Korean nuclear issue Hiroaki Koide, Nuclear Reactor Research Ins,,,

[칡 흰]

June 14, 2003 (Turkish)

Korean nuclear issue

Hiroaki Koide, Nuclear Reactor Research Institute, Kyoto University

I. Introduction, basic knowledge of nuclear power and nuclear power

There are two types of uranium: flammable uranium and non-flammable uranium. "Burn" in this case means "fission"

This means that uranium with a mass number of 235 will burn, and uranium with a mass number of 238 will not. and naturally occurring

Only 0.7% of the uranium produced is ``flammable uranium.'' However, "unburnable uranium" absorbs neutrons.

However, instead of fission, it turns into plutonium. Plutonium also has “burning plutonium”

and "non-flammable plutonium", with mass numbers 239 and 241 flammable, and the rest not.

nuclear fission

Uranium 235 + neutrons --> Fission products + average of 2.5 neutrons

Capture β decay β decay

Uranium 238 + neutron --->Uranium-239 --->Neptunium-239 --->Plutonium-239

(Half-life: 24 minutes) (Half-life: 2.4 days)

During World War II, the United States pursued a secret program called the Manhattan Project to create the atomic bomb, totaling 5

Mobilized 10,000 scientists and engineers, totaling 2 billion dollars (8.5 billion yen, at the 1940 foreign exchange rate of 23.437$/100¥).

(equivalent) was invested solely in the development of the atomic bomb. Japan's general expenditure at the time was 5.9 billion yen (1940) and 21.5 billion yen.

(1945), it is easy to understand how enormous resources were invested.

The United States detonated humanity's first atomic bomb on July 16, 1945. That day, the end of World War II

Prior to this, a meeting was held in Potsdam, on the outskirts of Berlin, Germany, to discuss a recommendation for surrender to Japan between the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union.

They were trying to hold a ``Potsdam Conference.'' That morning, the United States arrived at its home in the Arizona desert of Alamogordo.

detonated humanity's first atomic bomb. In front of the eyes of the scientists and soldiers who watched with half-belief, the bomb became brighter than a thousand suns.

It exploded with a bright glow. U.S. President Truman, who was immediately informed of the success of the atomic bomb, was in attendance.

- Lin overheard this to British Prime Minister Churchill without telling the Soviet Premier. Then, on August 6th, Hiroshima

On April 9th, an atomic bomb was dropped on Nagasaki, creating an unearthly hell.

uranium atomic bomb

By 1945, the United States had completed three atomic bombs. One of them was the Trinite that exploded at Alamogordo.

The other two were the atomic bombs of Hiroshima (Little Boy) and Nagasaki (Fat Man).

Of these, only Little Boy is made from uranium, while Trinity and Fatman are made from Pluto.

It was made from nium.

As mentioned above, only 0.7% of natural uranium is combustible, but it is

2

If you try to make the fission reaction of uranium proceed all at once, the burning uranium will

The concentration must be increased to a high concentration of 93% or higher. do that

The work to do this is called "concentration," but that work requires a huge amount of energy.

do.

Estimates of Little Boy's explosive power have recently changed, converting it to TNT.

This amounted to 16,000 tons. The exact value is unknown due to high military secrecy.

However, the material used for the Little Boy was approximately 30 kg of highly enriched uranium.

I think that the. The energy used in the "concentration" work to obtain it is TNT

Equivalent to 50,000 tons of gunpowder. The atomic bomb is an overwhelmingly powerful weapon, and any

It's worth the sacrifice. But making an atomic bomb with uranium

From an energetic point of view, this was truly absurd.

plutonium atomic bomb

Therefore, plutonium (the element of Pluto: King of the Underworld) suddenly assumed importance. inside the reactor

fission ``flammable uranium (uranium-235)'' and place ``unburnable uranium (uranium-238)'' nearby.

If this occurs, ``unburnable uranium'' captures the neutrons produced by nuclear fission and naturally transforms them into plutonium-239.

Today, when we think of a nuclear reactor, we think of it as a tool used to generate electricity, but originally a nuclear reactor was

It was a tool developed specifically to create explosive plutonium. And plutonium can be efficiently

In order to make it, it is better to have a larger amount of unburnable uranium in a nuclear reactor than the amount of flammable uranium. today

Japan's nuclear power plants (light water reactors) use combustible uranium enriched to about 3% to 5%, but

In a furnace intended to produce rutonium, it is better to use natural uranium as is.

Also, when uranium-235 is burned in a nuclear reactor, uranium-238 turns into plutonium-239, but the plutonium

If plutonium-239 is left in a nuclear reactor, the plutonium-239 will absorb neutrons and undergo nuclear fission.

Otherwise, it may capture neutrons and become unburnable plutonium (Plutonium-240).

Therefore, when trying to make plutonium-239 for nuclear weapons, the plutonium-239 produced is extracted from the reactor.

I want to take it out quickly. For this purpose, the structure must be such that fuel can be taken in and out even while the reactor is operating.

There must be. The reactor that was developed with these characteristics is the so-called "gas-cooled reactor."

Yes, and in very special cases, it was a "heavy water reactor."

II. Nuclear facilities in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea

The Democratic People's Republic of Korea (hereinafter referred to as Korea) has an electric power output of 5 MW and a thermal power plant that began operation in January 1986.

There is a research reactor with an output of 25MW. The Kyoto University Nuclear Reactor Research Institute, where I belong, also has a nuclear reactor called KUR.

Its thermal output is 5MW, so if you simply compare it, the Korean nuclear reactor is five times as powerful as the KUR. Ma

In addition, today's standard nuclear power plants have an electrical output of 1 million kW or 1000 MW, and a thermal output of 1 million kW or 1000 MW.

It is 3000MW. Therefore, the reactor in Korea is 100 minutes smaller than a standard nuclear power plant reactor.

It is extremely small, less than 1. However, the Korean research reactor is a gas-cooled reactor suitable for plutonium production.

It is.

Like gas-cooled reactors, heavy water-cooled reactors can burn natural uranium as is, and the fuel can be exchanged during operation. Day

Energy balance of the Hiroshima atomic bomb

Energy required for concentration work

output energy

16 kilotons TNT

(30kg highly concentrated U points)

3

There was a gas-cooled reactor in the book, and there was also a heavy water-cooled reactor. in Japan

The Tokai No. 1 reactor, which was the first to start operation, was designed by the UK to be used for the production of nuclear weapons.

This is a gas-cooled furnace called the Magnox type, which was developed in Ma

"Fugen", which stopped in March this year, is the world's largest plutonium ship.

It was a heavy water-cooled reactor with a proven track record of combustion. Tokai No. 1 reactor has no electricity.

Power 166MW, heat output 587MW, that of Fugen, respectively.

165MW and 557MW.

The US aims to use North Korea's research gas-cooled reactor to produce plutonium.

They have imposed economic sanctions on the government. Also, a new Korean

The construction of a gas-cooled reactor for power generation, which was planned to be built, was halted and

provide a light water reactor in place of the

The framework agreement of 1994 promised to supply heavy oil for

Met. However, on June 6, 2001, when the Bush administration took over, the United States announced a ``Review of its North Korea policy'' and made significant changes.

In addition to halting oil supplies, they unilaterally abandoned the framework agreement, arguing that even light water reactors would lead to nuclear development.

Korea cannot make an atomic bomb

Plutonium cannot be extracted without reprocessing the spent fuel of nuclear reactors. However, in Korea, originally

There is no reprocessing facility. The Radiochemistry Laboratory, which was built in 1956, is equipped with a "hot laboratory" for handling strong radioactivity.

There is no facility called "Le". Also, the radiochemistry laboratory, whose construction began in 1985 and was scheduled to be completed in 1996.

Korea itself admits that the (Radiochemical Laboratory) is an experimental facility for the purpose of reprocessing development.

However, construction was frozen when a framework agreement was reached in 1994. Therefore, Korea cannot extract plutonium.

You can't do that, and you certainly can't make an atomic bomb.

Additionally, North Korea's research reactors are designed to perform fuel changes after the reactor is shut down, rather than during operation.

Ta. Also, like nuclear reactors in any other country, things did not work as expected when they first started operating.

That is true. Until the framework agreement was reached in 1994, the plant continued to operate with the original fuel loaded.

All 8,000 fuel rods were under IAEA supervision until recently. however,

The reactor had been out of operation for about 100 days in 1989. At that time, the damaged fuel was removed from the reactor.

North Korea admits that it extracted plutonium on the order of milligrams in a radiochemistry laboratory that is currently under construction.

ing. But what does that even mean?

Even with the most advanced technology, it takes 1kg of plastic to make an atomic bomb.

Rutonium is needed, and plutonium is on the order of milligrams.

It is a matter of course physically that nuclear weapons cannot be produced in the United States.

However, it is unclear what kind of lies North Korea is telling about the ``axis of evil.''

There are people who say no. So, hypothetically, if Korea were to collect spent fuel,

Suppose that the entire amount was reprocessed to make an atomic bomb. In that case, the maximum

Approximately 20 kg of plutonium will be obtained. Nagasaki type original

It is said that approximately 8 kg of plutonium is required to make a bomb.

However, with 20kg of plutonium, no matter how hard you try, it will only take 3 shots at most.

North Korea

Ningbei

25 MW

Tokai 1

(1966)

587 MW

Large rice 1

(1979)

3423 MW

(1986)

gas furnace

gas furnace

light water reactor

USA

5,000,000 ktons

North Korea

if,

Even if there was

maximum

50 kton

4

Only the atomic bomb can be used. Approximately 50 kilotons of explosive power

It is. The amount of nuclear weapons actually deployed by the United States

It is shown in the figure at the bottom right of the previous page. If in Korea

The amount is the dot on the right, and the huge square on the left is the amount that the United States

This is the amount of nuclear weapons they actually have. The United States is actually

North Korea, which does not have nuclear weapons, is called the ``axis of evil.''

The Japanese government also tried to attack the

Riding a butt horse. I think the atomic bomb is bad. where

I don't think we should have a country either. Even Korea doesn't do it.

never done it before. However, a country with a large number of nuclear weapons,

We call a country the “axis of evil” against a country we don’t know whether it is there or not.

Never insist on labeling or sanctioning people.

Don't admit it.

Japan has already developed enough nuclear weapons

Japan actually already has large amounts of plutonium. This is shown in the upper right figure. Japan is

Until now, reprocessing has been outsourced to France and the UK. The plutonium that was entrusted to be distributed was sent to Japan.

It was returned, and about 7 tons are currently held mainly at facilities of the Japan Nuclear Cycle Development Institute, such as Monju. Ma

Japan already has over 40 tons of plutonium, including that held in Britain and France.

Ru. I've roughly calculated the amount that an atomic bomb would produce on the right axis, but it's already in the tens of megatons.

can make an atomic bomb. The Hiroshima atomic bomb had an explosive force of 16 kilotons, and the Nagasaki atomic bomb had an explosive force of 21 kilotons.

However, Japan already has enough plutonium to make a megaton (1,000 times the kilogram) atomic bomb.

ing.

Moreover, even with the collapse of Monju, Japan has not changed its stance on continuing to develop fast breeder reactors. high speed increase

Breeder reactors do not serve as an energy source, but they play a very important role in nuclear development. of plutonium

A diagram depicting the composition is shown on the right. Nuclear power plants operating today are called light water reactors, but their spent fuel

In the case of plutonium produced in fuel, only about 70% is

A high-performance atomic bomb that does not contain plutonium

Not suitable for making. For example, to make an atomic bomb, a burning plastic is used.

It must contain more than 90% rutonium. Toko

Roga will use the spent fuel from this light water reactor in the core of a fast breeder reactor.

When put in and burned, a fast breeder reactor has a blanket around its core.

There is an area called a blanket or ``blanket'' where deterioration occurs.

If you leave uranium behind, the non-flammable uranium-238 will emit neutrons.

Plutonium, which is captured and highly combustible, is produced naturally.

Ru. The acquisition of this super-excellent plutonium is the fast breeder reactor.

is the last and best motivator for developing.

0 20 40 60 80 100

0 50 100

Composition of plutonium isotopes

for nuclear weapons

light water reactor

blanket

：Pu–239

：Pu–238

：Pu–240

：Pu–241 ：Pu–242

mitotic non-mitotic

［％］

High speed furnace

spent fuel

199319941995199619971998199920002001 0

10

20

30

40

0

10

20

30

40

[Ton separated plutonium] [Megaton atomic bomb]

Separated plutonium storage status in Japan

Assuming that the Nagasaki atomic bomb (22kt) was made with 13kg of plutonium-239,

It was assumed that 70% of the separated plutonium in storage was fissile.

abroad

domestic

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III. Information imbalance surrounding Korea

Nuclear development and nuclear power development

"Nuclear Weapon" means "nuclear weapon" in Japanese. However, "Nuclear Power Plant" is called "Nuclear Power Plant" in Japanese.

becomes a "nuclear power plant". There is only one word in English, "Nuclear", but in Japan it is translated as "Nuclear"

It has been used in two ways: ``nuclear energy'' and ``nuclear energy.'' It is now being reported that North Korea is developing nuclear weapons.

However, in English it is "Nuclear Development". The United States and Japan say North Korea is “trying to enrich uranium.”

"This is a suspicious country that is attempting to extract plutonium through reprocessing, so we will impose economic sanctions on it."

If so, ask. Does Japan have no nuclear reactors? Isn't uranium enriched? Not reprocessed

mosquito? There are currently 52 nuclear power plants in operation in Japan, and more than 10 research reactors, both large and small.

Furthermore, there is a huge concentration plant and a reprocessing plant is also operating in Tokai Village. And now again in Rokkasho Village, Aomori Prefecture.

They are trying to build a huge reprocessing plant. However, all of these are not "nuclear development" but "nuclear development"

It is said that it is. He added, ``Nuclear energy development is extremely important for civilized countries, and we will actively promote it.''

Oran can be enriched and used for nuclear power generation, and it can also be reprocessed to extract plutonium and used as nuclear fuel.

I kept saying, ``I will.'' So, why did Korea pursue nuclear power development, which is necessary to become a civilized country?

Should we not do “development”?

Of course, the United States has huge enrichment plants and huge reprocessing plants. Of course, if there is plutonium, there will be a huge amount

There are even nuclear weapons. If a country that you don't like does something, it will be labeled as ``nuclear development'' and it will be treated as a very bad thing.

They promote it as a beautiful country and say it's a good thing if they and their friends do it. So did the Japanese media.

They just pass on their claims and don't try to question the imbalance between themselves and themselves.

rocket and missile

In May 1993, North Korea launched a rocket with a range of 1,300 km called Nodong. Then in 19988

On the moon, “Taepodong 1 = Baekdusan 1” (range

1,500km), covering the Sea of ​​Japan and the Japanese archipelago.

It flew over and into the Pacific Ocean. Korea itself

``Mt. Baekdu'' is a transport rocket that is used to transport the artificial satellite ``Hikari.''

announced that it had placed "Myojo 1" into orbit. rice cake

Of course, speaking purely technically, it's a ballistic missile.

It can also be a le. But with a rocket

Is launching a satellite a bad thing?

mosquito? Japan has already launched many rockets, including the H2 rocket.

He has developed many rockets, and has

They are launching artificial satellites. Needless to say

The United States has launched countless military satellites and

It also has several intercontinental ballistic missiles. deer

However, the US launched only a few rockets.

He called Korea a “rogue nation” and called it a “rogue nation.”

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Big 20 military companies in the world

Contract amount in 2000, in billions of dollars

U.S. companies are filled in black with no country name listed.

Britain

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France France Germany Italy

Japan, England, France

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For this reason, they will further expand their military. And Japan will act as its waistband, stirring up the threat from Korea.

Which countries make money from weapons?

Furthermore, if North Korea sells missiles to Yemen, it will conduct "inspections" on other countries' ships on the high seas, calling it a disgraceful country.

cormorant. So which countries are making money from military industries? This is shown in the figure. boasts the highest sales

Sales of US companies exceed $18 billion, or 2 trillion yen. There are military companies that exceed the size of a single nation, with 20

Of these, 11 are in the United States. A country that has an overwhelming military industry and makes money from its military, that is, a country that has an overwhelming

The "Axis" is the United States itself.

Korean history and Japan's responsibility

The Japanese media simply broadcasts the US announcements as is, but they do not understand the history of Korea in the first place.

do not understand. Since the annexation of Korea and Japan in 1910, Korea has been a victim of Japanese colonial rule, changed its name, and changed its name to the Korean language.

They were forced to forbid the worship of the Emperor and to worship the Emperor. For many Koreans, Japan's defeat in the war in 1945 meant that the Empire of Japan

It was seen as a liberation for the people. However, the war between Japan and the United States is a war between an evil and treasonous Japan and a just United States.

Not that it ever happened. It is a war between two empires aiming for world supremacy, and due to the overwhelming difference in power,

It was a war in which the United States completely defeated Japan. However, in the face of the conflict with communism at the time, the United States

They tried to use Japan and Korea as bulwarks against communism in the East. Therefore, in Japan, the Emperor is responsible for the war.

In Korea, officials under Japanese rule were allowed to remain in power without being questioned.

As a result, Korea, which was originally supposed to be liberated from Japan's colony and achieve independence, lost all its blood.

The country was divided into north and south, leading to a civil war. Republic of Korea and Democratic People's Republic of Korea in 1948

declared independence one after another, and finally entered the Korean War in June 1950. The war ended in a stalemate at the 38th parallel in 1953.

An armistice agreement was reached. Half a century has passed since then, but there is still a ceasefire agreement between North Korea and the United States.

The state of war continues as long as the situation remains unchanged. One party, the United States, has nuclear weapons, biological weapons,

Possessing chemical weapons, intercontinental ballistic missiles, intermediate-range missiles, cruise missiles, and all kinds of weapons,

If it doesn't like it, it is a country that will try to overthrow the regime of another country, even if it ignores the United Nations. against such countries

Since Korea is a country at war, it is natural that it cannot give up its armed forces, and it has announced that it will give up its nuclear weapons.

Of course it cannot be done.

By the way, Japan used special procurement for Korea as well as Vietnam to rebuild its postwar economy. So

And even now, people still believe that it is in the national interest to side with the United States, ignoring the Constitution that was supposed to have renounced war, and taking part in bullying the weak.

do.

Ⅳ. Resistance to a world of discrimination and oppression

9/11 and Afghanistan

In response to the September 11th attacks, the United States launched an attack on Afghanistan in the hopes of eradicating ``terrorism.'' On earth a

What has Afghanistan done? Osama, who was named by the US as the mastermind of the September 11 attacks,

Mr. bin Laden has been a long-time guest of Afghanistan, and if he is to be extradited, he must show proof.

He was just making a very reasonable request. What kind of international law does it take to request the extradition of a suspect without providing evidence?

It would be illegal even under domestic law. He then asked Afghanistan, which had even said it was ready for negotiations, to ask questions.

7

No need to answer, if you don't listen, I'll attack.

The United States launched an attack.

I met. Which one is worse?

mosquito?

Afghanistan is a poor country.

It has a diverse ethnic group, including the Soviet Union, China, and Indonesia.

Indian, Pakistani and Arab

Surrounded by countries and at the mercy of other countries' intentions

It has continued to be After 1980, the Soviet Union

A civil war broke out as the central government disliked the rule.

Natural gas and oil concessions in Asia

The targeted United States is a Tulliver fighting against the Soviet Union.

I put my arms around him. Afghanistan is

It produced three-quarters of the world's opium, which the US CIA traded for weapons and expanded warfare. Country

The land was devastated, food was scarce, and at one time as many as 6 million people out of a population of 21 million were refugees. By using

Although there is no statistical data available, military spending is less than 1/1000th that of the United States. That country, the United States

Not only that, but countries that want to be recognized by the United States as “allies” often attack, resulting in unilateral attacks.

He has committed repeated murders.

Central Asia's energy resources have long been a target for the United States. that the usa is world trade

The center building was destroyed, causing damage amounting to 10 trillion yen. However, the Central Asian region and Afghanistan

By taking control of China, they finally paved the way to obtain the energy resources of Central Asia. Besides, this

Limiting Russia's influence in the region has already resulted in benefits that far outweigh the harms suffered.

Ru.

Unilateral use of force against Iraq and US intentions

The United States overthrew the Iraqi regime by claiming that Iraq had weapons of mass destruction. military using the united nations

The facility and the presidential palace were thoroughly searched, but no weapons of mass destruction were found. If found, there will be war. look

If you can't find it, it's your fault because you're hiding it, and that's why you're fighting.

It's a fight. No matter which way you go, it's a war

That's a lot of arrogance. The real reason is also

It is an energy resource. Iraq is Saudi Arabia

It is a country that boasts the second largest oil reserves in the world after the

They made Raku a government that listened to them.

What I mean by this is this war, no, it's a unilateral slaughter.

is the sole purpose of That means that the U.S.

Senator Garr has said it clearly.

Ru. ``If France and Russia were under Hussein's regime,

If you want a share of the oil after the collapse, take military action.

crude oil reserves

25%

11%

10%

9%

9%

7%

5%

24%

Saudi Arabia

Iraq

arab emirates

Kuwait

Iran

Venezuela

Russia

others

late 1997

162.1 billion kl

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You should take part in it.”

Who is the "Axis of Evil"? Weapons of mass destruction are nuclear weapons, biological weapons, and chemical weapons, all of which are

The United States holds the overwhelming majority. and try to conclude an international treaty banning these weapons.

It is none other than the United States that has kept them all in the dark when there have been movements. Moreover, becoming a non-nuclear state

The United States refuses even the passive security of not carrying out a nuclear attack, and continues to push forward with further nuclear disarmament.

As a result of his righteousness, he extended his rule to all over the world. On the other hand, once the Soviet Union collapsed and the Cold War structure ended,

The United States is expanding its military, including missile defense (MD), in order to protect the United States from "rogue states."

In short, the United States is saying that it wants to continue to be the world's hegemony. That said, Mr.

He himself has clearly stated this in his doctrine and teachings.

“The United States has unprecedented power and influence in the world, and this power balances the power of nations aspiring to freedom.

It must be used to promote balance. By detecting and destroying threats before they reach U.S. borders,

Defend the American people and our interests at home and abroad. Although the United States will continue its efforts to gain the support of the international community,

If necessary, we will not hesitate to act alone and exercise our right of self-defense in a preemptive manner. America knows what it wants

maintains the ability to defeat any enemy attempts to impose itself on the country and its allies. Equal to or better than the US

have a strong enough military force to deter potential adversaries from building their own military forces. ”

The International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War has long opposed nuclear weapons and was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1985. its founder

Bernard Laun, who is also a man, says it best.

"The nuclear powers have always said, 'Do as we say, not as we do.

may have nuclear weapons, but you cannot. ””

What is happening in the world right now, what the United States is doing to Iraq, what it is saying to Korea is exactly

This is it.

The origins of the United States shown in the Stars and Stripes

The official name of the United States is "United States of America." Translating this into Japanese, it is

is translated as "United States of America". It is said that the people come together to create the country called America. rice

The country's flag is the Stars and Stripes, which has 13 horizontal lines of red and white. These 13 books are about the 13 eastern states declaring their independence.

Indicates the number of colonies = states at the time. After that, the United States headed west, slaughtering indigenous people in the name of settlement.

They took over land and finally reached the Pacific Ocean. Then we captured Alaska, captured Hawaii, and are now 51.

Because it is a state, the American flag has 51 stars. In other words, the stars and stripes represent the country of the United States.

It clearly shows the number of states. Of course, as the official name of the country indicates, it is a collection of "states".

The country that was created is the United States, and if you want to write it in Japanese, it should be "United States of America." place

However, in Japan, only the translation "United States of America" ​​can be used. I know it's a complete mistranslation

However, a society that only allows people to use the translation "United States" is distorted.

Not only information about Korea is biased and distorted. Only 3,000 at the World Trade Center

Just because people died, they killed tens of thousands of people like insects in Afghanistan and Iraq.

Ku. That is not even reported. Before that, tens of thousands of people had been killed in Iraq under the name of economic sanctions.

I think the more important thing is that they had to die, but it's not even reported. words

It is a world that is incredibly imbalanced. What we need now is to somehow resist a world of complete discrimination.

I think this is the most important thing we have to do differently.