기초토익 R/C 교재 unit 11 비교급, 최상급, unit 12 동명사

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unit 11. 원급, 비교급, 최상급 –형, 부

원급 비교: ~만큼 ~한(2개)

비교급: ~보다 ~한(2개)

형/부 -er than, more 형/부 than

최상급: 가장 ~한 (3 이상) the 형/부 -est, the most 형/부

1. 원급 ~만큼 ~한

as 형/부 as, not as~as

as~ as possible, as~as s can/could

as many 가산복수명사 as as many/much 명 as

as much 불가산단수명사 as

e.g) The technician is finishing his work as quick/quickly as possible.

2V 이다 be V

되다 become, get, grow turn

남아 remain, stay

seem/appear, prove, turn out (to be)

look, sound, smell, taste, feel

2V as 형 as

완전한 문장, 일반V as 부 as

두 배의

twice as~as

three times as~as

four times as~as

He finishes his work as quick/quickly as possible.

There are a lot of problems two/twice/second as many bugs as possible.

He goes there as quick/quickly as he could.

(1) 비교급(2개)

형태 er than, more than (2음절 이상, ous, ant/ent, able/ful..

est, most

: 형용사-er ex) cheaper

more +형용사/ 부사 + than ex) more expensive/ more efficiently

less + 형용사/ 부사 ex) less expensive

① 1음절, -er, -y, ow,-some로 끝나는 2음절 형용사나 부사

원급	비교급	최상급
old	older	oldest
clever	cleverer	cleverest

② -able, -ful, -ous, -ive 등으로 끝나는 2음절 혹은 3음절 형용사나 부사

원급	비교급	최상급
useful	more useful	most useful
important	more important	most important

③ 불규칙 변화

원급	비교급	최상급
good/ well	better	best
bad/ badly	worse	worst
many/ much	more	most
little	less	least
late	later/latter	latest/last
far	farther/further	farthest/furthest

late-later-latest 시간 latest products 최신식 제품

late-latter-last 순서

far-farther-farthest 거리

far-further-furthest 정도

later-나중에(미래) , latter(후자)-former(전자)

move this item farther/further

look up the information farther /further

ex1) These engines are (light/ lighter) than the diesel units.

ex2) The new ventilation facilities are more effective (as/ than) our current system.

ex3) Sending the memos by fax is (more quickly, quicker) than attempting to deliver them by express mail.

(2) 비교급

1. 형태: -er than, more than

2. the 비교급, the 비교급 더 ~할수록, 더 ~한 * the 최상급

3. of the two, the 비교급

Of the two candidates, Mr. kim is the more qualified candidate.

4. 비교급 강조: (even, much, still, far, a lot)+ 비교급

very, quite, fairly +원급

even: 비교급, 최상급 강조!!!

강조 표현

: ___even_________, much___________, _____still______, ____far________, ________a lot___ + 비교급

ex1) This was much (more important/ important) than I anticipated.

ex2) This car is (far/ very) more valuable than the old one.

(3) as + 형용사/ 부사 원급 + as : ~만큼 ~한

ex1) The order was shipped as (quick/ quickly) as possible to the customer.

Be as (careful/ carefully) as possible.

(4) 최상급-셋 이상 the -est, the most

the/ 소유격 + 형용사-est [단서]

most +형용사/ 부사 + ①of/ among (all) 복수명사(소속)

② in 장소

③ S have/ had ever p.p(현재완료:경험)

~중에 가장 ~한

He is the most qualified candidate I have seen

Samsung is the single largest mobile company in Korea.

LG is the second largest mobile company in Korea.

ex1) Tim is the (funny/ funniest/ most funny) boy of all the children.

ex2) It is the company's (informative/ most informative/ informatively) documentary available in the library.

최상급 표현

This is the most satisfactory service.

=This is more satisfactory than any other service.

=No service is more satisfactory than this.

=No service is as satisfactory as this

=Nothing is more satisfactory than this

=Nothing is as satisfactory as this

* 관용적인 표현

do one's best = do one's utmost

at one's best 최상의 상태로

at the earliest 아무리 빨라도

at the latest 아무리 늦어도 no later than

at last=eventually, in the end 마침내

at most 기껏해야

at least 적어도

make the most of ~을 최대한 이용하다

연습문제 

1. as

2. spacious

3. twice

4. same

5. much

6. accurate

7. than

8. fastest 

실전문제 

1. a

2. a

3. b

4. d

5. c

6. d

7. b

8. b

9. d

10. c

11. c

12. b

13. b

14. b

15. a

16. d

17. d

18. b

19. b

20. b

21. b

22. d

23. d 

24. a

25. b

26. b

27. d

28. c

29. c

30. b

31. b

32. d

33. a

34. d

35. c

36. b

37. b

38. a

39. a

40. a

unit 12. 동명사(ving)-동사(목적어)가 명사화(주,목)

동사적 특징: 타 ving the a N

V N

V N x(자) ving N(x)

for attending the meeting

for participating the meeting x

for participating in the meeting o

형: the ving N

명사적 특징: ving ( 주어, 목적어)

(1) 전치사 뒤에 명사 vs. 동명사 - 주, 목

	(앞) 관사	(뒤) 명사	수식어
명사	o	x	형
동명사	x	o	부사

ex)

1) A Discussion is needed to resolve the conflict.

2) Discussing is needed to resolve the conflict.

3) We object to discussion the matter.

4) We object to discussing the matter.

5) The meeting is for the management of the team.

6) The meeting is for the managing the team.

ex1) The company was successful in (establishing/ establishment) a new store.

ex2) The bank has experienced a marked (increase/ increasing) in deposits.

(2) 동명사 역할(명사적 특징)

1) 주어역할 : V-ing 명사 + 단수 V

S

ex) Constructing new buildings requires a lot of money.

That S V 단수 V

To R 단수 V

Ving N 단수 V

2) 목적어 역할 : 3V + V-ing

O

◆ 동명사를 목적어로 취하는 동사

suggest, recommend

finish, quit, discontinue, give up

postpone, put off, delay

dislike, deny, mind, avoid

include, admit, anticipate, consider, enjoy

ex1) Please finish (filling) out this form.

ex2) Russ will consider (working) for a new company.

3) 전치사의 목적어 : 전치사 + Ving + 명사

ex) All visitors are allowed to enter the lab without (presenting) the ID.

before (prior to)/ after/following (~전/후),

by(~함으로써, 옆에), upon/on (하자마자),

without(~하지 않고), in addition to(~에 덧붙여),

despite(in spite of~임에도 불구하고), instead of(~대신에)

█ 동명사의 관용적인 용법

1) feel like ~ing ~하고 싶은 기분이다

2) keep (on) ~ing 계속 ~하다

3) be busy ~ing, be busy with ~하느라 바쁘다, ~로 바쁘다

I am busy working my project.

I am busy with my project.

4) can not help ~ing ~할 수밖에 없다

5) 사람 be/get used to ~ing ~하는데 익숙하다

사람 be/get accustomed to ~ing ~하는데 익숙하다

사물 be used to R (by 행위자) ~하는데 사용되어 지다

사물 be used for

6) spend time/money ~ing ~하는데 시간/돈을 쓰다

7) be worth ~ing ~할 가치가 있다

8) have difficulty/ trouble/problem/hard time (in) ~ing

~하는데 어려움이 있다

9) be dedicated/devoted/committed to ~ing ~하는데 헌신하다

n. dedication/devotion/committment to

10) be afraid of ~ing ~하는 것을 두려워 하다

11) look forward to ~ing ~을 몹시 기대하다

12) 사람 be capable of ~ing ~을 할수 있다

사람 be able to R

사람 be confident in

13) upon/on ~ing ~하자마자 as soon as S V

upon arrival 도착 하자 마자/ upon arriving

upon receipt 수령 하자 마자

receipt n. 영수증(가), 수령(불)

* to/ving 다 취하는 동사

(1) forget/remember/regret to R(미래) / ving(과거)

I forget to send a package-- I didn't send a package

I forget sending a package-- I sent a package

(2) stop

I stop to buy books. ~하기 위해서(in order to)-목적

I stop buying books.

(3) begin to/ving

█ 동명사 연습문제 

1. dealing

2. improvement

3. spend

4. her

5. being instructed

6. examining

7. having passed

8. producing

9. sleeping

10. confirm‎ing

11. reading

12. develpoing

13. joining

14. taking

15. receiving

16. to stop

17. reviewing

18. exposing

19. talking 

실전문제 

1. a

2. a

3. d

4. b

5. c

6. b

7. d

8. a

9. c

10. a

11. d

12. c

13. b

14. c

15. b

16. d

17. b

**18. c,d 둘다 가능 

19. d

20. a

21. c

22. a

23. a

24. b

25. c

26. c

27. b

28. c

29. a

30. a

31. d

32. a

33. b

34. a

35. c

36. b

37. c

38. c

39. b

40. a 

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