APEC(Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation, 아･태경제협력체)토론주제 1.학교에서 화장을 허용해야 한다 2.유비는 인의군자이다. 3.경조사 화환을 규제해야한다

[류재수]

APEC(Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation, 아시아･태평양경제협력체)
가. 설립
1989년 11월 6일 Australia의 Canberra 제1차 각료회의에서 창설되었다.
나. 발전
⑴ 1989. 1 Hawk 호주총리가 APEC 제의
⑵ 1989. 11 Canberra에서 1차 APEC각료회의 : 호주, New Zealand, 한국, 日本, 美國, Canada, Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand등 12개국
⑶ 1990. 7 Singapore에서 2차 각료회의
⑷ 1991. 11 Seoul에서 3차 각료회의 : 中國, Taiwan, Hong Kong가입결정
⑸ 1992. 4 Keating호주총리 APEC정상회의 제의
⑹ 1992. 9 Bangkok에서 4차 각료회의 : Bangkok 선언과 상설사무국설치합의
⑺ 1993. 11 Seattle에서 1차 APEC정상회의 및 5차 각료회의 : CTI설립과 Mexico, Papua New Guinea가입결정
⑻ 1994. 3 Hawaii에서 1차 APEC재무장관회의
⑼ 1994. 4 Marrakesh에서 1차 APEC통상장관회의
⑽ 1994. 10 Jakarta에서 2차 통상장관회의
⑾ 1994. 11 Jakarta에서 5차 각료회의 및 Bogor에서 2차 정상회의 : 무역･투자자유화일정과 Chile가입결정
⑿ 1995. 4 Bali에서 2차 재무장관회의
⒀ 1995. 11 Osaka에서 3차 정상회의 및 7차 각료회의
⒁ 1996. 3 Kyoto에서 3차 재무장관회의
⒂ 1996. 11 Manila에서 4차 정상회의 및 8차 각료회의
⒃ 1997. 11 Vancouver에서 5차정상회의 및 9차 각료회의
다. 구성(21)
APEC groups Australia, Brunei Darussalam, Canada, Chile, China, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Japan, South Korea, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Peru, the Philippines, Russia, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand, United States and Viet Nam.

APEC Members	Date of Joining
Australia	1989. 11.6~7
Brunei Darussalam	1989. 11.6~7
Canada	1989. 11.6~7
Chile	1994.11. 11~12
People's Republic of China	1991.11.12~14
Hong Kong, China	1991.11.12~14
Indonesia	1989. 11.6~7
Japan	1989. 11.6~7
Republic of Korea	1989. 11.6~7
Malaysia	1989. 11.6~7
Mexico	1993.11.17~19
New Zealand	1989.11.6~7
Papua New Guinea	1993.11.17~19
Peru	1998.11.14~15
Philippines	1989.11.6~7
Russia	1998.11.14~15
Singapore	1989.11.6~7
Chinese Taipei	1991.11.1~14
Thailand	1989.11.6~7
United States	1989.11.6~7
Viet Nam	1998.11.14~15

라. 경제력
⑴ 총인구 : 21억(전세계의 38%)
⑵ 총 GNP : 13조2천억 달러(전세계의 61%)
⑶ 총교역량 : 3조4천억 달러(전세계의 46%)
마. 조직
⑴ 지도자회의(정상회의, Leaders Meeting)
1993년 Seattle회의부터 정례화된 것으로 배석자 없이 정상들만 참석하여 아태협력의 실천방안 등에 대하여 자유롭게 의견을 교환하고 상징적 성격의 공통선언을 채택한다.

Meeting locations
The location of the meeting is rotated annually among the members.

Year	#	Dates	Country	City	Host Leader
1989	1st	6–7 November	Australia	Canberra	Prime Minister Bob Hawke
1990	2nd	29–31 July	Singapore	Singapore	Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew
1991	3rd	12–14 November	South Korea	Seoul	President Roh Tae-woo
1992	4th	10–11 September	Thailand	Bangkok	Prime Minister Anand Panyarachun
1993	5th	19–20 November	United States	Blake Island	President Bill Clinton
1994	6th	15–16 November	Indonesia	Bogor	President Suharto
1995	7th	18–19 November	Japan	Osaka	Prime Minister Tomiichi Murayama
1996	8th	24–25 November	Philippines	Subic	President Fidel Ramos
1997	9th	24–25 November	Canada	Vancouver	Prime Minister Jean Chrétien
1998	10th	17–18 November	Malaysia	Kuala Lumpur	Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad
1999	11th	12–13 September	New Zealand	Auckland	Prime Minister Jenny Shipley
2000	12th	15–16 November	Brunei	Bandar Seri Begawan	Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah
2001	13th	20–21 October	China	Shanghai	President Jiang Zemin
2002	14th	26–27 October	Mexico	Los Cabos	President Vicente Fox
2003	15th	20–21 October	Thailand	Bangkok	Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra
2004	16th	20–21 November	Chile	Santiago	President Ricardo Lagos
2005	17th	18–19 November	South Korea	Busan	President Roh Moo-hyun
2006	18th	18–19 November	Vietnam	Hanoi	President Nguyễn Minh Triết
2007	19th	8–9 September	Australia	Sydney	Prime Minister John Howard
2008	20th	22–23 November	Peru	Lima	President Alan Garcia Perez
2009	21st	14–15 November	Singapore	Singapore	Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong
2010	22nd	13–14 November	Japan	Yokohama	Prime Minister Naoto Kan
2011	23rd	12–13 November	United States	Honolulu	President Barack Obama
2012	24th	9–10 September	Russia	Vladivostok	President Vladimir Putin
2013	25th	5–7 October	Indonesia	Bali	President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono
2014	26th	10–11 November	China	Beijing	President Xi Jinping
2015	27th	18–19 November	Philippines	Pasay	President Benigno Aquino III
2016	28th	19–20 November	Peru	Lima	President Pedro Pablo Kuczynski
2017	29th	10–11 November	Vietnam	Da Nang	President Trần Đại Quang
2018	30th	17–18 November	Papua New Guinea	Port Moresby	Prime Minister Peter O'Neill
2019	31st	16–17 November (cancelled)	TBA	TBA	TBA
2020	32nd	TBA	Malaysia	TBA	Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad
2021	33rd	8-14 November	New Zealand	Auckland	Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern
2022	34th	TBA	Thailand	TBA
2023	35th	TBA	TBA	TBA	TBA
2024	36th	TBA	TBA	TBA	TBA
2025	37th	TBA	South Korea	TBA

⑵ 각료회의(Ministerial Meeting)
① 연1회 개최되는 APEC의 최고기관으로 외무장관 및 통상･재무장관으로 구성된다(실질적 의사결정기관).
② 각료회의와 별도로 통상장관회의와 재무장관회의가 있다.
③ APEC의 전반적인 운영방향을 협의하고 중요사항에 대한 고위간부회의(SOM)에의 건의를 승인하며 이에 대한 지침을 마련한다.
⑶ 고위간부회의(Senior Officials Meeting, SOM)
① 각료회의준비를 위해 차관보급 간부를 수석대표로 하는 각료회의주최국에서 연 3~5회 개최하는 실질적 운영기관이다.
② 13개 공동협력사업, 역내무역자유화, 역내경제현안 및 동향그룹 진전상황 기타 각료회의의 위임사항 등 APEC활동전반에 대한 협의와 결정 및 각료회의에 건의를 한다.
⑷ 무역투자위원회(Committee on Trade and Investment, CTI)
① 1993년말에 창설되어 1994년 Jakarta에서 구속력 없는 투자원칙을 수립하였다.
② 역내무역 및 투자자유화문제를 협의하고 4억 투자에 관련된 주요 국제문제를 회원국간에 사전협의를 추진하는 기관이다.
③ 각국의 통상･경제정책업무를 담당하는 고위실무자로 구성된다.
④ 임기 2년의 위원장 1명과 부의장 2명을 둔다.  1대(1994~1995)의장은 한국, 부의장은 미국과 필리핀, 2대(1996~1997)의장은 New Zealand, 부의장은 Hong Kong, ASEAN이다.
⑸ 실무그룹(Working Group)
① 13개 공동협력사업을 기획･집행하며 각협력사업별 필요에 따라 연1~2회 개최한다.
② 13분야 협력사업은 원래 10개였는데 1995.10에 13개로 늘어났다.
㉮ 인적자원(human resources)
㉯ 산업과학기술(industrial technology)
㉰ 중소기업(small-and medium-sized enterprises)
㉱ 사회간접시설(infrastructure)
㉲ 에너지(energy)
㉳ 통신(telecommunications)
㉴ 투자촉진(trade promotion)
㉵ 운송(transport)
㉶  관광(tourism)
㉷ 무역과 투자자료(trade and investment data)
㉸ 해양자원(marine resources)
㉹ 농업(agriculture)
㉺ 수산업(fisheries)
⑹ 사무국(Secretariat)
① 1992년에 설립되어 1993~1996년까지는 회원국에서 파견하나 그후는 공채예정이다.
② 사무총장(Executive Director), 사무차장(Deputy Executive Director)과 직원으로 구성된다.
③ 본부는 Singapore에 있다.
⑺ 기타
① 경제현안 및 동향그룹(Economic Trends and Issues Group)
각 회원국의 통상･경제실무자로 구성되며 경제현안 및 동향보고서 제출을 위한 비공식 group으로 연2회 개최한다.
② 기업자문위원회(APEC Business Advisory Committee, ABAC)
종래 저명인사그룹(Eminent Persons Group, EPG)를 폐지하고 새로 설치하기로 한 APEC 상설자문기구로 1996년 4월에 54명(18×3명)으로 구성되었다.
③ 에너지연구소(Energy Research Institute, ERI)
1995.10월에 설치하기로 합의하였다.
④ 분쟁해결기구(Dispute Settlement Body)예상
㉮ 구성 : 이해관계 없는 국가의 전문가
㉯ 기능 : 역내무역관계를 단절할 수 있는 당사국분쟁에 자문하는 것
마. 活動
⑴ 무역정책토의
⑵ WTO협정이행과 관련한 역내협력방안협의
⑶ 투자
⑷ 중소기업
⑸ 표준제도
⑹ 관세협력
⑺ 관세 database
바. 투자 10원칙
⑴ 1994년에 채택된 비구속적 원칙
⑵ 국제기준과의 비교
① 국제기준을 충족･능가하는 것(5가지)
㉮투명성(transparency)
㉯ 무차별(nondiscrimination)
㉰ 수용(expropriation)
㉱ 분쟁해결(settling disputes)
㉤ 과세조치(tax measures)
② 국제협정보다 훨씬 미달(4가지)
㉮자금이전(transfer of funds)
㉯ 자본이동(capital movements)
㉰ 내국인대우(national treatment)
㉱ 이행요건(performance requirements) : WTO규칙과 불일치
③ 미달 : (한가지)
투자유인(investment incentives)
사. 1995년 Osaka각료회의 및 정상회의
⑴ Osaka Declaration(大阪宣言)
① 아･태지역의 역동성과 공동체의식을 고양시킴으로써 동지역 및 세계전체의 번영과 안정을 도모한다.
② Blake Ireland에서 합의된 Vision을 이행하기 위해 Bogor회의에서 무역투자자유화, 무역투자원활화, 개발협력 등의 3대과제를 설정했으며 Osaka에서는 행동지침을 채택함으로써 동과제의 실천단계에 진입했다.
③ 3대과제의 실천을 위해 자발적인 자유화노력과 공동행동을 병행하며 범세계적자유화를 위한 추진력을 유지한다.
④ 범세계적인 자유무역에 반하는 내부지향적인 무역bloc의 형성에 반대하여 개방적지역주의 기조를 유지한다.
⑤ 실질적인 실행계획을 1996년 Philippines각료회의까지 정하고 행동계획을 1997년 1월부터 이행하며 그 이행여부를 매년 점검할 것이다.  상황변화에 따라 행동지침의 변경은 가능하나 성공적인 자유화를 위해서는 지속적인 노력과 긴밀한 협의가 필요할 것이다.
⑥ 상호존중 및 협력증진에 입각하여 광범위한 경제 및 기술협력을 실현한다.
⑦ 전회원국이 초기가시화조치를 제출할 것을 환영하며 이는 APEC자유화를 촉진할 것이다.
⑧ 기업활동의 중요성을 감안, APEC기업인자문위원회(ABAC)를 설립할 예정이다.
⑨ 인구증가 및 고도성장으로 인해 식량 energy, 환경 등의 문제가 대두될 것이므로 이러한 문제를 해결함으로써 아태지역의 지속적인 번영을 추구하고자 한다.
⑵ 각료회의
① 무역투자자유화이행계획서 : 1996.11 Manila회의까지 제출
② 무역투자자유화조치 : 1997년 1월부터 시작하여 선진국은 2010까지, 개발도상국은 2020년까지 자유화를 완결한다. (Under a declaration issued in Indonesia last year, APEC leaders agreed to take a coherent and comprehensive measure towards regional economic development, with a two-track deadline for achieving free and open trade and investment of 2010 for industrialized members and 2020 for developing members.)
⑶ Action Agenda(행동지침)
① Comprehensiveness
② WTO-Consistency
③ Comparability
④ Non-Discrimination
⑤ Transparency
⑥ Standstill
⑦ Simultaneous Start, Continuous Process and Differentiated Timetables
⑧ Flexibility
⑨ Cooperation
⑷ 자유화원활화의 기본틀
① 각국은 개별행동계획을 Philippines각료회의에 제출한다.
② 행동계획은 1997년 1월부터 시작한다.
⑸ 분야별행동
① 관세 및 비관세장벽
관세 및 비관세장벽을 삭감, 투명성을 확보하고 규제를 줄여 최혜국대우와 내국민대우를 확대해 나간다.
② 통관절차
통관절차를 간소･공통화시켜 1999년까지 공통된 언어에 의해 통관절차를 컴퓨터화한다.
③ 지적재산권
투명성과 최혜국대우에 입각, 적절하고 효과적으로 지적재산권이 보장되도록 한다.
④ 원산지규정
국제통일규칙에 따라 규칙을 정비, 공정하고 무차별하게 적용할 것을 확인한다.
⑤ 분쟁조정
국가 및 지역의 대립이나 대립의 격화를 피하고 해결을 모색하기 위해 조기단계에서 분쟁사실을 표명하도록 장려한다.
⑸ ASEM(Asia–Europe Meeting)
아시아유럽정상회의(Asia Europe Meeting)는 아시아와 유럽 사이의 동반자 관계를 구축하기 위한 회의로 1996년 3월 1일 처음 개최되었으며 자유무역 촉진, 양 지역의 무역과 투자 확대, UN의 개혁 촉진하기 위한 것으로 약칭으로 ASEM이라고도 한다. 1994년 10월 싱가포르에서 WEF(World Economic Forum:세계경제인포럼) 주관으로 개최한 아시아･EU(European Union:유럽연합) 회의에서 구상하였다.

참가국은 2019년 현재 아시아에서는 브루나이･중국･인도네시아･일본･필리핀･싱가포르･말레이시아･한국･타이･베트남, India, Mongolia, Pakistan, Australia, New Zealand, Bangladesh,  Kazakhstan 유럽에서는 EU(European Union, 유럽연합) 28개국과 Russia, Norway, Switzerland이다. 자유무역 촉진, 양 지역의 무역과 투자 확대, UN(United Nations, 국제연합)의 개혁 촉진, 환경문제 개선, 약물･화폐위조･국제범죄･테러에 대한 협력강화 등에 노력한다.  

The Asia–Europe Meeting (ASEM) is an Asian–European political dialogue forum to enhance relations and various forms of cooperation between its partners. It was officially established on 1 March 1996 at the 1st ASEM Summit (ASEM1) in Bangkok, Thailand, by the then 15 Member States of the European Union (EU) and the European Commission, the then 7 Member States of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), and the individual countries of China, Japan, and South Korea. A series of enlargements saw additional EU Member States join as well as India, Mongolia, Pakistan and the ASEAN Secretariat in 2008, Australia, New Zealand and Russia in 2010, Bangladesh, Norway, and Switzerland in 2012[4], as well as Croatia and Kazakhstan in 2014.

The main components of the ASEM Process rest on the following 3 pillars:

Political Pillar

Economic & Financial Pillar

Social, Cultural & Educational Pillar

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

ADB(Asian Development Bank, 아시아개발은행)

1. 설립

1965년 12월 ECAFE총회에서 서명되어 1965년 업무를 개시하였다.

2. 구성

2019년 11월 현재 68개국으로 구성되어 있다.

3. 목적

아시아･태평양지역의 경제성장과 경제협력증진을 통해 지역내 개발도상국들의 경제발전을 지원하기 위한 것이다.

가. 정책대화(policy dialogue)

나. 융자(loans)

다. 기술지원(technical assistance)

라. 보조금(grants)

마. 보증(guarantees)

바. 지분투자(equity investments)

4. 조직

가. 총회(Board of Governors)

회원국 대표로 구성되며 12명의 이사와 임기 5년의 총재(President) 1명, 부총재(Vice-Presidents) 4명을 선출한다.

나. 이사회(Board of Directors)

다. 사무국(Secretariat)

5. 본부

Philippines의 Manila에 있다.

----------------------------------------------------------------------

AIIB(Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank. 아시아기반시설투자은행)

Formation	16 January 2016 (Open for business)  25 December 2015 (Entry into force Articles of Agreement)
Type	Regional Investment Bank
Legal status	Treaty
Purpose	Crediting
Headquarters	Beijing, China
Region served	Asia and Oceania
Membership	64 Members 20 prospective members
Official language	English
Key people	Jin Liqun (President) Dr. D. J. Pandian, IAS[ (Vice President and Chief Investment Officer) Sir Danny Alexander (Vice President and Corporate Secretary) Thierry de Longuemar (Vice President and Chief Financial Officer) Dr. Joachim von Amsberg (Vice President - Policy and Strategy) Luky Eko Wuryanto (Vice President and Chief Administration Officer)
Main organ	• Board of Governors • Board of Directors
Website	AIIB.org

설립 l 2016.1.16

The Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) is an international financial institution proposed by the government of China. The purpose of the multilateral development bank is to provide finance to infrastructure projects in the Asia region. AIIB is regarded by some as a rival for the IMF, the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank (ADB), which are regarded as dominated by developed countries like the United States.

1. History

The first news reports about the AIIB appeared in October 2013. The Chinese government has been frustrated with what it regards as the slow pace of reforms and governance, and wants greater input in global established institutions like the IMF, World Bank and Asian Development Bank which it claims are dominated by American, European and Japanese interests.

The Asian Development Bank Institute published a report in 2010 which said that the region requires $8 trillion to be invested from 2010 to 2020 in infrastructure for the region to continue economic development. In a 2014 editorial, The Guardian newspaper wrote that the new bank could allow Chinese capital to finance these projects and allow it a greater role to play in the economic development of the region commensurate with its growing economic and political clout.

In June 2014 China proposed doubling the registered capital of the bank from $50 billion to $100 billion and invited India to participate in the founding of the bank. On October 24, 2014, a signing ceremony held in Beijing formally recognized the establishment of the bank. 21 countries signed the bill, which included: China, India, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, the Philippines, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Brunei, Cambodia, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Laos, Myanmar, Mongolia, Nepal, Oman, Qatar, Sri Lanka, Uzbekistan, and Vietnam. U.S. pressure allegedly kept Australia and South Korea from signing up as founding members, despite the fact that they had formerly expressed an interest in it. Indonesia's joining was slightly delayed due to their new presidential administration not being able to review the membership in time.

Negotiations for the bank’s articles of agreement will follow, and are expected to be completed by the end of 2015.

Hong Kong's Financial Secretary John Tsang announced in his budget speech in February 2015 that the territory would join the AIIB.

In early March 2015, the United Kingdom's Chancellor of the Exchequer, George Osborne, announced that Britain had agreed to lend money to the Chinese-led Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, becoming the first major Western country to do so. The announcement was criticised by the Obama Administration in the United States. A US government official told the Financial Times, "We are wary about a trend toward constant accommodation of China, which is not the best way to engage a rising power." This official further stated that the British decision was taken after "no consultation with the US." In response to the US criticism, the UK claimed that the subject had been discussed between the UK Chancellor George Osborne and the US Treasury Secretary Jack Lew for several months preceding the decision. It was further stated that joining the bank as a founding member will allow Britain to influence the development of the institution. By encouraging Chinese investments in the next generations of nuclear power plants, Osborne announced that "the City of London would become the base for the first clearing house for the yuan outside Asia."

Following the criticism, the White House National Security Council, in a statement to The Guardian newspaper in London, declared, "Our position on the AIIB remains clear and consistent. The United States and many major global economies all agree there is a pressing need to enhance infrastructure investment around the world. We believe any new multilateral institution should incorporate the high standards of the World Bank and the regional development banks. Based on many discussions, we have concerns about whether the AIIB will meet these high standards, particularly related to governance, and environmental and social safeguards … The international community has a stake in seeing the AIIB complement the existing architecture, and to work effectively alongside the World Bank and Asian Development Bank."

Three other European nations - Germany, France, and Italy - soon followed Britain's decision to join the AIIB. German Finance Minister Wolfgang Schaeuble stated, "We want to contribute our long-standing experience with international financial institutions to the creation of the new bank by setting high standards and helping the bank to get a high international reputation."

2. Membership(64)

⑴ Founding members

There are 37 members as of 26 March 2015. Australia, Belgium, Canada, Hong Kong, the Netherlands, and Taiwan are under consideration of joining the AIIB. Japan and the United States have remained skeptical about the negotiation.

Asia Regional  members		Non-regional  members
Country/Region	Date of Accession	Country	Date of Application
Bangladesh 2014,  Brunei 2014 Cambodia 2014, China 2014 India 2014, Indonesia 2014 Jordan 2015, Kazakhstan 2014 Kuwait 2014, Laos 2014 Malaysia 2014, Maldives 2014 Mongolia 2014, Myanmar 2014 Nepal 2014, Oman 2014 Pakistan 2014, Philippines 2014 Qatar 2014, Saudi Arabia 2015 Singapore 2014, South Korea 2015 Sri Lanka 2014, Tajikistan 2015 Thailand 2014, Uzbekistan 2014 Vietnam 2014		Austria 24 March 2015 France 17 March 2015 Germany 17 March 2015 Italy 17 March 2015 Luxembourg 19 March 2015 New Zealand 28 November 2014 Switzerland 20 March 2015 Turkey 26 March 2015 United Kingdom 13 March 2015

⑵ Countries invited

The initial $50 billion was mostly provided by China, but India, Pakistan, Singapore and Vietnam were also signatories. There are a total of 27 signatories. Japan and South Korea were not in attendance, but China’s Ministry of Finance said "any country that signs and ratifies the articles can still officially become a 'founding' member" though they must first be accepted by the existing members.

3. Reception

The president of the World Bank, Jim Yong Kim, has said that the need for infrastructure in developing countries is great so that the activities of new organizations would be welcome. The president of ADB, Takehiko Nakao, said that there were "huge infrastructure financing needs" in Asia and that the establishment of the AIIB is an understandable step. He said that when AIIB is established, ADB will be willing to consider appropriate collaboration and, at the same time, urged that AIIB adopt international best practices in such areas as procurement and social safeguards on lending arrangements.

The United Kingdom has signed up to be a founding member of the bank ahead of a deadline at the end of March 2015.

The United States has not signed up. Its officials have expressed concerns about whether the AIIB would have high standards of governance, and whether it would have environmental and social safeguards. The United States is reported to have used diplomatic pressure to try and prevent key allies, such as Australia, from joining the bank, and expressed disappointment when others, such as Britain, joined.

-----------------------------------------------------------------