비의 효율적이고 유익한 홍보에 필요한 모든 사업적 요구 사항"을 위해 장비 지분의 3분의 1을 양도했습니다. 1939년 법원 문서에는 라이프 레이 발명품의 소유자가 로열 레이먼드 라이프, 필립 호일랜드, 그리고 C. R. 허친슨이라고 명시되어 있습니다. 라이프 레이 기계가 필립 호일랜드에 의해 제작되었다는 주장은 정확할 가능성이 높습니다. 실제로 라이프 연구소의 비디오테이프(원본 필름에서 추출)에는 전자 작업실이 나오지 않지만, 연구소의 다른 많은 방들은 나옵니다. 이 기계들은 호일랜드가 패서디나 지역에서 제작하여 라이프 연구소로 운송했을 가능성이 큽니다. 1938년 8월 당시 빔 레이(Beam Ray)의 임원은 벤저민 컬렌, W. H. 밴 워트, 베스 윌먼, A. W. 올름스테드, 레이 윌리엄스였습니다. 1938년과 1939년에 호일랜드는 스톤허스트 드라이브 주소에 나타나지 않는데, 이는 그가 빔 레이 회사와 가까운 샌디에이고로 일시적으로 이주했을 가능성을 시사합니다.

1938년 11월, 빔 레이 회사는 뉴욕에서 열린 회의에서 영국의 버트램 고닌 박사, 윌리엄 블레윗, 하워드 파슨스와 라이프 레이 기계 유통 계약을 체결했습니다.

1939년 5월, 호일랜드는 빔 레이 코퍼레이션을 상대로 소송을 제기했습니다. 그는 빔 레이 코퍼레이션이 영국에서 기계의 제조 및 개발을 장려함으로써 기계 소유주 중 한 명인 호일랜드에게 지급되는 로열티를 줄이거나 없앴다고 주장했으며, 앞서 언급한 주식 양도가 불법이라고 고발했습니다. 호일랜드의 변호사 중 한 명인 아론 사피로는 1920년대 미국과 캐나다에서 농민 협동조합 운동을 창립하는 데 중요한 역할을 했습니다. 호일랜드가 선임한 사피로는 "회사의 친구" 자격으로 빔 레이 이사회 회의에 참석했지만, 호일랜드가 소송을 제기할 때 선임한 변호사는 엘리 레벤슨과 함께 사피로였습니다. 레벤슨 변호사의 이름은 법원 문서에 끊임없이 등장하는 반면, 사피로의 이름은 거의 언급되지 않습니다. 1939년 12월 6일, 샌디에이고 고등법원 에드워드 켈리 판사는 피고 측에 유리한 판결을 내리며 소송을 종결했습니다. 호일랜드는 소송 비용과 제반 경비를 지불하라는 명령을 받았습니다. 이후 소송 비용이 실제로 회수되었는지에 대한 기록은 발견되지 않았습니다. 당시 해당 기업은 파산 상태였던 것으로 추정됩니다. 소송에서 피고 측에 변호사 비용 지급을 요구했던 호일랜드 역시 소송 기각 당시 파산했을 가능성이 있습니다. 그러나 1940년에는 다시 스톤허스트 드라이브 주소에 거주하는 것으로 나타납니다. 1943년에는 다른 주소로 이사했고, 1944년에는 파사데나 지역을 완전히 떠난 것으로 보입니다. 이후 그는 전자 분야에서 다시는 일하지 않았다는 보고가 있습니다.

1940년 말, 라이프는 애리조나주 피닉스에 있는 과학 연구소인 안데스 인류학 탐험대의 연구원(혹은 왕립 연구원)으로 임명되었습니다. 이 학회의 자문위원회는 1940년대 미국 남서부 의료 및 재계의 유명 인사들로 구성되어 있는 듯합니다.

레이먼드 자이델 박사는 1942년 6월, 프랭클린 연구소(후에 스미소니언 박물관)에 제출할 논문을 준비하면서 라이프에게 만능 현미경에 대한 질문을 편지로 보냈습니다. 해당 논문 중 적어도 하나는 http://www.rife.org 에서 확인할 수 있습니다.

심장 질환을 앓고 있던 밀뱅크 존슨 박사는 9월 30일 토요일에 병이 나서 1944년 10월 3일 월요일 밤이나 화요일 아침에 헌팅턴 메모리얼 병원(옛 파사데나 병원)에서 사망했습니다. 그가 라이프 현미경의 성공 사례에 대한 보도자료를 준비하고 있었다는 이야기가 있지만, 저는 그러한 정황을 찾지 못했으며, 설령 그렇다 하더라도 존슨 박사가 오래전에 했던 일에 나중에 다시 관여하는 것은 그의 성격과는 거리가 멀었습니다. 지역 신문에서 보도했을 것이 분명하므로, 그러한 보도 자료가 존재했거나 계획되었을 가능성은 극히 낮다고 생각합니다.

1940년대와 1950년대 초에는 로열 라이프(Royal Rife)나 빔 레이 코퍼레이션(Beam Ray Corporation)에 대한 소식이 거의 들리지 않습니다. 빔 레이 코퍼레이션은 1939년 소송 이후 사업을 중단한 것으로 추정됩니다. 1950년, 라이프는 존 크레인(John Crane)을 기계공으로 고용했고, 크레인은 나중에 제조 부문 사장이 되었으며, 같은 해에 얼라이드 인더스트리즈(Allied Industries)라는 이름으로 사업을 시작했습니다.

라이프가 1953년에 작성한 보고서에는 "이 BX 바이러스는 배양 배지에 따라 생활주기의 여러 형태로 쉽게 변형될 수 있다"고 명시되어 있습니다. 이 진술은 생물의 다형성(다양한 형태로 변형됨)을 시사하며, 생물의 발달 단계에 따라 다른 질병을 유발할 가능성을 제기하는 것으로, 당시 정설로 자리 잡은 의학 이론과 정면으로 배치되는 것이었습니다. 라이프는 의료계가 듣고 싶어 하지도, 스스로 연구할 생각조차 하지 않았던 관찰 가능한 사실들을 밝히기 위해 수년간 연구에 매진했습니다. 라이프가 의사였다 하더라도, 의료계 권력자들의 강력한 의지가 허용되는 치료, 자금 지원, 심지어 의학 저널에 게재될 수 있는 내용까지 좌우했을 것입니다. 사실, 크게 달라진 것은 없습니다. 의료계는 의사가 환자에게 할 수 있는 말까지 통제하는 법을 통과시켰을 뿐 아니라, 확립된 치료 프로토콜에 부합하지 않는 치료를 제공하는 것조차 금지하고 있습니다. 의료는 치료 그 자체라기보다는 의료계가 허용하는 방식으로 치료를 하는 것에 불과하며, 환자의 건강은 안타깝게도 부차적인 관심사일 뿐입니다.

1954년 9월, 라이프는 1953년 후반부터 컨설턴트로 일해 온 로어 항공기 회사(Rohr Aircraft Corporation)에 "측정 망원경"에 대한 권리를 양도합니다. 1950년대 후반에는 예수 그리스도 후기 성도 교회(솔트레이크시티)의 여러 사람들과 존 크레인, 그리고 크레인과 함께 일했던 존 마시의 문서들이 있습니다. 솔트레이크시티 지역에서 라이프의 장비가 한 대 이상 실험적으로 사용되었던 것으로 보입니다. 라이프의 이름은 자문이나 컨설턴트로 언급되는데, 이는 그가 이 시점에는 광선관 기술이나 그가 설립을 승인했던 회사와는 거의 관련이 없었음을 시사합니다. 또한 1954년에는 샌디에이고의 얼라이드 인더스트리(Allied Industries)에서 연구 보조금을 신청했는데, 라이프가 책임 연구원(Principal Investigator)으로 등재되어 있고 연구 책임자(Director of Research)로도 기재되어 있습니다. 존 크레인은 관리자 겸 설계 엔지니어, 번 톰슨은 수석 전자 엔지니어, 돈 툴리는 개발 담당자, 캐머런 블랜드는 전자 엔지니어로 등재되어 있습니다. 제임스 B. 쿠치 박사는 자문위원으로 기록되어 있는데, 쿠치 박사는 라이프 연구소와 오랫동안 관계를 맺어왔습니다.

1956년부터 존 크레인은 편지에서 라이프 연구소(Life Labs, Inc., 또는 라이프 바이러스 현미경 연구소)라는 이름을 사용하기 시작했는데, 이는 당시 의료계에서 해당 기술을 은폐하려는 시도로부터 회사를 보호하려는 의도였던 것으로 보입니다.

1958년경, 존 크레인은 플라즈마 튜브를 사용하지 않는 기계를 개발했고, 유타주의 한 남성이 이 기계로 자가 치료를 하여 전립선암이 완치되었다는 보고가 있습니다. 1950년대 후반, 크레인은 여러 개의 테이프를 녹음했는데, 그중 다수에는 로열 라이프가 출연하여 기계에 대한 이야기, 라이프의 경험, 그리고 동부 지역의 누군가와 협력하여 크레인 버전의 라이프 기계를 제조할 가능성에 대해 언급했습니다. 당시 레이 튜브 장치가 몇 대 남아 있었을 가능성이 있으며, 실제로 중서부의 한 의사가 레이 튜브 장치를 소유하고 있었고, 이를 사용하여 큰 효과를 보았다고 보고했습니다. 라이프는 한 테이프에서 모든 사람의 장에 흔히 존재하는 미생물인 대장균을 적절한 pH 조건에서 암세포로 바꿀 수 있다고 주장했습니다.

1967년, 라이프는 제9순회항소법원에 보낸 편지(존 크레인의 항소 사건 번호 21542)에서 "해리 브리지스, H.H. 팀켄, 밀뱅크 존슨의 아낌없는 도움과 영향력"을 받았다고 밝혔습니다. 이는 라이프가 자신의 후원자들을 언급한 몇 안 되는 사례 중 하나입니다.

1950년대 중반부터 1971년 8월 5일 사망할 때까지 라이프의 생애에 대해서는 알려진 바가 거의 없습니다. 다만 여러 차례의 재판과 의료 마녀사냥으로 인해 그의 건강이 심각하게 악화되었다는 사실만 전해집니다. 그는 1939년 소송을 피하기 위해 멕시코로 도피했고, 1950년대에는 존 크레인과 존 마시가 피고로 참여한 또 다른 소송이 있었다는 설이 있습니다. 이 소송으로 두 사람은 투옥되었지만, 저는 그 소송에 대한 기록을 찾지 못했습니다. 그 후 라이프는 샌디에이고 지역에서 바하이교에 심취했고, 두 번째 아내와 결혼했습니다.

라이프는 의심할 여지 없이 천재였지만, 많은 다른 천재들처럼 가난하게 생을 마감했습니다. 그는 샌디에이고의 마운트 호프 묘지에 아내 매미 퀸과 함께 안장되었습니다. 매미 퀸의 가문은 샌디에이고 중국계 역사에서 중요한 위치를 차지했습니다. 라이프의 묘소는 여기에서 볼 수 있습니다.

참고: 저희는 라이프와 그의 생애에 대한 추가 자료를 찾고 있습니다. 정보를 가지고 계신 분은 Dave@dfe.net으로 연락 주시기 바랍니다.

추가 자료:
http://doctorme.com/earlydevices.htm
http://www.frii.com/~protech
http://www.rife.org

특별히 감사드립니다:

로스앤젤레스 타임스 (마이크로필름 자료)
퍼시픽 생명보험 회사 기업 기록 보관소, 패서디나 역사 협회 기록 보관소
캘리포니아주 알함브라 공공 도서관
캘리포니아주 패서디나 공공 도서관
패서디나 스타 뉴스 (마이크로필름 자료)
"라이프 현미경의 운명" (다니엘 헤일리, 1998)
"암의 치유" (배리 라이네스)
"효과가 있었던 암 치료법" (배리 라이네스)

"로열 R. 라이프" (제럴드 포이)

"과학 천재의 흥망성쇠" (제로 제로 투 프로덕션, 캐나다)
"출판 금지" 조너선 아이젠의 "발명품"
그리고 1920년대부터 1960년대까지 라이프 기술에 관한 편지 모음집.

저자에게 이메일 보내기: Dave@dfe.net

(A work in progress .. Copyright 2002-2005, all rights reserved, may not be reprinted without written permission of the author)   Updated 04/04/05

This is a history of the life of Royal Raymond Rife, Jr.. Not much is known of his early life, other than he was born in Elkhorn, Nebraska, on May 16, 1888, and was the second child born to Royal Raymond Rife and Ida May Rife. His father was a mechanical engineer. Royal Rife's heavy German accent may be an indication that their household spoke German as their home language. (Elkhorn's web site indicates that their area's ancestry is 47% German.)

Rife indicates that he started his first laboratory in San Diego in 1912, after working in New York for four or five years (apparently for the Carl Zeiss firm). He appears to have then gone to Germany where he worked with Carl Zeiss, of the Zeiss optical company (a major manufacturer of microscopes and other precision optics) in Heidelberg, Germany.) In a history of his career later, indications are that he was also a US Naval Commander, Retired, and there were suggestions that he may have been on assignment for the US Government while in Europe. In 1912, he married Mamie Quinn in the San Diego area. There are reports that he traveled extensively in Europe, accompanied by his wife, probably in the late 1910's or following WWI in the 20's.. Rife was an accomplished musician, playing the french horn and the guitar; one letter indicates he built a 100-string "guitar"-type-instrument. He was also quite a sportsman, with a collection of high-powered rifles, and held the high-powered motorboat speed record until his death in 1971. Photos of him with musical instruments (and on one of the power boats) are available from some web sites. In a brief history of Rife written in 1954 by John Crane, Rife indicated that he received an honorary Doctor of Parasitology (Science) degree from the University of Heidelberg in 1914. Crane further says that Rife received an honorary Doctor of Science degree from the University of Southern California in 1936, although paperwork in the 30's indicated that Rife may have never accepted the degree from USC, indeed, Rife was known, in those years, to throw mail into the trash unopened.

Rife is said to have built his first microscope in 1921 and later, after much research and work on microscope optics and light sources. He patented a high-intensity lamp for microscope use in 1929 (Patent #1727618).

In tests using B. coli (bacillus coli) Rife found that the bacteria, if exposed to radio-frequency energy at certain frequencies, would "deactivate", or die. Later testing showed the same results with other samples of B. Coli at the same frequencies. Rife needed a means of seeing even smaller pathogens, even down to the virus size if possible, and set out to examine microscope optics and the factors which limit the standard optical microscope to magnifications of between 1000 and 1500 times magnification - the "Fraunhofer Diffraction Limit". Rife found a means to building a microscope with a very long optical path with specially-ground quartz prisms in the barrel of his microscope. In addition, he determined that white light, which contains all wavelengths of visible light, was not suitable for high-magnification optics, and used a "Risley" prism between his light source and the sample, thus illuminating the sample with a single frequency of monochromatic light (very similar to high-definition research microscopes of today which use lasers).

Rife built his first known microscope, "Number 1" in 1920 on an optical bench similar to a lathe bed. Microscope #2 was similar in construction, but built in 1923 in a vertical format similar to a standard microscope. #2 was sent to Northwestern University for Dr. Arthur Kendall's use, apparently for some time in the 1932 time-frame. Unit #3, built in 1933 and shown above on the right, was the "Universal Microscope" which had provisions for polarized, bright field, dark field, infrared and ultraviolet imaging. #3 was the unit which is talked about so much, since it is the unit which Rife used to examine live virus samples. Microscope #4, which had no polarizing stage, but offered magnifications up to 15,000 times, was built in 1935, and appears to have been an early version of a much more simple Universal Microscope which Rife hoped to find a manufacturer for. Rife commented in one of his letters that #4 had been built at the request of a manufacturer, but he does not say who that might have been. In papers from England in the 1938 period, it is mentioned that #4 had been sent to England, and a technician working for Rife went there to help install it. Later it is mentioned that #4 was sent back to Rife (in 1939), and at some point a newer #5 microscope is sent. #5, built about 1938, is currently in the Science Museum in London, England, and while it is not available for normal viewing, groups of researchers have been able to closely examine it, and a videotape of it was made in 1999.

The Electric Club of San Diego thanked Rife for a presentation he gave them in February of 1930. There are many similar letters in the records; Rife was a popular, fascinating and entertaining speaker!

In the early 1930's Rife became associated with Milbank Johnson, M.D., who, in earlier years, had been Professor of Physiology and Clinical Medicine at the University of Southern California (USC), and was the Chairman of the "Special Medical Research Committee". USC has no record of such an organization, however there are numerous documents from Johnson and others referring to the Committee. It is quite possible that this Committee was a "gentlemen's handshake" agreement between Dr. Johnson and Dr. Rufus B. von KleinSmid, President of USC.. In addition, quite a number of researchers at USC are named over the years, so there is no doubt that this group did exist in some format. Dr. Johnson had come to California in 1893 to start up the Alhambra (CA) hospital. He was a member of the American Medical Association, the Los Angeles and the Southern California Medical Associations, and was a founder and the 2nd President of the Automobile Club of Southern California from 1903 to 1905. He was a Director of the Pacific Mutual Insurance Company from 1906 to 1933. Dr. Johnson was a driving force behind the development of the Rife machine. He, and many others involved in the research of the Rife machine, were nationally-known and recognized in their fields, and there is no doubt whatever that the microscope and "ray machine" did in fact work. Several of the medical researchers and doctors of that time who were involved with the research of devitalizing organisms were the top people in their field; the head of Experimental Bacteriology at Mayo Clinic; the Director of Medical Research at Northwestern University, and others.

In 1931 Dr. Johnson was contacted by, and encouraged Dr. Arthur Kendall, Ph.D., Director of Medical Research of Northwestern University (and eventually Dean of the Medical School) near Chicago, to come to California and meet Royal Rife. The two got along well, using Kendall's "K" Medium (developed from pig tissue) to grow human cancer cells for experimentation with Rife's "ray machine" or frequency instrument.

In May 1932 Dr. Johnson wrote to Dr. Kendall (at one time Directory of the Hygienic Laboratory in the Panama Canal construction project) (The national Hygienic Laboratory eventually became the National Institutes of Health). Kendall, certainly an internationally-known Ph.D., had been awarded a Doctor of Science degree by USC in 1932. (Kendall retired from Northwestern University in 1942 at about age 65, and moved to a housing development he had been actively supporting in Mexico, and passed away in late 1959 in the San Diego area, after the development project failed.)

Rife, by the mid-1930's, had successfully found and documented the frequencies which would devitalize many of the major illnesses of the day, and had built a "ray machine" which used a helium plasma lamp excited by very precise radio-frequencies. A short exposure once every three days was the treatment method which seemed to work best, and there are many letters from MDs and patients who had used Rife's "Ray Machine". The medical establishment was not interested, even though there were a few MDs around the US who eventually used his ray machine quite successfully against many different illnesses. There were not very many of the machines in existence, perhaps four to six, and being a new technology, they were expensive and difficult to build. Rife's focus was in determining the exact frequencies which would devitalize various pathogens - he was at heart an exacting machinist.

It is not certain, but conjectured that in about 1933, Dr. Johnson suggested a radio engineer named Philip Hoyland, who lived in nearby Altadena, CA., to Rife as someone who could help (or even build) the ray tube devices. Hoyland, who was known as quite an accomplished radio engineer of the time, built Rife's equipment in his Altadena home or garage, and delivered the machines to Rife's laboratory in his truck. Hoyland, who was married to Laura Mazie, moved to the Pasadena area in 1927, and was the President and Manager of the Premier Radio Corporation of California. In 1928 he is shown as a salesman for the Rowley Electric Company, and 1929 and 1930 as a serviceman for the Radio Doc Company in Pasadena. He owned his home at 584 Stonehurst Drive in Altadena. There is thought that Hoyland built most, if not all, of the early Rife Ray machines, and court documents show him as the owner, along with Rife, of the Rife Ray Machine. The photo showing Rife with a Ray Machine later in the 1930's shows Hoyland explaining something on the machine to Rife, but Hoyland received no credit for his many contributions to the Ray Machine, even if he did build most of them.

The 1934 "Cancer Clinic" ..?In April of 1934 Dr. Milbank Johnson of Pasadena, CA., wrote to Arthur Kendall about the clinic proposed in La Jolla, Ca., starting the middle of June, and indicates that he has rented a house there for three months - so as to be close to the clinic which was held from June to August/September at the "Annex" on the Scripps Ranch. He further states that "I hope by then we will have human cases to work on."젨 There were a number of patients at the clinic, including some cancer patients. Johnson later wrote that he "had no help whatsoever, no nurses or assistants". In another letter in 1935, he says that the results were "not conclusive" - it is thought that some patients had responded well to the treatments from the Rife Ray machine, but that Johnson was not convinced that such a speedy recovery was necessarily the same thing as a "cure" - although apparently Royal Rife considered them "cured." Dr. Johnson also wrote later that he had run the clinic by himself, to prove what the Rife Ray machine could do in vitro - in the body. Mr. Rife was almost certainly not present for most of this clinic, but may have come around ocassionally to help or to observe - he later testified in court that he had never treated a human patient.?One patient from that clinic, who was described as one of the few patients with a visible cancer (on his cheek) contacted Dr. Johnson in early 1935, and was sent to another MD for removal of one eye - there is evidence that he had an eye cancer which had either not gone away, or which had returned. It is certain that Johnson sent him off for removal of the eye.  Dr. George Dock, who was the President of the Las Encinas Sanitarium in Pasadena, was also the President of the Los Angeles County Medical Association, and is mentioned as one of the physicians "attending" or more likely advising, in several of the letters of the period. It is quite possible that none of these other MDs actually participated in the Clinic, and in one case, Dr. Alvin Foord later testified that he only did tests on samples sent him by Dr. Johnson. Johnson was an avid writer, yet there are very few letters from the period of the clinic and through into 1935 from him. I believe that, had he been satisfied with the results of the La Jolla Clinic, he would have been writing to many of his friends about the results - those letters have never been found, placing the results of the clinic in grave doubt.

On May 15th, 1935, Dr. Johnson wrote to Rife indicating that the University of Southern California was sending Rife notification that he was to be given a Doctor of Science degree ( honorary). There are indications that Rife never wrote back to USC, indeed, Dr. Johnson chides Rife as being "a rotten correspondent" in his letter to Rife. Also in 1935, Rife received an order for "One of those hypersensitive stethoscopes", indication that Rife was indeed building other devices for researchers and MDs. In a letter in 1939, he was requested to bring "the stethoscopes .. and other of your inventions" that he might care to put on the market to England (that trip never happened, as Rife was summoned to testify at the Beam Ray trial). Dr. Johnson began using one of the Ray Machines (probably #5 or #6) in the fall of 1935, the year after the clinics in La Jolla, installing the device at the Santa Fe Hospital in Los Angeles. Treatments were offered twice a week, typically for five minutes each, and apparently focussed on individual diseases.

Dr. Milbank Johnson, in 1936, writes that he is happy that Phil (Hoyland) was able to tell what the matter was with one of Rife's Ray Machines, and that it would be no problem to fix. Other documents of the period indicate that Rife usually had at least one of the machines that Phil Hoyland built, and that the two men sometimes traded machines while one was being worked on.  In April of that year, a Dr. Goodman writes to Johnson about a patient of his whose vision had improved following treatments. A later letter to Rife from Johnson indicated that this patient had seven three-minute treatments with the Ray Machine.)

It became clear that Rife needed a better facility in which to do his work, and Milbank Johnson approached Henry Timken regarding funds for a new lab - Johnson's letters indicate that Timken was not in favor of addititional spending, but Johnson, with help from Mrs. Bridges, overcame Timken's concerns. It appears that Rife's new laboratory was started in construction in April 1936, and in August of 1936 Rife moved into the facility - certainly the laboratory seen in the film (now on videotape) narrated by John Crane. He expresses great satisfaction in the new facility, built from the ground up to his specifications, with considerable advise from Dr. Johnson (one of these suggestions was to place the restrooms near the entrance, so that guests didn't have to tromp through the laboratory to use the facilities), and placing the animal rooms in the basement along with the heavier equipment. In October-November of 1936, Dr. Johnson started using a Ray Machine in a clinic at the Pasadena Home for the Aged, and reported having excellent results, doing exposures three times a week. In that letter, he also tells of finding a "new" band of frequencies using a modified machine, and that band not only broke all the glass in his laboratory, but it also killed every culture sample - including molds - that were in the lab. Johnson was quite excited about this, in his letter to Rife. A later letter tells of treating twenty to twenty-two people per session at his Clinic in Pasadena, and having excellent results. When Johnson closed this clinic, it appears that he was writing up the results for publication - one note says that all but one patient with cataracts was restored to normal vision - but it is unknown if that publication ever happened.

In 1936, historical documents indicate that Rife was referred to as "Commander Rife" - and there are several cases of cataracts and carcinoma which patients recovered from following exposures to the ray tube. Coincidentally, Rife by this time had been ordered to spend no more than 2 hours a day at the Universal Microscope, as his eyes were failing; the long hours (days actually) of working at the microscope non-stop was taking its toll. One of the lamps Rife used was a small mercury-vapor light which produced quite a lot of ultraviolet light; since Rife was using quartz optics, that UV may have contributed to his failing eyesight. 

The Beam Ray Company apparently was formed in October of 1936, with the approval of Rife and Hoyland. It is not known exactly what Rife's involvement with Beam Ray was, although it is very clear he was concerned that the machines produced be fully tested and certified as to their "true devitalizing power". On June 1st, 1937, the corporation amended its By-Laws to increase its Board from three members to nine. The Beam Ray Corporation officers consisted of: Benjamin Cullen (President), Ray Williams (Vice-President), Beth Willman (Secretary), Philip Hoyland, Charles Winter, J. W. C. Kitchen, A. B. Weeks, George Edwards, Ray Reynolds, and John Ernsting. (More than nine.) (Note that there is no relationship to the Beam Ray Corporation now operating). In early 1938, Benjamin Cullen transferred 450 shares of stock in Beam Ray to Royal Rife, 140 to Philip Hoyland, 480 to Edith Henderson, and 380 to W. H. Van Wart, while retaining 600 shares. A. W. Olmstead transferred 53 shares to Charles Winter and 447 to Beth Willman, while retaining 100 shares, and C. R. Hutchinson transferred 250 shares to C. W. Ernsting, 50 to George Edwards, 50 to Ray Reynolds, 200 to Royal Rife, 610 to Philip Hoyland, 100 to R. O. Berthean, 300 to Beth Willman, 300 to W. V. Blewett, 20 to W. H. Van Wart, 20 to Edith Henderson, and 447 to Charles Winter, while retaining 700 shares.

In 1937, Dr. Johnson indicates that Rife was working with helium and argon ray tubes. It appears that earlier versions had been helium, which may be such a small molecule that keeping it inside even a glass tube is difficult. Several papers mention that tubes had to be sent back to Rife or to Beam Ray to be recharged - another indication that Rife used helium in his early tubes, and may have switched to argon as the preferred noble gas to use in the plasma lamps. Other writings tell of the tubes having to be sent back to Hoyland to be "recharged" or refilled with whichever noble gas was being used - we have seen both helium and argon noted in the letters. In June of 1937, Johnson writes that after eight months of operation, he closed his Pasadena Clinic, which worked primarily on cataracts in the elderly. In cooperation with an oculist, it was determined that in every case except one, the patient's cataracts either cleared up, or his or her vision improved to the point no further treatments were needed. It is noted that in 1937, Philip Hoyland was living in the San Diego area, and working with Royal Rife on Ray Machines. A letter from Johnson in late 1937 to Rife indicates some form of misunderstanding between the two men, and Johnson's correspondence to Rife lessens from that date.

Letters from Western Electronic Corporation in 1938 indicate that Rife was building a flat field lens telescope, possibly work he continued into the 50's. A letter to the Royal Microscopical Society (apparently a part of the British Medical Society) in 1939 nominated Rife for a Fellowship in that Society.

On May 6th, 1938, the San Diego Evening Examiner ran a front page story (click for photo) with a picture of Rife and Hoyland (click for photo) standing in front of one of the Ray machines. The text is from Rife, and there is little mention of Hoyland in the article. .

In 1938, Dr. Bertram Gonin wrote from England expressing concern that the two machines he received were not functioning, and John Crane, years later, notes that he thought one of the Beam Ray employees may have sent unfinished machines to England so he would be asked to go repair them. Newer information hints that one of the people in England may have tinkered with the machine, and one of Rife's employees, Henry Siner, traveled to England in 1939 to adjust the microscope and to work on the Ray machine which had been sent. Siner later reported that the Ray Machine was working correctly. He returned (along with the #4 microscope) to the US in 1939. Rife had been planning on going, but the lawsuit (following) prevented that trip. The #5 microscope, a greatly simplified version of the Universal #3 microscope, was later sent to England, and is currently in the Science Museum in London, England, but is normally not on display.

On April 24 of 1938, Royal Rife and Philip Hoyland, as the owners of the Rife Ray instrument, granted C. R. Hutchinson a 1/3 interest in the machine for the purposes of "all other business requirements necessary for the expedient and beneficial promotion of such Rife Ray machine." In 1939 court documents, the statement is made that the Rife Ray invention was owned by Royal Raymond Rife, Philip Hoyland, and C.R. Hutchinson. It is likely that the assertions that the Rife Ray machine was built by Philip Hoyland is accurate - indeed, in the videotapes (from the original film) of the Rife Laboratory, there is no electronics shop shown, although many other rooms in the lab are displayed. It is likely that the machines were manufactured in the Pasadena area by Hoyland, and transported to Rife's lab. In August of 1938 the officers of Beam Ray were Benjamin Cullen, W. H. Van Wart, Beth Willman, A. W. Olmstead, and Ray Williams. In 1938 and 1939, Hoyland is not shown at the Stonehurst Drive address, and it is my belief that he had moved temporarily to San Diego, where he was close to the Beam Ray Corporation.

During November 1938 the Beam Ray Corporation, in a meeting in New York City, contracted with Dr. Bertram Gonin, William Blewett and Howard Parsons in England relative to the distribution of Rife Ray machines.

By May of 1939, Hoyland had filed suit against the Beam Ray Corporation, claiming that the firm was promoting the manufacture and development of the machine in England, and thus reducing or eliminating royalty payments made to Hoyland, one of the owners of the machine, and charging that the above-mentioned stock transfers were illegal. One of Hoyland's attorneys, Arron Sapiro, had been instrumental in the founding of the farmer's Co-Op movement in the US and Canada during the 1920's. It is worthy of note that Sapiro, brought by Hoyland, attended meetings of the Beam Ray Board of Directors as a "friend of the company", yet is the attorney, along with Eli Levenson, who Hoyland used in suing the corporation. Attorney Levenson's name appears constantly in the court documents - Sapiro is rarely noted. The lawsuit was closed on December 6th of 1939 by San Diego Superior Court Judge Edward Kelly, finding for the defendants, and Hoyland was ordered to pay the costs and disbursements of the court case. No record has been found as to whether any costs were ever recovered - the indications are that the corporation was by this time bankrupt. It is possible that Hoyland, who had asked in his suit that his attorney's fees be paid by the defendants, may have also been bankrupted when his complaint was ruled against, however in 1940, he is again shown at the Stonehurst Drive address. By 1943, Hoyland is shown at a different address, and by 1944 had moved out of the Pasadena area. Reports are that he never again worked in the electronics field.

By late 1940, Rife had been named a Fellow (or possibly a Royal Fellow) of the Andean Anthropological Expedition, an Institute for Scientific Research based in Phoenix, Arizona. The society's Advisory Board looks like a Who's Who of the Southwestern US's medical and business community of the 1940 era.

Dr. Raymond Seidel, in June of 1942, wrote to Rife with questions about the Universal Microscope for the article Seidel was preparing for the Franklin Institute (and later the Smithsonian). At least one of those articles is available from http://www.rife.org

Dr. Milbank Johnson, who was known to have had a heart condition, became ill on Saturday, September 30th, and died Monday night or Tuesday morning October 3, 1944 in the Huntington Memorial Hospital (which once was the Pasadena Hospital). It has been said that he was preparing a press release on the successes which had been accomplished by the Rife device - I have found no indications of such actions, and in any case, it was certainly not Johnson's style to become involved years later in an enterprise from before. I feel it extremely unlikely that any such press release existed or was ever planned, since the local newspapers would have reported on that.

Through the 1940's and early 50's little is heard concerning either Royal Rife or the Beam Ray Corporation, which probably closed as an active concern following the 1939 lawsuit. In 1950, Rife hired John Crane as a machinist, and Crane later became the President of the manufacturing effort, and also, in 1950, started doing business as Allied Industries.

A report written by Rife in 1953 states that "This BX virus can be readily changed into different forms of its life cycle by the media upon which it is grown." That statement, indicating the pleomorphism of the organism (changing to different forms), possibly causing different diseases depending in what stage of its development the organism is in, was also directly opposed to the established medical theories of the day. Rife invested years of research in determining observable facts the medical establishment had no interest in hearing and even less in researching for themselves! Even had Rife been an M.D., the strong wills of those in power in the medical establishment controlled permissible treatment, funding, and even what could get published in medical journals. Indeed, not much has changed, as the establishment has also managed to get laws passed controlling even what an MD may say to a patient, let alone offering treatments which may not conform to the established protocols of treatment. Health Care is not about treatment, its about doing that treatment in a manner the establishment permits - the health of the patient is, unfortunately, a minor concern.

Sept 1954, Rife gives rights to a "Measuring Telescope" to Rohr Aircraft Corporation, after working there as a consultant since late in 1953. In the late 1950's, there are a number of documents from several people at The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Salt Lake City) and John Crane and John Marsh, who was working with Crane. Apparently there were one or more Rife machines in the Salt Lake City area being used experimentally. Rife's name comes up as one would refer to an advisor or consultant, so apparently by this time Rife had little to do with the ray tube technology or the company he once authorized to be founded. Also in 1954 is an application for a research grant by Allied Industries of San Diego, where Rife is listed as Principal Investigator for the grant, and is shown as Director of Research. John Crane is listed as the Manager and Design Engineer, Verne Thompson the Chief Electronic Engineer, Don Tully is the Development Associate, and Cameron Bland is the Electronic Engineer. Dr. James B. Couche, MD, is shown as a consultant. Dr. Couche had been involved with Rife for many years.

In 1956, letters from John Crane started used the name Life Labs, Inc. (also Rife Virus Microscope Institute) during that period, apparently in an attempt to protect the company from the ongoing (and successful) attempts by the medical establishment to silence the technology.

By 1958, John Crane was producing a machine which did not use the plasma tube, and it is reported that a man in Utah "treated himself" and was in remission from prostate cancer as a result. In the late 1950's, Crane made a number of tape recordings, many including Royal Rife, about the machines, Rife's experiences, and the possibility of setting up business with a person back east to start manufacturing Crane's version of the Rife machine. It is possible that a few of the Ray Tube devices still existed at that time, indeed there was an MD in the midwest who had one, and had reported using it with great success. Rife states on one of the tapes that he could take e.coli, a common life form in everybody's intestinal tract, and with the proper pH levels, turn it into a cancer organism.

In 1967, Rife wrote in a letter to the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals (in support of an appeal by John Crane, file #21542) that he had been "supported by Harry Bridges and H.H. Timken and Milbank Johnson with unlimited help and influence." This is one of the few references Rife ever made of his supporters.

Little is known of his Rife's career during the period from the mid-50's until his death on August 5th, 1971, except that the various trials and medical witch-hunts took a terrible toll on his health. He fled to Mexico to avoid the 1939 lawsuit, and there is an indication that there was an additional lawsuit in the 1950's in which John Crane and John Marsh were the defendants, and were sent to prison. I have no records of that suit. Sometime after that, Rife became involved in the Bahi faith in the San Diego area, and also married his second wife.

Rife unquestionably was a genius, and like many before, died a pauper. He was interred at the Mount Hope Cemetery in San Diego, alongside his wife Mamie Quinn, whose family were prominent in San Diego Chinese history. Rife's gravesite may be viewed HERE.

Note: We are in search of further documentation about Rife and his career. Anybody having information may contact the author at Dave@dfe.net

Additional sources:
http://doctorme.com/earlydevices.htm
http://www.frii.com/~protech
http://www.rife.org

Special thanks to:

Los Angeles Times (Microfilm archives)
Pacific Life Insurance Company-Corporate Archives Pasadena Historical Society Archives
Public Library of Alhambra, California
Public Library of Pasadena, California
Pasadena Star News (Microfilm archives)
"What Became of the Rife Microscope" by Daniel Haley, 1998
"The Healing of Cancer" by Barry Lynes
"The Cancer Cure That Worked" by Barry Lynes

"Royal R. Rife" by Gerald Foye

"THE RISE AND FALL OF A SCIENTIFIC GENIUS" by Zero Zero Two Productions, Canada
"Suppressed Inventions" by Jonathan Eisen
And volumes of letters from the 1920's through the 1960's concerning Rife technology.

Email the author, Dave@dfe.net: EMAIL