기초 토익 R/C 교재 unit 13-14 to 부정사, 분사

[고양이 야옹]

unit 13. To 부정사 : To R VS To N/Ving

용법 - 명사적(주, 목, 보), 형용사적(명사수식), 부사적(형용사수식, 목적: ~하기 위해서) N to R

(1) 명사 : S, O, C

1) 주어(S)

ex) ( To understand)/Understanding this article is difficult.

=It is difficult to understand this article.

To R be V a

It be v a to R

이 기사를 이해하는 것은 어렵다

제인이 이 기사를 이해하는 것은 어렵다

It is difficult for Jane/her to understand this article.

It is difficult for Jane to understand this article.

for 사람/목적격 to R

=It is difficult for Jane to understand the article.

⇒ It(가주어) is ⓐ (__for N 의미상주어_____) to R(진주어)

⇒ It is tough __for_____ children to understand this article.

It is 형(difficult/hard/touch/easy/important/natural/ vital/necessary/essential/possible) to R

S V5 it 형 for N to R

The management finds it difficult to meet the deadline.

The management finds it difficult for sales team to meet the deadline.

2) 특정 동사 뒤 목적어(O) : 3V to R

◆ to 부정사를 목적어로 취하는 동사

want, need, wish, hope, desire

plan, aim, decide

promise, agree, expect, ask, request, require, propose,

pretend, afford, attempt, manage,

fail, refuse, hesitate, choose

ex1) Don't hesitate (contact/ to contacting/ contacting/ to contact) our sales department.

ex2) The company (considered/ aimed/ granted/ allowed) to achieve this year's goal.

ex3) The company plans (having/ to have/ have) a company picnic.

3) 목적어 보어(C) : S V5 N to R

5형식 수동태: N be v.pp to R

want, would like/ expect

encourage, invite, advise, recommend, instruct

permit, allow/ enable

ask, request, require/ cause

force, urge/ persuade, convince

ex) The program enables us (accessed/ access/ to access) personal information.

(2) 형용사 : 명사 수식 N to R

ability

attempt, intention

authority, right

opportunity, chance

decision, plan, need, time

means, way, obligation, invitation

ex1) They should have the ability (create/ creating/ to create) different dishes.

ex2) I would welcome a(n) (alternative/ opportunity/ requirement) to show you around personally.

(3) 부사 : 목적, 이유, 결과 등을 나타냄(to R, in order to R, so as to R, so that s can) ~하기 위해서

ex1) Johns had to work hard (to pass) the test.

Johns had to work hard for passing the test.(×)

ex2) We must have more time to do a good job.

= We must have more time in order to do a good job.

= To do a good job, we must have more time.

= We must have more time so that we can do a good job.

* 관용적 용법(be 형용사 to R)

be ready to R

be able to R, be capable of, be confident in

be likely/liable/apt to R

be willing to R

be sure/certain to R

be anxious to R : 몹시 ~바라다, ~을 걱정하다

be eager to R

-------------------------------------

be pleased to R

be supposed to R

be scheduled to R

be about to R 막 ~하려고 하다

to R, Ving 둘다를 취하는 동사

regret, remember, forget ; to R(~할 것, 미래), ving(과거)

stop

I remember sending an e-mail to Sunny.(메일보냈던 사실)

I remember to send an e-mail to Sunny.(메일보내야할 사실)

I stopped to buy snacks.(~하기 위해서-목적)

I stopped buying snacks. (했던 것을)

♠ 확인문제

1. The firm closed one of its branch offices (reduce/ reducing/ to reduce) operating expenses.

2. The purpose of this program is (provided/ provide/ to provide) students with information.

3. The memo indicated a need (with/ at/ for) the factory to enhance its efficiency.

4. (In addition to/ In order to/ When) meet the deadline, all employees should work overtime this week.

█ To부정사 연습문제 

1. to prefer

2. to be reserved

3. to discover

4. been nominated

5. to respond

6. to approve

7. register

8. to create

9. To build

10. to

11. to update

12. To deal with

13. to cancel

14. choose

15. too   ** 문제 수정 ~ big to load into our ~

16. receive

실전 문제 

1. d

2. d

3. b

4. b

5. b

6. c

7. a

8. a

9. b

10. a

11. a

12. a

13. b

14. c

15. d

16. a

17. b

18. c

19. d

20. a

21. b

22. b

23. a

24. b

25. b

26. d

27. c

28. c

29. c

30. b

31. c

32. a

33. d

34. c

35. d

36. c

37. c

38. a

39. d

40. d 

unit 14. 분사 : v-ing, v-ed(p.p)

(1) 관사(a/an/the) + ___________ + N 무관사 ____ Ns/불가산N

소유격

동사

전치사

⇒ a (consider/ considerable/ consideration) profit

a (remaining/ remained) student

a (confirm‎ing/ confirmed) reservation

ex1) Please make sure to copy the ------ contract.

ⓐ sign ⓑ signing ⓒ signed ⓓ signature

ex2) For more ----- information, feel free to contact our service department.

ⓐ detailing ⓑ details ⓒ detailed ⓓ detail

a ___crying____ baby (cry)- 현재분사( 능동)

a _broken_______ glass (break)- 과거분사( 수동)

* 분사

(1) 현재분사(ving)

alarming recovery 놀라운 회복

approaching storm 다가오는 태풍

challenging project 힘든 프로젝트

demanding job 까다로운 일 a demanding/challenging customer

* promising/demanding/challenging 사람/사물

ongoing problems 진행 중인 문제들

outstanding quality 뛰어난 품질 an outstanding bill overdue

presiding officer 주재 관리

promising candidates 유망한 지원자들

recurring equipment problems

되풀이하여 발생하는 장비문제들

remaining equipment 남아있는 장비

rewarding discussion 결실 있는 토론

on a rotating one-year basis

일 년에 한번 돌아가면서

misleading information 잘못된 정보

mounting/growing/rising/increasing pressure 가중되는 압력

overwhelming orders

incoming calls

disappointing revenues 감정동사: 사람 v.pp/사물 ving

existing facilities

leading company v. lead VS lead to(이어지다)

e.g) an established company, a start-up company

n. establishment 설립, 가게(업소)

missing baggage/luggage

working hours/opening hours/business hours

=operation hours

lasting impression v. last 지속되다 a. last 지난, 마지막

proceeding years v. proceed with 나아가다

encouraging remark

(2) 과거분사

attached schedule 첨부된 일정

classified ad 안내 광고

complicated process 복잡한 과정

confirmed reservation 확정된 예약

designated parking area/lot 지정된 주차장

detailed information 상세한 정보

discounted/reduced rates/prices 할인요금 n. rate 가격, 속도, 비율

distinguished companies 뛰어난 회사들

extended hours 연장된 시간들

proposed projects 제안된 프로젝트

publicized reviews 알려진 평가

related expenses 부대비용

repeated requests 되풀이되는 요청들

revised address list 개정된 주소목록

address v. 발표하다(addressing the audience), 문제제기/대처하다(addressing the problem) n. 주소

informed decision 현명한 결정 informative, beneficial 유익한

limited capacity 제한된 수용능력 ability

specified guidelines 자세한 가이드라인

unauthorized dealers 무허가 거래업체

unclaimed luggage 주인 없는 수하물

unprecedented revenues 전례 없는 수입

written reports 서면보고서

preferred means 선호되는 방식

-------------------------------------------------------------------

v.pp+사람명사

dedicated/devoted/committed employees

헌신적인

motivated workers 의욕적인

skilled mechanic 숙련된 정비사

experienced/trained/skilled/seasoned technicians 경험이 풍부한

valued member 귀중한 구성원

accomplished artist 재주가 뛰어난 화가

ving+ 사람명사

demanding customer/ challenging customer

promising candidates

* 자동사 v.pp x

remaining/existing

sophisticated systems

complicated problems

merged companies

an established company/ a start-up company/ a leading company

finished products

written consents

for a limited period

(2) 관사 + 명사 + ______v.pp____ + 전치사 + 명사

__타동사_ving_______ + 명사

___자동사ving_______ + 전치사+명사

____v.pp/자동사ving__________+부사

★★ 동사 유무 확인 필수!! ★★

✓동사가 있는 경우 : -ed/ing/ to R

✓동사가 없는 경우 : ing/ to R (오답)

-ed 과거 시제

⇒ People (have attended/ attending/ attended) the event should register.

The letter (sending/ sends/ sent) to Kim is enclosed in the envelop.

ex1) The reference manual ----- on CD will be extremely helpful.

ⓐ provided ⓑ provide ⓒ providing ⓓ provision

ex2) The building ----- unoccupied for 3 years used to be a movie theater.

ⓐ remain ⓑ remained ⓒ remains ⓓ remaining

(3) S + be 동사 + __ving(주어-사물)___ (★주어를 확인 하여 판단할 것)

___v.pp(주어-사람)__

____형용사 ____

*** 전치사구

We are in the office.

*감정동사 사람 vpp. 사물 ving

ex) An array of entertainment and activities are ------

ⓐ impress ⓑ impressed ⓒ impression ⓓ impressive

(5) 부사절 접속사 + S + V (O)

S + V (X)

V-ing + 명사

✓ 분사구문

ex1) When you use a computer, you should leave your name here.

시간의 부사절접속사

① 주절 주어(you)와 종속절 주어 (you)가 같으면 종속절 주어 생략

② 접속사 뒤에 동사는 원형에 ing를 붙일 것/ (being 이나 having been) v.pp은 생략된다.

v.pp 만 남는다

⇒ When use a computer (X)

When using a computer (O)

ex2) Until it is signed by your supervisor, the form can't be distributed.

시간의 부사절 접속사

⇒ Until is signed by your supervisor (X)

Until (being) signed by your supervisor (O)

ex3) If it is necessary, the company will hire more employees.

조건의 부사절접속사

⇒ If (being) necessary, the company will hire more employees.

⇒ If necessary, the company will hire more employees.

ex4) While you are in this room, you must be quiet.

시간의 부사절접속사

⇒ While (being) in this room, you must be quiet.

⇒ While in this room, you must be quiet.

전치사구

V-ed + 전치사/ 부사

ex1) Protective goggles and gloves are strongly recommended when ------ Bio. Com. laboratory due to the risk of contamination.

ⓐ enter ⓑ enters ⓒ entering ⓓ entrance

ex2) The particular of the contract will be laid out as ------ in our telephone and e-mail exchanges.

ⓐ discussed ⓑ discussion ⓒ discussing ⓓ discuss

(6) 감정동사 : -ed/ ing

disappoint, fascinate, excite, interest, surprise(startle)

delight(delightful, delighted), please(pleasant, pleased to R), gratify, worry, bore, tire

embarrass, confuse, satisfy, discourage, frustrate

impress(impressive, impressed) ⇒ 사람 -ed, 사물 -ing

① 관사 + 감정 + 명사 (명사 수식 자리)

ex) Last night's (disappointing/ disappointed) results was driven by high exchange rates.

② S + be동사 + 감정 (be동사 뒤 주어설명하는보어자리)-주격보어

ex) This movie was (exciting/ excited)

③ S + make/ find/ keep/ consider/deem/think/believe/leave + N + 감정(목적어와의 관계)-목적격보어

ex) All actors made this movie (exciting/ excited)

All actors made the audience (exciting/excited)

█ 분사 연습문제 (1)

1. The Regency Hotel is offering (reduce / reduced) rates on all deluxe rooms this month. discounted prices

2. All employees are invited to attend a banquet (honor / honoring) the company president.

3. Selling the product will become (challenge / challenging) when the advertising campaign ends.

4. Mr. Pirelli had his consumer spending study (publishes / published) last week.

make, let, help, have 목적어 R/v.pp

5. Ms. Jameson has been a (contributing / contributed) writer for Trek World Magazine since June. contribute A to B

6. The figure released by the firm were lower than the (anticipating / anticipated) annual earning.

7. The changes (suggesting / suggested) by Ms. Tyson were approved by the board.

8. The foreman noticed him (operating / operated) the factory machinery in the wrong way.

9. The company aims to produce ------ advertisements that will appeal to its customers.

(A) targets (B) to target

(C) is targeting (D) targeted

10. Nature Mart, a grocery store ------ in organic fruits and vegetables, has recently opened on Haines Avenue.

(A) is specializing (B) will be specializing

(C) specializing (D) specialization

11. Seating in the main auditorium is ----- to 120 attendees, so you should book your seminar tickets as soon as possible.

(A) limit (B) limitation

(C) limitations (D) limited

12. Management is considering holding training sessions ------- on customer service skills.

(A) focus (B) focusing

(C) have focused (D) will focusing

13. Mr Diaz traveled to Manchester this morning to inspect the ------ venue for the company banquet.

(A) propose (B) proposer

(C) proposing (D) proposed

14. When storing a bottle containing a chemical, please make sure that the cap is ----- before placing it in the cabinet.

(A) securing (B) secured

(C) security (D) securely

secure: 안전한, 고정하다, 확보하다, 꽉 매다

15. The sales figures indicate that there is ----- demand for the new cell phone.

(A) overwhelm (B) overwhelming

(C) overwhelms (D) overwhelmed

█ 연습문제  

1. reduced

2. honoring

3. challenging

4. published

5. contributing

6. anticipated

7. suggested

8. operating

9. excited

10. confusing

11. lsting

12. limited

13. preferred

14. repaired

15. discussing

16. surrounded

17. having provided

18. interested

19. ordered

20. enclosed

21. growing

22. exciting

23. qualified

24. disappointed

25. having managed

26. receving

27. given 

실전 문제 

1. d

2. c

3. d

4. b

5. d

6. b

7. b

8. a

9. c

10. a

11. c

12. a

13. d

14. c

15. a

16. b

17. b

18. a

19. a

20. a

21. a

22. a

23. b

24. c

25. c

26. c

27. c

28. b

29. c

30. b

31. a

32. b

33. b

34. b

35. d

36. b

37. b

38. b

39. a

40. b