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1. 부사의 형태
①부사: 형용사 + ly.
* 형용사 + ly: slow → slowly. kind →kindly, brave →bravely (용감하게)
careful → carefully. beautiful →beautifully,
* -y + ly = ily - happy → happily. heavy →heavily
* le + ly = ly - possible → possibly. idle →idly(게으르게),
noble →nobly(고결하게)
◇예외: sole → solely. whole → wholly.
* -ue + ly = uly , true → truly, due → duly.
* -ll + ly = -lly, full → fully.
* -ic + ly = ically , dramatic → dramatically.
◇예외: public → publicly.
②형용사와 같은 형태의 부사.
early, long, hard, enough, hear, well, ill, far 등...
* I get up early in the morning. (부사)
* The early bird catches the worm. (형용사)
2. 부사의 중복형
* Mr. Everest is very high. (형용사; 높은)
* He held his hand high. (부사; 높이)
* It is a highly a musing film. ( 부사; 매우, 대단히)
◇dear, cheap, hard, hear, late 등이 특히 중복되어 사용됨.
3. 부사의 기능
(1) 동사를 수식한다
American students work very hard.
(미국학생들은 매우 열심히 공부한다)
I've never been there.(나는 거기에 간 적이 없다)
(2) 형용사를 수식한다
It's very kind of you.(매우 친절하십니다)
That's too bad.(그것 참 안됐군요)
(3) 부사를 수식한다
I don't know him very well.
(나는 그를 아주 잘 알지 못한다)
Don't speak so fast.
(그렇게 빨리 말하지 마라)
(4) 명사를 수식한다
Even a child knows that.
(아이조차도 그것을 알고 있다)
(5) 구,절을 수식한다
The plane took off just at three.
(비행기가 정확히 3시에 이륙했다)
Do just as I say.(바로 내가 말한 대로 해라)
(6) 문장을 수식한다
Luckily the door was not locked.
(다행이 문이 잠겨져 있지 않았다)
(7) 앞 문장과의 연관을 나타낸다
It was late, so I went home.(늦었으므로 집으로 갔다)
He likes oysters, and I like them, too.
(그녀는 굴을 좋아하는데 나도 좋아한다)
"Will he come?" "Yes, I think he will."
(그는 옵니까? 네,오리라고 생각합니다)
4. 부사의 위치
때 |
now, then, tomorrow, today, yesterday, before 등 |
빈도 |
often, always, usually(보통), never, seldom(좀체로~않다.) |
장소 |
here, there, somewhere(어디선가), nowhere(아무데도~없다.) |
정도 |
much, little, too, enough |
태도,양태,방법 |
fast, well, slowly, happily, merrily(즐겁게)등 |
이유 |
so, therefore |
긍정,부정 |
yes, no, perhaps(어쩌면), not, never, hardly(거의~않다) |
①양태부사 : (방법부사) 어떻게 (how)에 대한 답
; gladly, well, heartily, carefully
* He came immediately (자동사 + 양태부사)
* They speak well of him (능동태)
= He is well spoken of. (수동태)
* I well remember those happy days. (정상어순)
= Well do I remember those happy days. (도치구문)
②빈도부사 : (정도부사) how often에 대한 답으로 always, generally,
regularly, often, never, sometimes, seldom. 정도부사에는 nearly,
almost, still, barely 등이 있다.
△위치: 일반동사 앞, be동사 다음, 조동사와 본동사 사이에 온다.
△목적어가 명사일 때
put on your coat (O) : 타 + 부 + 목
put your coat on (O) : 타 + 목 + 부
△ 목적어가 대명사일 때
put on it (X)
put it on (O) : 타 + 목 + 부
△ 자동사 + 전치사는 하나의 타동사구로 쓰이므로 분리시킬 수 없음.
Look at the boy.
Look at him. (○)
Look him at. (×)
5. 부사어구의 배열 순서
① 시간 부사어구 : 작은 단위 + 큰 단위
장소 부사어구 : 작은 단위 + 큰 단위
* I'll call on you at seven o'clock next Sunday.
* We spent the holidays in a cottage is the morning.
② 장소 + 방법 + 시간부사
방법 + 장소 + 시간부사
짧은 부사구 + 긴 부사구
* He came to Korea by ship last year.
* She played beautiful at the concert last night.
* We arrived safely at the station.
6. 중요한 부사 용법
still + 본동사, be동사 + still
조동사 + still + 본동사 , still + 부정조동사
* He is still standing. : 그는 아직도 서 있다.
He is standing still. : 그는 가만히 서 있다. (형)
* She still dislikes him.
He still doesn't like her.
* Only I can see him in the room.
I can only see him in the room.
I can see only him in the room.
I can see him only in the room.
◇ ago는 현재를 기준으로 지금부터 ∼전의 뜻이고 과거시제와 함께 쓰인다.
before는 과거기준으로 그 때보다 그 이전. 과거완료와 함께 쓰임.
before는 막연한 과거를 나타내어 현재완료와 쓸 수 있으나 ago는 현재완료
와 쓸 수 없음.
* He passed away three ago.
* He said that she had died three years before.
* I have seen this picture before.
* I have seen her a few days ago. (X)
7. very, much의 용법
* very : 형용사. 부사 ,원 급 ,현재분사 수식
* much : 동사, 비교. 최상급 ,과거분사 수식
* He breaks his words very often.
* I don't like beef much.
◇ 과거분사가 명사를 직접 수식하는 한정용법으로 쓰일 때와 동사로서의 성
격을 잃고 형용사적인 용법으로 쓰이고 있는 tired, pleased, delighted,
surprised, satisfied등인 경우에는 much대신 very를 사용.
* A very celebrated scholar presided at the meeting.
* She had a very annoyed look on her face.
* He was very tired with a long walk.
◇ 서술형용사인 afraid, alike, fond 등은 much로 수식.
* He is much ashamed of his behavior.
* He is the very best runner in our class.
* He is much the best runner in our class.
8. 부사의 비교급과 최상급
1) 부사도 형용사와 마찬가지로 원급, 비교급, 최상급을 만들지만
부사의 최상급에는 the를 흔히 안 붙인다.
① -er, -est를 붙이는 것
<원급> <비교급> <최상급>
early earlier earliest
soon sooner soonest
② 형용사에 -ly를 붙여서 만든 부사는 more, most를 붙여 비교급, 최상급을 만든다.
<원급> <비교급> <최상급>
easily more easily most easily
happily more happily most happily
③ 불규칙적인 것
<원급> <비교급> <최상급>
well better best
badly worse worst
much more most
(2) 부사를 포함하는 비교 구문은 형용사를 포함하는 비교 구문과
구문상의 성격이 비슷하다.
She works as hard as he (does).
(그녀는 그 사람만큼 열심히 일한다.)
She speaks French as easily as she does English.
(그녀는 영어만큼 불어도 유창하게 말한다.)
I work best early in the morning.
(나는 이른 아침에 일이 가장 잘 된다.)
He came when we least expected him.
(그가 오리라고는 기대하지 않던 참에 그가 왔다.)
9. 의문부사
* 직접의문문: 의문부사 + 동사 + 주어?
* 간접의문문: 의문부사 + 주어 + 동사? (부사절)
* Where does he live?
* I don't know + When should I do it?
→ I don't know when I should do it. (간접의문; know의 목적어)
→ I don't know when to do it. (부정사구; 명사적 용법)
◇ think, believe, imagine, suppose 등의 동사 다음에 직접의문문을 연결
할 때에는 의문부사를 문두로 도치.
* Do you think + Where does he lives?
→ Do you think where he lives? (×)
→ Where do you think he lives? (○)
10. 관계부사
관계부사의 종류 : 「 접속사 + 부사 」의 역할을 한다.
선 행 사 |
관 계 부 사 |
관계부사 = 전치사 + 관계대명사 |
시간 (the time) |
when (= that) |
at (on, in) + which |
장소 (the place) |
where (= that) |
at (on, in) + which |
이유 (the reason) |
why (= that) |
for + which |
방법 (the way) |
how (= that) |
in + which |
This is the house. He lives in the house. (두 개의 단문)
→ This is the house and he lives there. (한 개의 중문)
→ This is the house where he lives. (한 개의 복문)
(a) 한정적(제한적) 용법 : 선행사를 수식한다.
* where, when, how, why 등은 부사 + 접속사의 역할을 하며 전치사 +
which로 바꿀 수가 있다.
1)시간(when)
I know the time. + My father is going to arrive at that time.
--> I know the time at which my father is going to arrive.
--> I know the time when my father is going to arrive.
He told me the time when he had come. (= at which)
2) 장소(where)
This is the village + I was born in it
--> This is the village in which I was born.
--> This is the village where I was born.
* This is the place + He was born in it.
→ This is the place which he was born in. (형용사절)
→ This is the place in which he was born.
→ This is the place where he was born.
→ This is the place that he was born. (where의 대용)
→ This is where he was born.
(주격보어; where의 명사절,선행사 the place 생략)
I know the place where he stays. (= in which)
3) 이유(why)
That was the reason + He failed for it.
--> That was for which he failed.
--> That was the reason why he failed.
That was the reason why he had left. (= for which)
4) 방법(how) -선행사 the way 또는 관계부사 how
둘 중에서 하나만 쓴다.
This is the way. + I solved the problem in it.
--> This is the way in which I solved the problem.
--> This is how I solved the problem.
This is the way he has succeeded. (= in which, how 불가)
(b) 계속적 용법 : when 과 where 만이 계속적 용법이 있다.
∼, where ⇒ ∼, and there .. (그리고 거기에서...)
∼, when ⇒ ∼, and then ... (그리고 그때...)
① He went to Pusan, where he stayed for a week. (= and there)
② We arrived there on Monday, when it was very cold. (= and then)
(c) 선행사 생략 : 선행사를 생략할 수 있다.
① Tell me (the time) when he will come here.
② I don't know (the place) where he lives.
③ That is (the reason) why he was absent.
④ I want to know (the way) how you study English.
※ 단, 특정한 장소, 때를 나타내는 선행사는 생략 불가
This is the pond where I used to swim. (생략 불가)
(d) 관계부사의 생략 : 관계부사를 생략할 수 있다.
① Can you tell me the time (when) he will arrive ?
② I wonder the reason (why) she likes him so much.
※ the times when / the cases where 생략 불가
There are times when the rich feel lonesome. (생략 불가)
(e) 관계부사 that : 한정적 용법에서 관계부사 대신에 쓴다.
I remember the day that my father died. (= when)
(f) 복합 관계부사 : 양보의 부사절을 이끈다.
{관계부사[when,where,how]+ever의 형태인
whenever(시간), wherever(장소), however(방법)등을 말하며,
자체 내에 선행사를 포함하여, 부사절을 유도함.
1. 양보 부사절
whenever : 언제 ~할지라도 = no matter when
wherever : 어디에 ~할지라도 = no matter where
however : 아무리 ~일지라도 = no matter how
Whenever you may come, you will be welcomed.
Wherever she may leave, I will follow her.
However cold it may be, I must go for a walk.
= No matter how cold it may be, I must go for a walk.
2. 시간 부사절
Whenever : ~할 때는 언제나 = every time = at any time when
Let me know whenever you go. =at any time when
3. 장소 부사절
Wherever : ~하는 곳은 어디든지(=at, to, in)any place where
I will follow him wherever my father.