잊혀진 전쟁 The Forgotten War

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잊혀진 전쟁으로 기억되고 있는 한국전쟁. 그러나 결코 잊어서는 안 될 우리의 역사.

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(AP) The war that began in Korea 60 years ago, on June 25, 1950, a ghastly conflict that killed millions and left the peninsula in ruins, became “The Forgotten War” in many American minds.

To a shrinking corps of aging men, however, the soldiers of Korea 1950-53, it can never be forgotten. It damaged many physically, scarred many mentally, and left men questioning their commanders’ and their nation’s wisdom.

They fought many enemies – not just the North Koreans and Chinese, but also the heat, the killing cold and the cursed hills, the thirst, hunger and filth, the incompetence and hubris of their own army, and the indifference of an American homeland still fixed on the “good” war, World War II, that had ended five years earlier.

In a wartime arc of desperation, triumph, retreat and final stalemate in Korea, no U.S. division sacrificed as much as the 2nd Infantry Division, losing more than 7,000 killed, one-fifth of total 36,516 U.S. dead. And it is the 2nd Infantry Division that still stands guard over South Korea today.

1

U.S. Marines help a wounded buddy on the Naktong River front in South Korea. The war that began in Korea 60 years ago, on June 25, 1950, a ghastly conflict that killed millions and left the peninsula in ruins, became "The Forgotten War" in many American minds. (AP Photo/Max Desfor) #

2

Prisoners are flushed out by a U.S. patrol operating in North korea south of Kusong, Nov. 16, 1950. This is a Life Magazine Photo by Hank Walker. (AP Photo) #

3

Two American soldiers line up a 3.5 rocket launcher bazooka along the battlefront somewhere in Korea, July 24, 1950. (AP Photo) #

4

American GIs fire a 105 Howitzer gun in action against North Korean invaders somewhere in Korea. The war that began in Korea 60 years ago, on June 25, 1950, a ghastly conflict that killed millions and left the peninsula in ruins, became "The Forgotten War" in many American minds. (AP Photo) #

5

U.S. Marines advance up a ridge in South Korea. The war that began in Korea 60 years ago, on June 25, 1950, a ghastly conflict that killed millions and left the peninsula in ruins, became "The Forgotten War" in many American minds. (AP Photo/Max Desfor) #

6

Troops of the First U.S. Cavalry Division land ashore at Pohang on the east coast of Korea during the Korean War. This is the first combat amphibious operation since World War II. The war that began in Korea 60 years ago, on June 25, 1950, a ghastly conflict that killed millions and left the peninsula in ruins, became "The Forgotten War" in many American minds. (AP Photo) #

7

American soldiers leave the railroad station at Taejon, South Korea, en route to the battle front. The war that began in Korea 60 years ago, on June 25, 1950, a ghastly conflict that killed millions and left the peninsula in ruins, became "The Forgotten War" in many American minds. (AP Photo) #

8

American soldiers are carried on the backs of other GI's from Heartbreak Ridge through the rain to an aid station just behind the front lines in South Korea during the Korean War. The 2nd Division GI's, wounded in an ambush as they came off the Ridge for a two-day rest, had spent two weeks in the line during the height of the bloody battle on the east central front. (AP Photo) #

9

Residents from Pyongyang, North Korea, and refugees from other areas crawl perilously over shattered girders of the city's bridge, as they flee south across the Taedong River to escape the advance of Chinese Communist troops. The Chinese entered the Korean War as allies of North Korea. U.S. troops battled on the side of South Korea. Begun in June 25, 1950, the war ended on July 27, 1953, with a military demarcation line set near the 38th parallel where it started. Korea remains divided. (AP Photo/Max Desfor) #

10

A U.S. Marine takes cover during fight against North Koreans in Korea. The Marines were flushing out North Koreans who had been harassing them with sniper attacks and mortar fire. The war that began in Korea 60 years ago, on June 25, 1950, a ghastly conflict that killed millions and left the peninsula in ruins, became "The Forgotten War" in many American minds. (AP Photo/James Martenhoff) #

11

Two U.S. 2nd Infantry Division soldiers use a screw-driver and bayonet tip as they probe for mines on the road from Changnyong to the Naktong River South of Taegu, South Korea. Guerrillas hidden in the surrounding hills had planted the mines during the night, blowing up two trucks and killing several American soldiers. The war that began in Korea 60 years ago, on June 25, 1950, a ghastly conflict that killed millions and left the peninsula in ruins, became "The Forgotten War" in many American minds. (AP Photo/Jim Primgle) #

12

An American infantryman, his buddy killed in action in the Korean War, weeps on the shoulder of another GI somewhere in Korea, Aug. 28, 1950. Meanwhile, a corpsman, left, goes about the business of filling out casualty tags. No identifications available. (AP Photo/Al Chang) #

13

President Truman pins the Distinguished Service Medal with four oak leaf clusters on the shirt of General Douglas MacArthur during a ceremony at the airstrip on Wake Island, in this Oct. 14, 1950, file photo. In the center is John J. Muccio, United States ambassador to Korea, who was decorated with a Medal of Merit. According to a letter sent by Muccio to the State Department, U.S. soldiers would fire on refugees if they approached U.S. lines. The letter referred to a policy set down on July 25, 1950, the night before members of the 7th U.S. Cavalry began killing South Korean refugees at the village of No Gun Ri. (AP Photo) #

14

Smoke rises over debris-littered streets as tanks lead U.N. forces in the recapture of Seoul, Korea, Sept. 28, 1950. (AP Photo/Max Desfor) #

15

A packed refugee train heads south through Seoul railroad yards as South Koreans continue to flee from the capital during the Korean War on Dec. 27, 1950. More than half of the city's 1,000,000 residents have left the capital, threatened by massed Communist troops to the north, to seek safety in the southern part of the peninsula. (AP Photo) #

16

No lack of fresh air in this Korean 'barbershop' near the northwestern front on Dec. 31, 1950. Apprehensively awaiting the touch of the icy clippers is Pfc. Joseph Tono of Dickson, Pa. The GI performing the job is Tono's 8th Army Buddy, Cpl. Russell Graff of Jefferson, Wis. (AP Photo) #

17

Cpl. Arthur Warrell, right foreground of New York City, and unidentified 25th Division Buddy, left transport wounded North Koreans on Sept. 1, 1950 whom they captured on the southwestern Korean front to a hospital for treatment. (AP Photo) #

18

This North Korean prisoner makes no bones about his joy at being captured with a whole skin. The smiling red was taken by U.S. Marines near Kimpo airfield north of Seoul on Sept. 22, 1950. (AP Photo/Max Desfor ) #

19

United Nations troops fire from a barricade in Seoul, South Korea, in September 1950. The building at left carries portraits of Soviet leader Josef Stalin and North Korean leader Kim Il Sung. (AP Photo/Max Desfor) #

20

American troops and some South Koreans are in a ditch along the road running near the Naktong River in South Korea on Sept. 19, 1950. Its known as the river road. They are in the ditch for protection against enemy shells. (AP Photo/Gene Herrick ) #

21

A South Korean military policeman marches a North Korean prisoner of war to a stockade somewhere in South Korea on July 21, 1950. (AP Photo) #

22

Gun crew of the 25th Infantry Division fire a 105 mm howitzer on North Korean positions near Uirson, in Korea on August 27, 1950. (AP Photo) #

23

U.S.military policeman searches Korean woman refugee for possible hidden weapons on Naktong River beach in South Korea on Sept. 27, 1950 after U.S. 24th Division drive across the river west of Taegu. Among onlookers in one youngster who obviously needs no search. (AP Photo/Gene Herrick) #

24

A U.S. Marine Marksman using a telescopic sight and with his Springfield cocked and ready, waits for a troublesome North Korean sniper to pop up so he can pick him off in Seoul, capital city of South Korea on Sept. 28, 1950. (AP Photo/Max Desfor #

25

A North Korean mother who fled to the fields keeps her children under wraps as she tries to explain her problems to a U.S. paratrooper who landed in the area near Sunchon, North Korea on Oct. 25, 1950 during operation to out off escape route of fleeing Reds. (AP Photo/Max Desfor) #

26

Paratroopers of the United Nations forces jump from aircraft near the North Korean towns of Sukchon and Sunchon, about Oct. 20, 1950. (AP Photo/Max Desfor) #

27

Two children orphaned by the war are stranded in a ditch beside the body of their dead mother on the road to Pyongyang, North Korea, in Oct. 22 1950. British and Australian troops took the children to safety. (AP Photo/Max Desfor) #

28

A blinding snowstorm in Korean waters halts flight operations aboard the Aircraft Carrier Leyte on Dec. 16, 1950. The planes are already loaded with bombs, rockets and 20mm projectiles and were again in action a short time after the storm ended. (AP Photo) #

29

Expressions reflecting the showy cold of North Korea, frostbite casualties of First Marine Division and Seventh Infantry Division who linked to break out of Communist encirclement in the Changjin area, North Korea on Dec. 22, 1950, wait for evacuation by plane. (AP Photo/DOD) #

30

A displaced family huddles for warmth between box cars in Sinmak, North Korea, as Communist troops advanced southward in December 1950. (AP Photo/Max Desfor) #

31

Marine Sgt. William T. Hathaway of Danville, Virginia, looks over the wreckage of Hanjung, Korea, Dec. 20, 1950, before the withdrawal from that city by U.N. forces now compressed into the Hungnam beachhead in northeast Korea. (AP Photo) #

32

A North Korean tankman lies dead on ground (lower left) amid knocked-out tanks on August 13, 1950 in Indong, Korea, North of Waegwan, after South Korean attack. (AP Photo) #

33

Four LST's unload men and equipment on beach in Inchon on Sept. 15, 1950. Three of LST's shown are right to left: LST-715, LST-845, and LST-611. (AP Photo) #

34

This homeless brother and sister make a vain attempt to keep warm near a small fire in the Seoul Railroad Yards on Dec. 29, 1950. (AP Photo) #

35

A US 25th Div. Inf. gets set to heave a grenade at enemy sniper hidden in a village 20 miles north Taegu on Naktong River front in Korea on August 29, 1950. (AP Photo) #

36

Weighted down with sundry items ranging from guns and trench shovels to a radio set, Sgt. Derrick Deamer, left, and Pvt. Clem Williams wear full battle gear as they chat on British sector of Korea?s Naktong River front in South Korea on Sept. 14, 1950. Both are with British forces fighting with United Nations? troops against the Chinese Communist troops. (AP Photo/GH) #

37

A bazooka team fires at enemy tanks near the front lines in the battle for South Korea on July 5, 1950. (AP Photo) #

38

Gen. Douglas MacArthur, commander-in-chief of United Nations Forces, on the bridge of the USS McKinley on his arrival at Inchon Harbor in September, 1950. Standing left to right are: Vice Admiral Arthur D. Strubble, Commander of the U.S. Seventh Fleet; Brig. Gen. E.K. Wright, Assistant Chief of Staff, G-3 Far East command and Major Gen. Edward M. Almond, Commanding General, 10th corps. (AP Photo) #

39

A navy Skyraider plane from the carrier Prince ton piloted by Lieut. Donald Sparks of Alameda, Calif., starts a dive-bombing run on a target during a navy air attack on Kowon, 22 miles northwest of Wonsan on the Northeast coast of Korea, Oct. 20, 1950 and the main railroad line to Hamhung to the north. (AP Photo) #

40

Cpl. Clifford Rodgers, Muskogee, Okla., looks at bound wrist of a Korean Civilians found in deep snow on Jan. 27, 1951 near Yangji, about 15 miles northwest of Ichon on the central front. The atrocity victim, one of several found in the area, presumably had been killed by reds retreating before allied advance. (AP Photo/Max Desfor #

41

Republic of South Korea policemen come to the aid of an assemblyman (wearing straw hat) being attacked by supporters of President Syngman Rhee. The demonstrators, who were demanding that the assembly give into Rhee or dissolve itself, closed in on the law maker as he tried to leave the National Assembly Hall in Pusan, June 28, 1952. (AP Photo/FW) #

42

Lt. Earl Hargroder (right), medical officer of the U.S. 38th Infantry Regiment, administers blood plasma to Pvt. Eulogio Santiago of Puerto Rico at a forward aid station in Korea on Sept. 11, 1952, after he had been wounded by mortar fire on a bunker on 'Old Baldy.' (AP Photo) #

43

An Army chaplain (foreground) gives comfort to a wounded GI while medical corpsmen go about their business of taking care of other wounded at an aid station near Triangle Hill in Korea where these troops were hit on Oct. 19, 1952. (AP Photo/ Fred Waters) #

44

Fifteen low-flying communist aircraft bombed the port city of Inchon, near Seoul, June 20, 1953, the night of June 16th and set off a giant fire with a hit on a fuel dump. Leaping flames from the burning petroleum, oil and lubrication dump lighted the sky for more that 20 miles. Fifth Air Force said the damage done by the fire was undetermined so far. The firemen and soldiers help in trying to douse the immense flame billowing into the dark night sky. (AP Photo) #

45

A Korean waif sits in smoldering ruins of his home destroyed by fire in the Suwon area on Feb. 3, 1951 as allied troops burned dwellings which might provide shelter for red troops. Native water jars are the only possessions recognizable in ruins of other native homes in background. (AP Photo/Jim Pringle) #

46

Cpl. Robert V. Palmer, (Backsonville, Fla) of the 71st Sig Sv. BN, assigned for Duty with the GHQ Photo lab and currently serving as a combat photographer in Korea, Feb. 11, 1951. Photographs advance at a point N.E. of Ultuni 30 miles Ne of Wonju, Korea. (AP Photo) #

47

Although without the assistance of a Jewish Chaplain aboard their ship, the men of Jewish faith aboard the aircraft carrier USS Antietam are led in Sabbath services by Lieutenant (junior grade) William Jasper, one of the Antietam?s dental officers, March 20, 1952. (AP Photo) #

48

A Korean farmer heads home from the fields with his 'A frame' loaded with the harvested rice on Oct. 20, 1953. (AP Photo/George Sweers) #

49

A group of American GI's, part of the force which had just recaptured an allied patrol base on the western front in Korea on Sept. 18, 1951, display signs left by the fleeing Chinese, who gave up the position to 1st cavalry division troopers. Left to right are : Lieut. Albert E.Dru, Zelienople, pa; Pfc. William j. Dunsdale, West Warwick, R.I.; l/c Dan W. rivers, Franklin, Tenn.; Corp. Vernon P. Langford, Brookston, Ind.; Pfc. Paul M. George, Gilmore City, Ia.; and Lieut. Dick Walther, Pittsburgh, Pa. (AP Photo/Robert Schutz ) #

50

Men of the U.S. 7th Regiment, Third Division, plod along dusty Korean road alongside lumbering tank during field maneuver on Oct. 11, 1953. Although the fighting has halted, the United Nations troops in Korea are continuing their battle training. (AP Photo/Gene Smith) #

51

Korea war communist prisoner exchange non repatriates released, Jan. 20, 1954 the North Korean prisoners Load into the flat cars which ill take them southward to the reception centers after they came across from the DZ to the U.N. Receiving point. (AP Photo/Sweers) #

52

A Korean, with an 'A'frame carrier strapped to his back, pauses on a Seoul, Korea, street on Nov. 28, 1952 to read sign posted in English and Korean in anticipation of a visit by President-elect Dwight D. Eisenhower. (AP Photo/George Sweers) #

53

The Korean Kids at the elementary school at Tongduch'on ni, set up by GIs camped nearby in Korea on June 21, 1952, are learning baseball as well as their abc's for a well-rounded education. Sergeant Kenneth D. Henry, of Memphis, Mo., and Sergeant Jess R. Adkins, of Peru, Indiana, are giving instruction in the great American game to two of the older students of the school. (AP Photo) #

54

An army corporal at Panmunjom took this picture in Korea on Oct. 8, 1952 as the last jeep of the United Nations convoy departed for Munsan, after Korean truce talks at Panmunjom had been recessed indefinitely. Somebody had just put the identifying sign on the rear of the jeep. The picture has just become available on November 10, by air from Tokyo, Japan. (AP Photo) #

55

Three American Marines, left to right are: Pfc. Clarence Hara, Alumbank, Pa.; Cpl. Jean Holland, Americus, Ga.; and Pfc. Carl Toker, Mt. Wolf, Pa., destroy their bunkers on a forward observation post on the western front preparatory to withdrawal from the demilitarized zone under terms of the armistice in Korea July 28, 1953. In background is what was once no-man's land. (AP Photo/CLH) #

56

Apparently calling cadence, the North Korean Communist military policeman, at right, stands to the side of the read leading to the Panmunjom military armistice site on Oct. 28, 1951, as two armed Communist military policeman march in single file. Both, American and Communist military policemen spread about the Korean neutral zone, keep their eyes open for possible violations of the U.N.-Communists sire agreements. (AP Photo) #

57

ROK soldiers look back at their former positions as their truck moves southward out of the demilitarized zone following the truce agreement on July 30, 1953. (AP Photo) #

58

A line of soldiers on a United Nations patrol mission plod through deep snow up a hill in the central front of Korea on Feb. 3, 1951. (AP Photo/Max Desfor ) #

59

A U.S. First Cavalry Division tank takes on the appearance of a Times Square subway train at the rush hour as GI's pile aboard, on March 14, 1951 for a ride across the Hongchon River near the former Red supply base of Hongchon. (AP Photo/Jim Pringle) #

60

Korean women weep as they identify bodies on Oct. 28, 1953. The army said the victims were among political prisoners killed by suffocation by the Communists outside Hambung, Korea. The Army said the victims were forced into caves which were then sealed off. (AP Photo) #

61

Half-frozen Thailand sailors wait on East Korean Beach in enemy territory as a U.S. Navy helicopter takes off with injured crewmen for rescue destroyer standing offshore on Jan. 21, 1951. The sailors had waded ashore after their corvette Prasae Ran aground on January. This is one of a series of Navy photos on the rescue. (AP Photo) #

62

M/Sgt. Herman T. Claxton (left) of Nashville, Tenn. relaxes in his bed at the Karatsu Seaside Hotel in Japan on Feb. 11, 1951 as T/Sgt. William E. Bell of Sumter, S.C., writes a letter home. (AP Photo) #

63

Tanks, jeeps and U.S. Marines slog through mud and a creek as they move forward against Chinese Communists on the central Korean front north of Hoengsong on March 7, 1951. (AP Photo/E.N.Johnson) #

64

With clothes, helmet and rifle at his side, Sgt. Harry Heldreth of 1387 Lake View Road, Cleveland, Ohio, sunbathes on an Imjin River beach in Korea not far behind the front lines, July 4, 1951. (AP Photo/William Straeter) #

65

Even though 'Armistice' talks are in progress at Kaesong, the mission of the 3rd Air Rescue Squadron continues. 3rd Air Rescue Helicopter as it settles, gently to Korean soil to take on an injured soldier being carried in a stretcher by medics on July 7, 1951. In a matter of minutes this soldier will be under the professional care of a medical officer at one of the mobile army surgical hospitals at the rear. Two Korean Laborers have stacked their 'A' frames to watch the patient loaded into the helicopters capsules. More than 2300 lives have been saved by Air Rescue personnel who are serving the Far East Air Forces during the Korean War. This number represents rescues made by all the 3rd Rescue Aircraft. (AP Photo) #

66

The hatch is crowded with sunbathers, Sept. 15, 1951 'what else is there to do.' (AP Photo) #

67

Holding their trousers high, marines ford a stream while on patrol in the 'Punchbowl Valley' area of the eastern front in Korea on Sept. 5, 1951. The Marines encountered no resistance on the patrol and United Nations troops gained control of the area. (AP Photo/George Sweers) #

68

First tanks and troops of the First Cavalry Division enter shell-scarred city of Chunchon after the last communist stronghold on central Korean front fell on March 21, 1951. Walking in center of road are (left to right): Maj. Gen. Charles D. Palmer, commanding the First Cavalry; and Col. Marcel G. Grombez, Portland, Ore., a regimental commander. (AP Photo/Jim Pringle #

69

A 25th Division tank uses a flame thrower on an enemy pillbox deeply emplaced in a hillside near Korea?s Han River front on March 30, 1951. The scene is reminiscent of Pacific island warfare during World War II. (AP Photo) #

70

A long, unbroken line of infantrymen heads south along a Korean highway on the Western front on April 29, 1951 as Allies pull back to new positions harassed by a Chinese counterattack. (AP Photo/Richard Schutz ) #

71

Cpl. Robert M. Kessler of St. Louis, Mo., member of U.N. forces which fought bitter battle with Reds in Chipyong sector of Korea on Feb. 24, 1951, examines Chinese machine gun belt and other ammunition and gear lying on ground. (AP Photo/E.N. Johnson ) #

72

A mantle of fresh snow helps obscure parka-clad Allied infantrymen as they approach Wonju in forced march on the battered Korean city on Jan. 23, 1951. Allied forces advanced five miles north of Wonju after an earlier withdrawal from the see-saw rail hub. (AP Photo/Max Desfor ) #

73

United Nations troops in battle dress, carrying arms and ammunition, move along dusty road 'somewhere in Korea' on April 22, 1951. (AP Photo/James Martenhoff ) #

74

Members of the first loud speaker unit broadcast to the Chinese dug in on a hill in Korea before the UN troops moved up.(AP Photo) #

75

Paratroopers spill out of flying boxcars planes over Munsan sector in Korea on March 23, 1951 in mass airdrop behind enemy lines North of Seoul. Dwellings on ground still burning after pre-invasion shelling. (AP Photo/James Martenhoff #

76

A British Churchill tank raises dust cloud as it shells the South Korean capital from its position across the Han River in Yondungpo, South Korea on Feb. 11, 1951. (AP Photo/Jim Pringle ) #

77

The confederate flag waves from top of pup tent of SFC Eugene L. Bursi, of Memphis , Tenn., an artilleryman with the 136th Field Artillery Battalion U.S. Eighth Army, in Korea on April 27, 1951. (AP Photo) #

78

This British Centurian tank resembles an Elephant drinking water as it rests at a crazy angle, its gun barrel sticking into a waterhole on a Korean roadside north of Seoul on June 22, 1951. Working to salvage usable parts are Lance Corp. Douglas Bone, left, of Basings, Hampshire, Eng., and Trooper Ronald Rodda, Sunderland County, Durham, Eng. (AP Photo/E.N. Johnson #

79

A navy corsair plane catches wingtip and crashes into the sea ahead of the carrier USS Boxer in takeoff accident in the Sea of Japan on May 22, 1951. The carrier altered its course to miss wreckage and pilot, Lt. Oliver Droege of Kansas City, Mo., was rescued unhurt by helicopter. (AP Photo) #

80

Navy Pilot Lt. Oliver Droege (upper right) of Kansas City, Mo., swims away from rapidly disintegrating wreckage of his corsair fighter plane seconds after he had crashed into the Sea of Japan during takeoff from the carrier USS Boxer on May 22, 1951. A hovering helicopter picked him up unhurt within a minute. (AP Photo) #

81

B-29 Superforts of War East Air Forces Bomber Command made daylight strikes early in the Korean War against Communist industrial targets. The Superfort is dropping incendiaries on a North Korean factory in Korea on June 21, 1952. In the two years of U.N. pounding of Communist targets, all strategic targets have been knock out, and the big bombers are now being until on night strikes against the enemy?s transport system. (AP Photo) #

82

A Marine assault squad member uses a flame thrower to clean out an enemy pillbox on Korea?s central front on May 7, 1951. Smoke from white phosphorus mortar shells shrouds the assault area to mark the targets and mask the attack. (AP Photo) #

83

GI's guarding an artillery outpost on Korea's west-central front on June 9, 1951 make sure the Chinese will know they are facing U.S. soldiers . Standing guard under stars and stripes waving from a carbine are, left to right: Pvt. William Jones, Havre De Grace, Md.; Pfc. Roderick Fernandez, Laurelton, New York City; and Pfc. James Garrick, Dickinson, Ala. (AP Photo/Robert Schutz ) #

84

Sgt. Billy Barber, San Francisco, Calif., Pfc. Billy J. Hunt, Kansas City, Mo., and Pfc. Joseph J. Doleys, Cleveland, O., left to right, all attached to the 25th infantry division, pool their efforts as they prepare some hot food during a Lull in the fighting against Chinese communist forces in Korea on Feb. 16, 1951. (AP Photo) #

85

Their faces registering complete fatigue, Corp. Earl R. Baker, left, of Norfolk, Va. and Sgt. Carl Holcumb, of Houston, Texas, try to relax at the Chipyong area of Korea, Feb. 23, 1951. (AP Photo/Jim Pringle) #

86

South Korean children turn out with flags to greet U.N. forces advancing along the Han River front in South Korea on March 7, 1951. (AP Photo) #

87

Leathernecks of the U.S. 1st marine division dig in at Paddy field in the Vegas Hill sector of Korean western front on March 26, 1953. At top a marine digs a foxhole for protection against forthcoming mortar barrage while another (bottom) uses natural ground contour for protection as he surveys the battleground in front of him. (AP Photo/George Sweers ) #

88

American soldiers (foreground) dig in to set up a machine gun position on side of ridge overlooking a vital supply road in the central sector near Kumsong, Korea on July 20, 1953. In the background, trucks and vehicles with men and supplies prepare to move Northward in the area from which they had withdrawn during heavy Chinese attacks. (AP Photo/George Sweers) #

89

Pvt. Dick L. Powell, of Findlay, Ohio, and his friend 'Fuzzy' share a meal near the front in 35th Reg, 25th Div area on March 12, 1951. 8-- Fuzzy looks on hungrily then 9 and 10 he digs in. (AP Photo/James Martenhoff) #

90

Armed forces personnel stand at rest behind the flag draped caskets of the first four of 57 Korean War casualties which arrived here aboard the USS General Randall on March 21, 1951. The dead included Maj. General Bryant E. Moore, former commander of U.S. Ninth Corps. (AP Photo/RHH) #

91

Pfc. Merrill H. Small, of New Paltz, New York, enjoys a bath 'native style' during break in action against Chinese Communist forces in Korea on Jan. 23, 1951. He is a member of a Heavy Mortar Co., 5th Cavalry regiment, 1st Cavalry Division. (A Photo) #

92

A knoll on the central Korea into an outdoor Barber shop in an undated photo, during a lull in the fighting for three men of the First Marine Division. 'In the chair,' Pfc. Richard J. West, Sioux City, S.D., holds a canteen shaving mud as ?Barber? Pfc. John J. Clements. Nederland, Texas, handles the neck trim. Waiting his turn, Pfc. Robert I. Green, Gales Creek, Ore., leafs through an old magazine. (AP Photo) #

93

Lt. Ben Eubanks (left) of Atlanta, Ga., and Lt. Stanley Hyman from New Rochelle, New York, sit at controls of a Fifth Air Force B-26 invader of the 3rd Bomb Wing, and give the ship a pre-flight check prior to taking off on a night-intruder mission over enemy territory in Korea on June 14, 1951. (AP Photo) #

94

A jeep load of U.S. first cavalry division soldiers whose vehicle had stalled in the Pukhan River on the central Korean front on March 24, 1951 gets a welcome assist from tank comrades. (AP Photo/Jim Pringle ) #

95

Litter bearers move up as infantrymen of the U.S. 24th division cross foot-bridge over swollen stream on the east central front in Korea on Sept. 15, 1951. Jeeps and trucks are ferrying equipment and men across the stream. (AP Photo/George Sweers) #

96

Three soldiers of Company G., 7th Infantry Regiment, 3rd Division, swap their combat boots for the new 'Mickey Mouse' thermal boots at their installation 'somewhere in Korea' Nov. 22, 1952. The new thermal boots are an improvement over shoe-pacs issued last winter to troops in the Korean fighting. From left are: Pfc. Claude J. Williams, Kansas City, Mo.; M/Sgt. Charles E. Hawkins, of Havre de Grace, Md.; and Cpl. James E. Hobbs, of Rushtown, Ohio. (AP Photo) #

97

A U.S.Soldier keeps a wary watch for enemy targets as he hugs a ridge on Korea's east-central front on Jan. 26, 1951 during a fire fight with Communist guerrillas. Smoke rises from hillside in background which is under marines? mortar fire. Riflemen manning ridges looking north during firefight with guerillas south of Chisondong. (AP Photo/James Martenhoff) #

98

Members of a GI patrol set up their 75m recoilless rifle atop hill 419 on a Korean warfront on Feb. 3, 1951 after their buddies had routed Chinese troops in a fire fight. (AP Photo/Max Desfor ) #

99

Well-armed infantrymen move up hill in Wonju front sector, South Korea on Jan. 13, 1951 as Allied forces launch attack against enemy held hill in sub-zero temperatures. (AP Photo/James Martenhoff) #

100

A bearded North Korean, with an American cigarette between gnarled fingers, talks with gestures to a U.S. Marine patrol on April 28, 1951 which flushed him out of the hills in North Korea while advancing ahead of tanks. He seems eager to tell his captors all he knows about the Chinese Communists who were unleashing their spring offensive. (AP Photo) #

101

His Helmet, rifle and ammunition belt mark spot where an unidentified U.S. soldier was killed in battle on the Korean front on June 24, 1951. (AP Photo) #

102

Cpl. Adan Perez, of Corpus Christi, Texas, ducks away from high inside pitch in softball game on western front in Korea, June 24, 1951. Catching is Lt. Paul Harkness of Clarksdale, Miss. Both are members of a tank unit. (AP Photo) #

103

These leathernecks 'model' the Chareaux that will be de Rigeur in the Easter Parade in Korea, March 21, 1952. Members of the first marine division and their varying types of headgear. From left to right are: M/Sgt. Spencer D. Gartz, San Diego, Calif., in summer field cap; M/Sgt. Clayton Barrow, Lovell, Md. In pile liner winter cap; S/Sgt. Allan Retasky, Waukegan, Ill., in Korean fur cap; Sgt. John Sorobarczyk, Stockdale, Texas, in helmet; and W/O Frank Renfrow, camp Lejeune, S.C., in old-time campaign hat. (AP Photo/Fred Waters) #

104

Lt. J.J. Schneider, of 2535 Depts St., St. Louis, sits on wing of fighter plane with Capt. J.B. Hannon, right, 7337 Douglas St., Omaha, Nebr., at an airfield in Korea on Jan. 15, 1951. Between them is 'Admiration Dog,' mascot of their wing, who flies with the airmen. Lt. Schneider has completed 100 missions in Korea since on June 27. Two days after outbreak of the war. He will soon return to the U.S. and plans to wed Miss Betty Rosholm, who was 'Miss Omaha of 1950'. Capt. Hannon was shot down in World War 2 over Germany, and also was shot down over Korea but escaped capture. (AP Photo/JJim Pringle #

105

Soldiers pull back along ridge somewhere near Seoul, Korea on Jan. 3, 1951. (AP Photo) #

106

Five American GI's with the U.N. forces in Wonju-Chongju sector of Korean fighting prepare a mortar for action on Jan. 20, 1951. Near the mortar on ground are Pfc. John S. Hagen, of Delavin, Wis., left, and Cpl. James E. Helvey, of Detroit, Mich. Passing the ammunition to Hagen is Cpl. Frank G. Bickel, standing right, of Pittsburgh, Pa., watching are Pvt. James J. Cowell ,left, of Chicago, Ill., and Sgt. Henry Sprenger, second from left, of Fergus Falls, Minn. (AP Photo/MD) #

107

United Nations' troops carry a wounded buddy across muddy field 'somewhere in Korea' on Feb. 25, 1951, to a waiting helicopter which will transport the injured to an aid station behind the lines. (AP Photo/ENJ) #

108

GI's use entrenching tools as they dig in Korean hilltop North of Seoul, South Korean capital on Jan. 8, 1951. A burning village in background sends up smoke pillar. From left are: Pfc. Walter Madjarac, Cleveland, Ohio; Pvt. Norman Wolak, Chicago, and Cpl. Chet Collett, of Troy, Ohio. (AP Photo/ENH) #

109

A medical corpsman lies low to avoid enemy fire as he gives first aid to wounded marine on a hilltop north of Hoengsong on March 7, 1951. The Yank had received head wound moments before from machine gun fire sweeping nearby hillcrest. (AP Photo/John Randolph) #

110

Card game on the forward hatch on Sept. 15, 1951. From Left to right, around circle are Sgt. Gerald C. Jurs, Hamlin, New York; Cpl. Joseph M. Ferro, Bartlesville, Okla; Cpl. Cedric Smith, Brookhaven, Miss; Sgt. James N. Howell, Pecos, Texas and Cpl. Gordon W. Mehlenbacher of Hunt, New York, Sept. 15, 1951. #

111

Pfc. Ralph W. Barlow of Redondo Beach, Calif., displays a piece of shrapnel that lodged in his armored vest during front line action in Korea on March 30, 1952. The impact knocked Barlow to the ground, but the vest was credited with saving him from serious injury. (AP Photo) #

112

PFC Hurbert ' Murdoch, of 360 East 151st St. Bronx, New York, assistant to Chaplain Antonellis, does his part in helping the wounded as he holds plasma bottle (standing left) on Sept. 25, 1952 at "Kelly Hill" Korean. Kneeling, holding tape is Lt. Fouchs and at right (wearing helmet) is Chaplain Antonellis. (AP Photo) #

113

Pfc. Frank S. Rymer, of Minneapolis, Minn., who was wounded on 1st Marine Division patrol duty by an exploding nine only 15 minutes before armistice cease-fire in Korea, is treated at a forward aid station on August 3, 1953. At left is Hospital Corpsman Earl J. Jones, of Heflin, Ala. (AP Photo/Waters) #

114

First Division Marines push northward out of Hongchon on March 16, 1951, along a winding road on the central Korean front Allied troops were being stopped by Communists holding well dug-in positions on hills northeast of Hongchon an overlooking a vital road junction. (AP Photo/Jim Pringle) #

115

Air Force Cpl. Joseph P. Lany (right) of 639 main St. Torrington, Conn., scrubs Coo Jany Soo, 14-year-old Korean war orphan, in Korea on March 26, 1952 as a Korean helper does likewise with Soo's older brother, Sun, who has been blind since birth. This is part of the program of the Fifth Air Force's 839th Engineer Aviation Battalion to alleviate some of the suffering and misery caused by the Korean War. Korean orphans are rounded up from impromptu homes and are given medical treatment, warm clothing and a good meal. The battalion then arranges for their transportation to an orphanage sponsored by the U.N. for unfortunate waifs. Soo's parents were killed by the Reds more than a year ago as they attempted to cross the lines and gain refuge with UN forces. (AP Photo) #

116

A painting depicting Christ, The Prince of Peace, consoling a battle-weary Marine, provides an appropriate background in the Korean tent, Dec. 15, 1952 where Lt. Karl Ernst leads First Division leathernecks in prayer. The painting was executed by one of the marine in the outfit. Lt. Ernst, a Protestant navy chaplain, is from McLean, Texas. (AP Photo/FW) #

117

Pfc. James E. Barker, left, of Paterson, New Jersey and Pfc. Charles W. Shaffner from Clearfield, Pa., both members of the U.S. Army's 7th Infantry Division, pass away the time by playing cards during their spare time near the front in Korea, June 5, 1951. (AP Photo) #

118

Pvt. Dudley Lufkin, Hollywood, Calif. looks over a series of 'Burma Shave' type signs along a road in the First Cavalry Division area of the Korean front on July 9, 1951. They say, in series: 'Slow down, Joe.' (AP Photo) #

119

Pvt. Dudley Lufkin, Hollywood, Calif. looks over a series of 'Burma Shave' type signs along a road in the First Cavalry Division area of the Korean front on July 9, 1951. They say, in series: ? if you're dead.? (AP Photo) #

[James]

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