노트르담 성당

[사랑 은총 평화]

노트르담 대성당 (프랑스 파리 성당)  [Notre-Dame de Paris]

중세 고딕 양식의 대성당 가운데 가장 유명한 대성당.

노트르담 대성당 /노트르담 대성당 본당노트르담 대성당 /노트르담 대성당
그 규모와 오랜 역사로 유명하며, 고고학과 건축학적 관심의 대상이다. 파리 센 강에 떠 있는 시테 섬에 있다. 파리 주교 모리스 드 쉴리가 이전에 있던 2개의 바실리카식 교회당을 합쳐 하나의 큰 건물을 지을 계획을 세웠고, 1163년 교황 알렉산데르 3세가 머릿돌을 놓고 1189년 대제단이 봉헌되었다. 서쪽 앞면의 성가대석과 네이브[身廊]는 1240년 완공되었고 그뒤 100여 년에 걸쳐 포치(porch), 예배당, 그밖의 여러 장식물들을 지어 오늘날과 같은 모습이 되었다. 수세기를 지나면서 흠집이 생기고 약해졌으며 18세기 프랑스 혁명 때 크게 파손되어, 19세기에 서쪽 정면 '그랜드 갤러리'의 28개 조상과 3개 출입문 측벽에 서 있는 조상 등에 대한 대대적인 보수공사를 했다. 트랜셉트[翼廊]와 네이브 사이에 높이 솟은 첨탑은 19세기에 복원된 것이다.

전체 길이 130m, 폭 48m, 천장 높이 35m, 탑 높이 69m의 대건축물로 탑 위에 뾰족탑을 덧붙이기로 되어 있었으나 아직 그대로이다. 4각형 쌍탑과 쌍탑의 선을 따라 정면을 3부분으로 나눈 버팀벽의 수직선과, '그랜드 갤러리'의 수평선이 '장미창'(薔薇窓)을 중심으로 비할 데 없는 균형과 조화를 이루고 있다. 정면에 3개 입구와 그 입구의 이름과 관련지어 만든 조각, 그 위에 유대 왕과 관련있는 조각이 들어서 있는 갤러리, 직경 10m에 가까운 장미창, 그 위에 긴 열주(列柱), 좌우의 탑 등 양식은 고딕 건축의 전형으로 성당 건축의 규준이 되었다. 내부는 아일[側廊]이 2층으로 되어 있고 네이브는 거대한 원주가 끝에서 3개의 기둥으로 나뉘면서 천장으로 뻗어 있어 전체적으로 밝고 높은 공간을 만들어내고 있다. 장엄한 종교적 공간을 연출하는 스테인드 글라스는 북쪽 정면의 장미창을 제외하고는 후세의 작품이다. 오른쪽 출입구의 〈성모자 聖母子〉(1165~70경), 왼쪽 출입구의 〈성모대관 聖母戴冠〉(1210~20경), 중앙 출입구의 〈최후의 심판〉(1220~30경), 북쪽의 〈붉은 입구〉, 내진(內陣) 주위를 장식한 진한 색깔의 〈그리스도전(傳)〉(14세기)이 유명하다. 이 성당은 나폴레옹의 대관식(1804), 파리 해방을 감사하는 국민예배(1944. 8. 26) 등 여러 가지 역사적 사건의 무대가 되었다. 빅토르 위고의 작품 〈노트르담의 꼽추〉의 무대이기도 했다.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Notre Dame de Paris, often known simply as Notre Dame in English, is a Gothic cathedral on the eastern half of the Île de la Cité in Paris, France, with its main entrance to the west. It is still used as a Roman Catholic cathedral and is the seat of the Archbishop of Paris. Notre Dame de Paris is widely considered one of the finest examples of French Gothic architecture. It was restored and saved from destruction by Viollet-le-Duc, one of France's most famous architects. Notre Dame translates as "Our Lady" from French.

Notre Dame de Paris was one of the first Gothic cathedrals, and its construction spanned the Gothic period. Its sculptures and stained glass show the heavy influence of naturalism, giving them a more secular look that was lacking from earlier Romanesque architecture.

Notre Dame de Paris was among the first buildings in the world to use the flying buttress. The building was not originally designed to include the flying buttresses around the choir and nave. After the construction began and the thinner walls (popularized in the Gothic) grew ever higher, stress fractures began to occur as the walls pushed outward. At the end of the 18th century, during the French Revolution, many of the treasures of the cathedral were either destroyed or plundered. The statues of biblical kings of Judea (erroneously thought to be kings of France) were beheaded. Many of the heads were found during a 1977 excavation nearby and are on display at the Musée de Cluny. Only the great bells avoided being melted down, and the cathedral was dedicated first to the Cult of Reason, and to the Cult of the Supreme Being. The church interior was used as a warehouse for the storage of forage and food. It is famous for its rose stain-glass window.

Construction

 

façade, detail of the Door of the Judgement

In 1160, having become the "parish church of the kings of Europe", Bishop Maurice de Sully deemed the current Parisian cathedral unworthy of its lofty role, and had it demolished shortly after he assumed the title of Bishop of Paris. According to legend, de Sully had a vision of a glorious new cathedral for Paris, and sketched it in the dirt outside of the original church. To begin the construction, the bishop had several houses demolished and had a new road built in order to transport materials for the new church.

Construction began in 1163, during the reign of Louis VII, and opinion differs as to whether Bishop Maurice de Sully or Pope Alexander III laid the foundation stone of the cathedral. However, both were at the ceremony in question. Bishop de Sully went on to devote most of his life and wealth to the cathedral's construction.

Construction of the west front, with its distinctive two towers, began circa 1200, before the nave had been completed. Over the construction period, numerous architects worked on the site, as is evidenced by the differing styles at different heights of the west front and towers. Between 1210 and 1220, the fourth architect oversaw the construction of the level with the rose window and the great halls beneath the towers. The towers were completed around 1245, and the cathedral was completed around 1345.

[edit] Timeline of construction

• 1160 Maurice de Sully (named Bishop of Paris), orders the original cathedral to be demolished.
• 1163 Cornerstone laid for Notre Dame de Paris — construction begins
• 1182 Apse and choir completed.
• 1196 Nave completed. Bishop de Sully dies.
• 1200 Work begins on western façade.
• 1225 Western façade completed.
• 1250 Western towers and north rose window completed
• 1250 – 1345 Remaining elements completed

During the Paris Commune in 1871, the cathedral was nearly burned by the Communards — some accounts suggest that indeed a huge mound of chairs was set on fire in its interior. Whatever happened, Notre Dame survived the Commune essentially unscathed.

[edit] The Organ

 

The cathedral by night

Though several organs were installed in the cathedral over time, the earliest ones were inadequate to the building. The first noteworthy organ was finished in the early 1700s by the noted builder Clicquot. Some of Clicquot's original pipework in the pedal division continues to sound from the organ today, almost 270 years after being installed. The organ was almost completely rebuilt and expanded in the nineteenth century by Aristide Cavaillé-Coll. The position of titular organist at Notre-Dame is considered as one of the most prestigious organist posts in France, along with the titulaire post of Saint Sulpice in Paris, Cavaillé-Coll's largest instrument. The organ has 7800 pipes with 900 classified as historical. The organ has 109 stops, five 56-key manuals and a 32-key pedalboard. In December 1992 work was completed on the organ that fully computerized the organ under 3 LANs (Local Area Networks). Among the best-known organists at Notre Dame was Louis Vierne, who held this position from 1900 to 1937. Under his tenure, the Cavaillé-Coll organ was modified in its tonal character, notably in 1902 and 1932. Pierre Cochereau initiated further alterations (many of which were already planned by Louis Vierne), including the electrification of the action between 1959 and 1963 (the original Cavaillé-Coll console, which can still be seen at the organ loft as a tribute to Louis Vierne, was replaced by a new console in Anglo-American style) and the addition of further stops between 1965 and 1972, notably in the pedal division, the recomposition of the mixture stops, and finally the adding of three horizontal reed stops "en chamade". After Cochereau's sudden death in 1984, four new titular organists were appointed at Notre Dame in 1985: Jean-Pierre Leguay, Olivier Latry, Yves Devernay (who died in 1990), and Philippe Lefévre. This was reminiscent of the eighteenth century practice of the cathedral having four titular organists, each one playing for three months of the year. Beginning in 1989, another restoration to the instrument was undertaken, which was completed in 1992.

[edit] Alterations, vandalism, and restorations

In 1548, rioting Huguenots damaged features of the cathedral following the Council of Trent. During the reign of Louis XIV and Louis XV, at the end of the 17th century, the cathedral underwent major alterations as part of an ongoing attempt to modernize cathedrals throughout Europe. Tombs and stained glass windows were destroyed. The north and south rose windows were spared this fate, however.

In 1793 during the French Revolution, the cathedral was turned into a "Temple to Reason" and many of its treasures were destroyed or stolen. Several sculptures were smashed and destroyed, and for a time Lady Liberty replaced the Virgin Mary on several altars. The cathedral's great bells managed to avoid being melted down, but the cathedral was used as a warehouse for the storage of food.

 

Sculpture from the restoration program

A restoration program was initiated in 1845, overseen by architects Jean-Baptiste-Antoine Lassus and Eugène Viollet-le-Duc. The restoration lasted 25 years and included the construction of a flèche (a type of spire) as well as the addition of the chimeras on the Galerie des Chimères. Viollet le Duc always signed his work with a bat, the wing structure of which most resembles the gothic vault (see Roquetaillade castle).

In 1871, a civil uprising leading to the establishment of the short-lived Paris Commune nearly set fire to the cathedral, and some records suggest that a mound of chairs within the cathedral was set alight.

In 1939, It was feared that German bombers could destroy the window;' as a result, on September 11, 1939, they were removed. They were restored at the end of the war.

In 1991, a major program of maintenance and restoration was initiated, which was intended to last 10 years but was still in progress as of 2005, the cleaning and restoration of old sculptures being an exceedingly delicate matter.

Significant events at Notre Dame

• 1185 — Heraclius of Caesarea calls for the Third Crusade from the still-incomplete cathedral.
• 1239 — The Crown of Thorns placed in the cathedral by St. Louis during the construction of Sainte-Chapelle.
• 1302 — Philip the Fair opens the first States-General.
• December 16, 1431 — Henry VI of England is crowned King of France.
• November 7, 1455 — Isabelle Romée, the mother of Joan of Arc, petitions a papal delegation to overturn her daughter's conviction for heresy.
• April 24, 1558 — Mary I of Scotland is married to the Dauphin François (later François II of France), son of Henry II of France.
• August 18, 1572 — Henry of Navarre (later Henry IV of France) marries Marguerite de Valois.
• December 2, 1804 — After the anointing by Pope Pius VII, Napoléon seizes the crown from the pontiff and crowns himself emperor, then Joséphine.
• 1900 — Louis Vierne is chosen the official Notre Dame organist after a heavy competition against the 500 most talented organ players of the era. He dies at the cathedral organ (as was his life-long wish) on June 2, 1937.
• 1909 — Joan of Arc is beatified.
• May 16, 1920 — Joan of Arc is canonized.
• August 26, 1944 — The Te Deum Mass takes place in the cathedral to celebrate the liberation of Paris. (According to some accounts the Mass was interrupted by sniping from both the internal and external galleries.)
• November 12, 1970 — The Requiem Mass of General Charles de Gaulle is held.
• May 31, 1980 — After the Magnificat of this day, Pope John Paul II celebrates Mass on the parvis in front of the cathedral.
• January 1996 - The Requiem Mass of François Mitterrand, is held.
• August 10, 2007 - The Requiem Mass of Jean-Marie Cardinal Lustiger, archbishop emeritus of Paris, is held.

The cathedral is renowned for its Lent sermons founded by the famous Dominican Jean-Baptiste Henri Lacordaire in the 1840s. In recent years however an increasing number have been given by leading public figures and state-employed academics. Many of their audience however are foreigners and as such obliged to a devoir de réserve.

For reasons of security luggage is not permitted inside the cathedral.

Statue of Joan of Arc in Notre-Dame de Paris cathedral interior, Paris, taken spring 2001. Copyright © 2001 by Steven G. Johnson. Donated to Wikipedia under GFDL —Steven G. Johnson.

The "Maid of Orleans", Joan of Arc is a national heroine of France and a saint of the Roman Catholic Church. She helped inspire Charles VII's troops to retake most of his dynasty's former territories, which had been under English and Burgundian dominance during the Hundred Years' War. She later was convicted of heresy (overturned posthumously) and burnt at the stake at the age of nineteen. Pope Benedict XV canonized her on 16 May 1920 and she is now one of the most popular saints of the Catholic Church.

Shown here is a statue of Joan of Arc inside Notre Dame de Paris, a Gothic cathedral in Paris, where she was beatified in 1909.

Interior of Notre-Dame de Paris. Photograph taken by Michael Reeve, 30 January 2004.

Notre Dame, western façade, viewed from the base at 9:00 pm in June 18th, 2005. Picture taken by Patrícia J.

Notre Dame de Paris, southern view, at night in Spring 2001. Copyright (c) 2001 by Steven G. Johnson and donated to Wikipedia under the GFDL. 

Notre Dame de Paris, by night time, seen from the east side

Notre-Dame de Paris seen from the rive gauche. 

Author : Isabelle Janot - december 2005 ; loaded by Gérard Janot