The electrical nature of the body. 인체를 전체로 보는 시각의 탐구법

[문형철]

인체를 전체로 보는 시각을 유지해야 한다. 

전체로서의 몸.

몸과 연결된 마음의 전체로서의 시각. 

각기 다른 몸

각기 다른 마음

조화를 이루어 하나의 뫔이 된다. 

몸의 조화가 깨지면 어딘가 아프고 불편해진다. 

마음의 조화를 깨뜨리고 뫔은 함께 아프고 불편해진다. 

이 전체적이고 gross한 시각과 함께 detail한 인체내에서 실제로 일어나는 사항들은 정확하게 mechanism으로 연결지어 이해하고 환자에게 적용할때 진정한 의미의 의학이다. 

그것을 탐구중이다.

The electrical nature of the body..pdf

The electrical nature of the body

Dr Steve Haltiwanger M.D.

The body's cells and tissues possess an intrinsic electric nature that permits the transmission of signals for information and control of biological processes (Malmivuo and Plonsey, 1995).

The currency of information flow in the body is electron and ionic flow. Vision, hearing, and touch are all examples of the conduction of electrical information. The eye, ear and the skin have sensory transducers that convert light waves, sound waves and mechanical waves into bioelectrical signals that are conducted to the brain (Berne et al., 1993).

The mode of transmission of information in the nervous system is by frequency modulation (FM). The brain in turn processes the information present in the bioelectrical signals (called action potentials) sent from the sensory organs and responds by sending out other bioelectrical signals through the nerves to control the voluntary contraction of muscles, the activity of the body's organs, hormone release, and so on (Nicholls et al., 2001).

It is well accepted that information can be conveyed to the body in the form of electromagnetic waves. No one doubts that the eyes can detect visible light, that the ears can detect sound from pressure waves carried by the atmosphere and that the sensory information collected from both the eyes and the ears is invaluable for survival. However both visible light and sound are just different portions of the electromagnetic spectrum. It is logical to conclude and it has been proven scientifically that other portions of the electromagnetic spectrum also have beneficial biological effects.

The key step necessary for utilization of these other beneficial portions of the electromagnetic spectrum is to have a delivery system that can provide safe, and specific electrical frequencies that promote valuable effects. (Osteopathic treatment can) provide the body with another group of biologically important electrical frequencies that are present in different portions of the electromagnetic spectrum.

The cellular components of the organs of the eyes and ears respond to electrical frequencies that they are tuned to receive. The biologically useful bioelectric frequencies created by (Osteopathic treatment can) be resonantly coupled to small subcellular components such as membrane receptors and enzymes that are present in other organs such as the muscles.

The body's muscles are designed so that each muscle cell is connected to a nerve supply so that the brain can direct muscle fibers to contract or relax (Berne et al., 1993).

When muscle fibers contract they are responding to nerve signals that have caused calcium ions to be released in the muscle fibers. This process is called excitation-contraction coupling. Triggering the release of calcium ions by bioelectric nerve signals initiates the mechanism of muscle fiber contraction. When the muscle needs to relax calcium ions are pumped back into cellular storage sites. For those interested in more detail, excitation--contraction coupling involves a process where chemical and electrical signals are coupled at the membrane surface of muscle cells causing the intracellular release of calcium (Ca2+), which initiates the contraction of muscle fibers (Fabiato, 1985; Catterall, 1991).

Electrical impulses from spinal nerves cause a release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine into the neuromuscular junction. When acetylcholine binds to its receptor on the muscle cell membrane or sarcolemma, an action potential is generated. This action potential activates voltage sensitive receptors in invaginations of the muscle cell membrane called T tubules, which results in the release of calcium into muscle fibers and the initiation of muscle fiber contraction (Berne et al., 1993).

When a muscle such as the biceps is activated by putting tension on it by lifting a weight the muscle responds by causing a percentage of muscle fibers to contract. But not all of the fibers in a muscle contract at the same time. The goal of training is to condition the muscle to increase or recruit more muscle fibers to contract at the same time. A highly trained athlete is able to recruit more muscle fibers to contract than an unconditioned person, but even so there is still some percentage of fibers that do not contract because calcium is not released in all muscle fibers at the same time.

The Body is controlled by codes Science is based on the natural laws. One of the accepted laws of biology is that all biological life consists of cells and it is the genetic code contained in the DNA of cells that controls development of the cell and the production of proteins in the cell (Capra, 2002). Some proteins serve to provide structure to the cells while other proteins such as enzymes enable cells to function by acting as catalysts of chemical processes (Nelson and Cox, 2000). 

It is the interaction of enzymes with the food components (metabolites) that produce the energy supply and the building blocks needed by cells to maintain their own self-generating organization. According to Fritjof Capra, all cells use the same universal set of a few hundred small organic molecules as food for their metabolism. "Although animals ingest many large and complex molecules, they are always broken down into the same set of smaller components before they enter into the metabolic processes of the cells. (Capra, 2002)." Since all cells only use the same set or alphabet of small molecules one could say that all cells utilize the same chemical code.

The mechanisms that controls chemical reactions in cells are the electromagnetic oscillations or frequencies of the atoms of the substances involved (Brugemann, 1993). In a sense one could say that all biological processes are controlled by a chemical code that is in turn controlled by a frequency code.

Because the body only uses a specific group of organic molecules such as DNA, RNA, enzymes, certain amino acids etc. in its biological processes, a frequency code is built into the system, where only electrical frequencies, which exactly match the resonant frequency of these molecules, are absorbed.

This frequency code also includes more complex structures such as cell components that are assembled in cooperative arrays as well as different cell types. All human bodies contain numerous types of cells. Some cells are specialized like heart or kidney cells. Each cell type also has its own characteristic resonant frequency.

According to the laws of physics everything in the universe is in a state of vibration. The resonant frequency of a material is defined as the natural vibratory rate or frequency of each substance be it an element or a molecule (Jones and Childers, 1990). Energy transfer can occur between materials when their resonant frequencies (oscillations) are matched. In addition when biological molecules in a cell are exposed to an externally applied (during Osteopathic treatment) or internally created electric field that matches their resonant frequency the field can be said to be coupled to the molecules and the molecules will subsequently absorb energy from the electric field. The cell membrane is the primary site of interaction between electric fields and the cell (Adey, 1993a).

Living organisms are composed of organic molecules that have liquid crystal properties. Liquid crystals are intermediate forms or phases of matter that exhibit properties of both liquids and solids (Collings, 1990).

Intracellular and extracellular biological liquid crystal molecules inherently possess the property of resonance according to the laws of physics. Biological molecules, atoms and even electrons have special resonant frequencies that will only be excited by energies of very precise vibratory characteristics. When two oscillators are tuned to the same identical frequency the emission of one will cause the other to respond to the signal and begin to vibrate. Resonance occurs in biological molecules or even whole cells when acoustical or electric vibrations emitted from a generating source match the absorption frequency of the receiving structure producing an energy transference, which amplifies the natural vibrational frequency of the cell or the cell component (Beal, 1996a, 1996b).

All metabolic reactions of a cell are controlled by a complex interaction of regulatory processes. These regulatory processes are usually defined in biochemistry by their chemical properties, however according to Brugemann, the internal chemical regulatory forces are in turn controlled by electromagnetic oscillations, which are biophysically specific (Brugemann, 1993). This physical principle makes it possible to obtain very specific metabolic responses when very weak electrical fields are applied or created in the body, which exactly match the frequency codes of the chemicals involved in the metabolic process you want to affect.

Numerous examples now exist in biology of chemical reactions being triggered in cells by extremely small amounts of certain specific signaling molecules such as prostaglandins and hormones. What is important is not just the amount of the substance involved, but that the required substance is available in exactly the right location at the right time. Some of the same effects can also be achieved with the application of electrical fields that have the same resonant frequencies of the signaling molecules.

When an electromagnetic field that possesses the resonant frequency of a biological molecule is generated in the body, conducting molecules of that particular type will absorb energy from the field and undergo induced electron flow.

A fact that is not widely understood is that the cells of the body are exquisitely responsive to electrical frequencies of exactly the right frequency and amplitude (Adey, 1993a, 1993b). Researchers such as Prof. Ross Adey and others have discovered that the cells of the body have built in electromagnetic filters so they only respond to electromagnetic fields of particular frequencies and amplitudes (Adey, 1993a, 1993b).

The principle of electromagnetic coupling allows the capability of eliciting specific biological responses when the proper frequency code has been deciphered. Application of the proper frequency code makes it possible to signal the body to perform a biological function such as the transport of fatty acids into mitochondria so that the fatty acids can be burned to produce energy.

The evidence that shows the body has a magnetic field.

Through the use of a piece of equipment called a Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID) magnetometer scientists have now objectively proven that there is a weak magnetic energy field around the human body. This bio-magnetic field arises because of physiologic activities within the human body, which in electrical terms is a volume conductor.

The biological activities of cells, tissues and the bloodstream generate electrical currents in the body and electrical fields that can be detected on the skin surface, however the laws of physics require that the generation of an electrical current always results in the production of a corresponding magnetic field in the surrounding space. A current flowing through a volume conductor always gives rise to a magnetic field (Jackson, 1975).

Biomagnetic signals are thought to arise from intra-cellular currents that are produced by muscular contraction or neural excitation of tissue cells (Rottier, 2000). The current produced in the cells flows out of the cells through cell membrane protein connections and cell ion channels into the extracellular matrix creating bioelectric current flows in the body. When this natural electrical current flows in the body a weak magnetic field is also produced outside of the body (Rottier, 2000).

Even though scientists and practitioners for centuries have used electronic equipment to measure bioelectrical fields that are present on the skin, [Field potentials that appear at the surface of the body are the basis of clinical electrocardiography (ECG), electromyography (EMG), electroencephalography (EEG), etc.] the detection of the magnetic component had to wait until 1963 when researchers at Syracuse University first measured the magnetic field produced by the heart, which is one-millionth the strength of the earth's magnetic field (Baule et al., 1963).

In 1971, equipment sensitive enough to measure the brain's weak biomagnetic field, which is even 100 times weaker than the heart's magnetic field, was developed (Cohen, 1972).

The pulsating magnetic field of the body acts as a high frequency carrier wave that is frequency modulated by (Osteopathic treatment).

Absorption of electromagnetic energy by biological molecules Biological molecules can absorb energy at specific discrete frequencies in the form of energy packets or quanta. This is based on the physics principle of resonance where each quantum transfers energy to the molecules in proportion to the specific frequency of that quantum (Heynick, 1987). High-energy electromagnetic fields can cause heating, ionization and

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destruction of biological tissue, but lower energy fields have other more subtle biological effects. At low energy levels when resonance energy transfer occurs the transfer of charge is the main effect not heating.

Quantum energy absorption is essentially a microscopic phenomenon where the chemical composition and molecular configuration of the molecules in a cell determine the specific frequencies or characteristic spectra where such absorption can occur (Heynick, 1987).

According to Louis Heynick, low energy frequencies can change the orientations and configurations of molecules without altering or destroying the basic identities of the molecules (Heynick, 1987).

"Indeed, cooperative interactions occur among subunits of molecules within biological cells, in membranes and other cellular structures, and in extra-cellular fluids; in such interactions, the energy absorbed at one specific site in a structure (in a membrane or in a biological macromolecule, for example) may not be sufficient to disrupt a bond but could alter a process at the site or elsewhere in the structure, or trigger a function of the structure as a whole by release of the energy stored in the structure, thereby producing biological amplification of the incident quantum of energy (Heynick, 1987)."

In order to resonantly activate specific biological molecules that are involved in certain metabolic reactions in biological tissues, the selection of electromagnetic frequencies must be matched to and specific for the absorption spectra of the molecules involved in the chemical reaction that you want to effect.

The key conceptual problems that must be addressed in order to use electromagnetic frequencies to activate biological processes are: a) identifying the molecules/proteins/ enzymes/reactants that are involved in the metabolic reactions you want to influence, [this can be accomplished by studying biochemistry texts that describe biochemical reactions]; b) identifying the specific electromagnetic frequencies that can produce resonance in these molecules so that activation of the biochemical process is enhanced, [this can be accomplished by studying physics textbooks that describe the absorption spectra of different molecules]; c) developing an effective delivery system to efficiently transfer these frequencies into the body, [this requires research and experimentation].

The interaction of the (osteopath’s hands) with the body's thermo-magnetic field produces a specific set of oscillating bioelectrical signals that are transmitted into the body just like radio signals are sent from a transmitter to millions of home radios (receivers). Molecules that are already pre-tuned to the frequencies being transmitted receive these specific bioelectrical signals. When the frequency specific energy is absorbed by these molecules activation of biochemical reactions that are already naturally occurring can be enhanced.

How are these bioelectrical signals transmitted into the body? One method is Frequency Modulation - Radio and television waves are electromagnetic waves that are generated by the production of oscillating electrical charges (Jones and Childers, 1990).

All radio and television stations in the United States are assigned a specific broadcast frequency by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). The frequency that radio and television stations always broadcast on is known as the carrier wave and is the frequency that a person tunes into on their radio or TV (Jones and Childers, 1990).

It has been known for over a hundred years that a carrier wave can be used to piggyback other waves, which are known as the signal waves. The signal waves carry the information that is being transmitted such as sound or pictures (Carr, 2001).

The superimposition of a signal wave on a carrier wave is known as modulation. Modulation can be accomplished in a number of ways. Two of the most widely used methods are amplitude modulation (AM) and frequency modulation (FM). In (AM) modulation the amplitude of the carrier wave is modulated by the information signal. In frequency modulation (FM) the frequency of the carrier wave is modulated by the information signal (Jones and Childers, 1990).

Proper operation of such a system requires a transmitter that sends out the combined carrier and signal waves and a receiver that contains a tuning circuit that can be set to resonate at the correct frequency. The reception of the broadcast

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signal induces a small voltage in the receiving antenna. When the signal that is transmitted matches the tuner frequency it then passes through the tuning circuit to be amplified.

From the point of view of the electronic biology of the human body, the cells of the body contain liquid crystal components (proteins, membranes, membrane receptors, DNA, and RNA) that possess the electronic capability of resonating to certain specific frequencies like Antennae (Beal, 1996a, 1996b). In a sense the body is constructed of liquid crystal oscillators. The biological liquid crystal molecules of the cell are organized in complex structures that exhibit cooperative behavior (Ho, 1998). When the correct specific bioelectrical frequencies are supplied to the cells of the body these liquid crystal molecules will resonantly absorb energy and information (Adey, 1988, 1993a; Beal, 1996a, 1996b).

The cellular components of the body behave as electrical circuits (since they have capacitive, inductive and resistive elements, bio-potential voltage sources and ionic and electron current flows). This allows electricity and information that is carried by the frequencies of bioelectrical signals to pass into and out of the cells. Cells also have components composed of membranes, membrane receptors and cytoskeletal protein complexes that behave as tuning circuits. These cellular tuning circuits allow detection, resonant absorption and amplification of very specific bioelectrical signals that are in certain frequency and amplitude windows (Adey, 1981, 1988, 1993a; Garnett, 1998, 2002; Ho, 1998).

Frequency modulation of cell membrane receptors that function as electrical Antennae/transducers results in voltage fluctuations across cell membranes at the frequency of the stimulus (Dallos, 1986; Russell et al., 1986). Frequency modulation will activate the receptors of cell membranes that respond to voltage changes and these receptors are in turn coupled to other membrane proteins that regulate the electrical, contractile and metabolic activity of cells. Voltage changes in cell membranes are believed to drive protein-based motors located in the lateral cell wall of outer hair cells in the cochlea of the ear (Santos-Sacchi and Dilger, 1988; Holley and Ashmore, 1990; Hallworth et al., 1993). Protein based motors are also located in muscle fibers, mitochondrial membranes and other locations in the body (Rayment et al., 1993, Spudich, 1994; Neupert and Brunner, 2002).

Numerous writers such as Fritjof Capra have noted that nature conserves mechanisms that work (Capra, 2002). In the author's opinion bioelectrical forces such as voltage changes in cell membranes and inward current flows may in fact drive all of the protein/enzyme-based motors in the body. This opinion is based on the fact that an inward current is known to exist between the cell membrane and other cell structures such as the mitochondria and DNA (Garnett, 1998). In addition, electrical currents can enter the cell through ion channels in the cell membrane that act as electrical rectifiers resulting in the entry of minerals such as potassium or calcium ions, which produces a signal amplifying effect (Nicholls et al., 2001). Some of the electrical charges that compose these inward electrical currents travel through an intracellular oscillating biological electrical circuit composed of liquid crystal semiconducting proteins of the cells cytoskeleton (Oschmann, 2000).

The interior of every cell is composed of an integrative structure composed of cytoskeletal proteins that have been shown to form hardwired connections between the cell membrane and the DNA and the mitochondria. The fact that these liquid crystal cytoskeletal proteins also possess semiconducting properties allows them to transfer charges (current) from the cell membrane to internal structures like DNA and the mitochondria. The cytoskeleton of cells in a sense hardwires all of the components of the cell into a solid-state biological computer.

Resonant energy transfer and the concept of cellular radio Those of you who are old enough may remember the famous Memorex tape commercial where Ella Fitzgerald broke a glass by singing certain notes. The makers of Memorex tapes recorded and amplified Ms. Fitzgerald while she was singing. This commercial was made to show that the recording quality of Memorex tape was so good that playing the tape also broke the glass. The tag line was: Is it live or is it Memorex?

The reason this commercial worked is because Ella Fitzgerald was able to sing in perfect pitch with the natural frequency of vibration of the glass. When she sang the same note as the natural resonant frequency of the glass the sound waves produced by her voice caused the glass to begin vibrating till it shattered. This is an example of resonant energy transfer by using sound waves. Technically it is called forced oscillation resonance.

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The phenomena of resonance energy transfer can also be demonstrated by using two identical tuning forks. When one fork is struck and then placed close to, but not touching, the other fork the sound vibrations produced by the struck fork will actually transfer energy to the other tuning fork causing it to vibrate sympathetically.

When something has a natural rate of vibration you can actually pump in more energy if you apply the same frequency. You can also use this same concept in electronic equipment to wirelessly transfer information from one place to another. Now from the point of view of (Osteopathic treatment) the idea is not to try and break glasses with sound waves. Instead (Osteopathic treatment can) interact with the body's magnetic field to produce specific bioelectrical frequencies that resonantly transfer energy to turn on certain chemical processes in the body.

(Osteopathic treatment can) interact with the natural oscillating magnetic field of the body. This interaction produces certain specific electrical frequencies or signals that are then coupled into the body by the magnetic field of the body similar to how a radio signal is transmitted from a radio station.

The electrical frequencies produced by the interaction of the (Osteopathic treatment) with the body's natural magnetic field are modulated or tuned to certain molecules and molecular structures in the body in much the same way that car radios can be tuned to the waves of a particular radio station to receive and produce sounds.

Organic radio stations One analogy that may help one understand how (Osteopathic treatment can) work is to think of it as providing an organic radio stations. Lets say you own a radio station. Your radio station will have to be licensed by the federal government to send out a specific frequency called a carrier wave across the airwaves. The carrier wave that your radio station transmits is used to carry or piggyback other frequencies that contain information signals. If you are licensed to run an FM radio station your equipment will use frequency modulation to encode information on the carrier wave that your station transmits. In order for the radios in people's homes to receive your radio transmission their radios have to be tuned to carrier wave of your radio station so that they can demodulate the information signals.

Your radio station will use an active transmitter that derives energy from electricity to send out electromagnetic frequencies that lie in a particular portion of the electromagnetic spectra we call radio waves. Before you begin operation of your radio station you are first going to have to decide what information you want your radio station to transmit. If you choose to send information that nobody wants to listen to you will soon be out of business. Therefore, you have to be very selective in the information that you transmit. If a signal is sent from one place and received at another place then information has been successfully transmitted and received.

Just as the mayor of a city can get on your radio station and tell the citizens that the community has a blood shortage. Those people who respond to the information they received on their radios can then go to the Red Cross and donate blood. What we have is the phenomenon where information has been transmitted from one place to another and a response occurs.

It is important to recognise that the body is composed of molecules and that each chemical reaction in the body uses very specific combinations of molecules and that these molecules will respond to specific frequency signals or codes. In general molecules in the body are not isolated substances dissolved in the fluid of cells instead molecules link to other molecules to form more complex structures.

Every molecule and molecular complex of the body is like the glass in the Memorex commercial. Each molecule and molecular complex has its own specific frequency at which it can resonantly absorb information or energy. In a sense these molecular structures are like a miniature radio receivers. When information is sent at the frequency code that these molecular radios are pre-tuned to receive, information or energy can be directly transmitted to those molecules in the body. This process of energy transfer to specific molecular complexes can assist in the activation of the chemical reactions these molecules are involved in.

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(The osteopath’s hands) function as passive biotransmitter systems. When placed on the skin (the osteopath’s hands) interact with and modulate body's magnetic field to produce certain specific bioelectrical signals. In addition the body's natural magnetic field is the carrier that couples these signals into the body.

(Osteopathic treatment) does not create chemical reactions in the body it only assists biological reactions that are already taking place to work more efficiently..

Data supporting the concept that cell components can respond to external frequencies with metabolic changes

In order for an electromagnetic field to activate a metabolic process in the body a field induced molecular change must occur. This section will discuss the physical, chemical and electrical properties of proteins and how electrical fields can affect the molecular structures and functions of proteins. "It is at the atomic level that physical processes, rather than chemical reactions in the fabric of molecules, appear to shape the transfer of energy and the flow of signals in living systems (Adey, 1993a)."

Proteins are sophisticated molecules that play critical structural and functional roles in the cells. Proteins help provide cell structure, strength and flexibility. Proteins also have functional roles as signaling molecules in the processes of cell communication and as enzymes in the chemical reactions of cells. The functional properties of proteins in turn are dependent upon their three-dimensional structure (Grattarola et al., 1998).

Proteins that catalyze chemical reactions are called enzymes (Holyzclaw et al., 1991). The body's enzymes are natural catalytic molecules that promote chemical reactions without themselves being used up. Enzymes are specific for certain chemical substances because they recognize specific chemical structures both by their three-dimensional shape as well as by their chemical properties (Jespersen, 1997).

Proteins embedded in cell membranes that act as signal devices are called receptors. Receptors respond to chemical signals from the blood stream to initiate chemical pathways within the cells and to assist in the transport of materials into and out of cells (Nelson and Cox, 2000). The scientific data also shows that receptors also respond to electric fields (Adey, 1993a).

Enzymes and membrane receptors, like all proteins, are folded into 3-dimensional structures. The three-dimensional structure of a protein arises because each protein is composed of a unique ordered sequence of amino acids. The proteins of human cells are all made of chiral molecules called L-amino acids (Nelson and Cox, 2000).

The location and sequence of amino acids, the location and sequence of negative and positive charges, and the interaction of the protein with water and other biological molecules determines the three-dimensional structure of a protein at body pH (Grattarola et al., 1998; Nelson and Cox, 2000).

Linus Pauling was the first scientist to discover that specific sequences of amino acids in a protein can cause it to coil or wind itself and then take on a helical shape called an alpha-helix (Pauling, 1988). This structure is particularly prominent in proteins that are embedded in cell membranes (Nelson and Cox, 2000). In electrical terms coils and helices are inductors, transducers and antennae. The coil-to-helix transition is a nonlinear phenomenon (Grattarola et al., 1998), which means that it can be triggered by absolutely miniscule amounts of energy.

The coil-to-helix transition is a cooperative phenomenon called a two-state function, which is characteristic of any type of electronic or biological device appropriate for information processing (Grattarola et al., 1998).

Enzymes and receptors are types of proteins that possess the ability to fluctuate back and forth between active and inactive states much like electrical switches that can either be set to an on or off positions. This cyclical movement between the active position and the rest position of these types of proteins involves a reversible shift in the distribution of electrical charges, which subsequently alters the 3-dimensional folding and chemical binding sites of these proteins. This alteration

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in protein folding, called a configurational or conformational change is accompanied by changes in both the chemical reactivity and the electrical properties of these proteins (Wuddel and Apell, 1995).

For many years biologists have recognized that the triggering mechanism that turns on enzymes and receptors causing them to transition between their active and rest states involves chemical interactions where chemical compounds transfer electrical charges between one another. However, new research has now proven that the transfer of electric charges does not always require a chemical carrier. In fact enzymes and receptors can also be activated by electric charges directly transferred from resonantly coupled electric fields (Derenyi and Astumian, 1998). This is because the intra-molecular charge transfer that occurs in enzymes and receptors undergoing conformational transitions within their cycle conveys to these molecules the ability to transduce energy directly from oscillating electric fields (Astumian et al., 1989).

A number of researchers, especially Prof Ross Adey, have shown that weak electromagnetic fields may resonantly interact with the glycoproteins of the cell membrane acting like first messenger signals that activate intracellular enzymes (Adey, 1993b). These electromagnetic signals can create conformational changes in cell membrane proteins when these membrane proteins transductively couple with electromagnetic frequencies provided the frequencies are within certain amplitude and frequency windows (Adey, 1993b). This means the cell membrane proteins can act like electrical transducers that behave as on off electrical switches that activate chemical processes inside of the cell (Adey, 1980, 1981, 1988, 1993b; Adey et al., 1982).

"The essential molecular functions appear in fact to be determined by electromagnetic mechanisms. A possible role of molecular structures would be the carrying of electric charges, which generate, in the aqueous environment, a field specific to each molecule. Those exhibiting such co-resonating or opposed fields ("electro-conformational coupling") could thus communicate, even at a distance (Benveniste, 1993)."

For example, it is well recognized by biologists that cell enzymes such as Na, K-ATPases require energy to pump ions such as sodium and potassium across cell membranes. However, new data shows that these enzymes can either be activated by chemical energy derived from ATP or by energy directly absorbed from electric fields (Xie et al., 1997). In this case energy from the electric field substitutes for the energy normally provided chemically by ATP (Derenyi and Astumian, 1998). Any electromagnetic effect on a chemically based biological reaction in the body is dependent upon the electric or magnetic frequency sensitivity of the rate constant of the enzyme involved in the chemical reaction (Weaver et al., 2000). Membrane receptor proteins can also be activated by resonantly coupling to electric fields (Astumian and Robertson, 1989).

"If fields can affect enzymes and cells, [one should expect] to be able to tailor a waveform as a therapeutic agent in much the same way as one now modulates chemical structures to obtain pharmacological selectivity and perhaps withhold many of the side-effects common to pharmaceutical substances (Davey and Kell, 1990)."

The key step necessary for this mechanism to work is to produce an electric field in the body, which exactly matches the resonant frequency of the enzymatic process or membrane receptor that you wish to stimulate so that the enzyme or receptor is able to resonantly couple to the field.

Biological Antennae Their shapes can classify antennae, and their shape determines their radiation pattern. Antennae emit power that is different at different angles (Carr, 2001).

The cells of the body communicate with each other by chemical signal molecules that are either carried by the bloodstream to cells in distant locations or are released directly on the cell surfaces from nerve fibers and local tissue cells (Nicholls et al., 2001).

The binding of a signaling chemical to a cell membrane receptor triggers an amplified biological response such as the opening of a cell membrane ion channel, which allows the entry of minerals like calcium into the cell. Other amplified responses include the activation of enzymes and secondary messenger signals (Mehrvar et al., 2000).

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It is not widely known, but cell membrane receptors and even DNA can also act like electrical antennae and transducers responding to signals of electrical fields of the right frequency and amplitude (Adey, 1993a, 1993b).

Cell membrane receptors composed of proteins that have coil and helical configurations can act as receiving antennae for electrical fields as well as electrical transducers and electrical inductors. These components are organized into complex co-operative arrays that facilitate communication (signaling and information transfer) between cells in the body as well as between cells and the external environment (Gilman, 1987). The transducing element in cell membrane biosensor complexes couples a chemical or electrical signal to a biological response that might include the movement of minerals (e.g. calcium) into the cell or a cascade of enzyme reactions (Mehrvar et al., 2000).

Helical Antennae produce directed beams when their diameter and coil spacing are large fractions of the wavelength. They provide moderately wide bandwidth and circular polarized beams (Carr, 2001). When helical antennae are used the receiving helical antenna has to be wound in the same direction as the sender's. Helical Antennae, like DNA, can be stacked, which allows a way for this type of cell antenna to obtain high gain with only a few turns on each helix.

In summary, it is the author's opinion that the structures of cells have components that have electronic features allowing cells to detect and respond to electrical frequencies that act as information signals triggering biological responses through the process of signal amplification.

The mechanism of resonant electrical frequency interactions with cells The mechanism of resonant electrical frequency interactions with cells includes the reception of the electrical signal/charge transfer by receptor antennae/transducers that are coupled to membrane bound G-proteins that are also coupled to intracellular enzymes like adenylate cyclase.

Membrane bound G-proteins and the intracellular enzymes that they are linked to form a complex of proteins that operate as an amplifier for the signal they receive. For example, certain G-proteins are coupled to and activate specific intracellular enzymes that in turn increase the cell concentrations of second messenger systems like cAMP. Increasing cell levels of cAMP in turn activates an enzyme called protein kinase A, which in turn activates other enzymes such as hormone sensitive lipase (Nelson and Cox, 2000; Nicholls et al., 2001).

Different electrical frequencies will activate different receptors, different G-proteins, different intracellular enzymes and different second messenger systems thus producing different biological reactions and cascades.

Certain steps must be taken in order for a clinician to be able to electrically modulate the biological reactions he or she wants to influence. He or she must first identify, choose, and apply the correct electrical frequencies that activate the signaling mechanism involved in turning on that biological process.

The principle of magnetic induction In 1831 Michael Faraday, one of the first electrical pioneers, first described the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction. He discovered that he could produce a measurable electrical current in a wire conductor simply by moving a magnet near the wire. This discovery became the basis for Faraday's Law of Induction, which is a basic law of electromagnetism (Jones and Childers, 1990).

(Osteopathic treatment can) utilize the principle of induction. When the body's oscillating magnetic field interacts with (the osteopath’s hands), the magnetic field induces the creation of electric fields through the Faraday effect. This induced electrical field can contain specific resonant frequencies (generated during treatment). The natural oscillating magnetic field of the body acts like a carrier wave to couple these frequencies into the body.

The interaction of the body's magnetic field with (the osteopath’s hands) induces weak bioelectrical current flows of specific frequencies in the body's tissues. The specific sets of frequencies produced by (the osteopath’s hands) activate certain chemical reactions and biological processes.

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How (the osteopath’s hands) interface with the body's thermomagnetic field, the transformer analogy A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one electric circuit to another, by the principle of magnetic induction without changing the frequency.

A transformer has two windings or coils. The first called the primary winding is the coil that draws power at a certain frequency from the source. The secondary winding is the coil that delivers the energy to the load. Magnetic transfer of voltages at specific frequencies only occurs if the magnetic field is oscillating/changing strength (Van Valkenburgh, Nooger and Neville, Inc., 1992).

An isolation transformer is a special transformer that is designed so that the signal going out equals the signal going in. In (Osteopathic treatment) the signal going out is produced by the interaction of the body's fluctuating thermomagnetic field with the antenna/conductor created by (the osteopath’s hands).

(The osteopath’s hands) form a matrix antenna/conductor system that acts like a primary coil of a transformer when it interacts with the body's magnetic field. The oscillating thermomagnetic field of the body creates magnetic induction where the electrical frequencies generated from (the osteopath’s hands) modulate the body's oscillating magnetic field.

The interaction of (the osteopath’s hands) with the body's oscillating magnetic field creates local vortexes in the magnetic field over the area where (the osteopath’s hands) are located. The magnetic field is thus modulated by this interaction with (the osteopath’s hands) and it acts as an information carrier of a harmonic electrical energy field.

The resonant interaction of the electrical signals with molecules that are already pre-tuned to exact frequencies allows information to be passed to the receiving molecules. Receiving molecules in cell membranes and the cell function like the secondary windings of a transformer. These cellular components function as antennae, electrical transducers and electrical inductors so that the cell demodulates and receives the signal information by resonant energy transfer. Resonant absorption of electrical frequencies by biological molecules results in the induction of electron flows in the conductive liquid crystal molecules of the body.

The resonant transfer of specific frequency information to the cells is amplified by cellular mechanisms and this information can activate or enhance certain specific biological processes that (the osteopath’s hands) provide as a specific set of electrical frequencies.

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