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교과교재연구(Passive).hwp

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Chapter 18. The Passive Voice

▷ Introduction

 Passive Voice is the grammatical feature of voice, which pertains to who or what serves as the subject in a clause.

In the active voice, the subject of a clause is most often the agent, or doer, of some action. At other times, speakers/writers of English will have reason to put the receiver or undergoer of the action into subject position. At that time we can use passive voice. In other words, using the passive allows speakers to make a kind of figure/ground reversal.

 All people around the world were shocked by the terrible H1N1 Influenza which has killed at least more than 2000 people globally.

▷ Forms of the English Passive

☞ beverb + the past participle(-en/-ed/irregular verb)

- The passive with tense and aspect

ㆍ With modals : African Americans might be discriminatedagainst.

ㆍ With simple present : African Americans are discriminatedagainst.

ㆍ With present perfect : African Americans have been discriminatedagainst.

ㆍ With present progressive : African Americans are being discriminatedagainst.

ㆍ With simple past : African Americans were discriminatedagainst.

ㆍ With past progressive : African Americans were being discriminatedagainst.

ㆍ With be going tofor future : African Americans are going to be discriminated                                   against.

- Other passive verbs

Although 'be'is the prototypical auxiliary verb of the passive, it's possible to have other verbs fulfill this function.

<GET>

 The get-passiveis quite common in informal, conversational English.

 My car got stuckin the snow.

 One important structural difference to note between the be-passiveand the get-passiveis that get does not function as a true auxiliary in questions and negatives the way that be does. As a result of this, domust serve as an operator for getin questions and negatives.

A: Was he injured during war?                 A: Did he get injured during war?

B: No, He wasn't even attacked.               B: No, He didn't even attacked.

 Another difference that exists between the be-passiveand the get-passiveis that the latter can occur more readily with the perfect progressive.

<HAVE>

have-passiveincludes an intervening noun phrase ☞ have + NP + past participle

You can distinguish the experiential havefrom the causative have.

Mary had her purse snatched.

<BE-in complex passive>

The be-passivecan also interact with complements such as that-clausesand infinitives, producing complex passives.

It is rumored that he broke out the prison.

The Earth was believed torotate a long time ago.

▷ The Meaning of the Passive

- Semantic Constraints on using the Passive

The acceptability of passive sentences is influenced by several factors.

ㆍ The more definite the subject is, the more acceptable the sentence in passive.

ㆍ With stative verbs, the more indefinite the object in the byphrase is,      

   the more likely it is to be acceptable.

ㆍ The more the verb denotes a physical action, as opposed to a state,

   the more acceptable.

Certain transitive verbs, when used statively, are not likely to occur in the passive voice.

ㆍ verbs of containing : contain, hold, comprise

ㆍ verbs of measure : weigh, cost, contain, last

ㆍ reciprocal verbs : resemble, look like, equal

ㆍ verbs of fitting : fit, suit

ㆍ verbs of possession : have, belong

- Meaning difference between the Active and Passive

 This is especially true when numerals or quantifiers are used and in generic statements.

Everyone in the room speaks two languages.

Two languages are spoken by everyone in the room.

- Be-passivesVS Get-passives

 get-passiveoccurred with verbs from semantic categories such as physical assault(get hit), hindrance(get trapped), transference(get snatched), and verbs of emotional or mental strain(get punished). It appears that get-passive are predominantly associated with verbs that emphasize actions or processes.

 other characteristics of the get-passive were its lack of expressed agent and the fact that get-passive could not replace be-passives with nondynamic verbs.