영어나라에서는 participle phrase 분사구 하나만 존제하는데 반하여 한국에서는 분사구와 분사구문 두개가 존제하는데 분사구문을 영어로 어찌 번역할지 심히 궁금하고 영어나라에서는 분사구가 명사 뒤에 쓰이든 문장 앞에 쓰이든 둘 다 형용사 역할이라 하며 문두에 쓰이는 분사구는 본절의 주어수식이라 설명하나 한국에서는 문두에 쓰인 분사구가 부사역할한다 가르치므로 역할 설명이 서로 다르므로 둘 중 하나는 틀렸음이 분명하다 보이는데 영어인이 틀리고 한국인의 영어문법 설명이 맞다하면 아전인수 어불성설이라 하는게 상식적이라 하겠지만
When a participle phrase introduces a main clause, separate the two sentence components with a comma.
The pattern looks like this:
Participle Phrase + , + Main Clause. 분사구라 했지 분사구문이라 하지 않은듯 싶다
Read this example:
Glazed with barbecue sauce, the rack of ribs lay nestled next to a pile of sweet coleslaw.
분사구, 주절
When
a participle phrase concludes a main clause and is describing the
word right in front of it, you need no punctuation to connect the two
sentence parts. The pattern looks like this:
Main Clause + Ø + Participle Phrase. 한국도 명사 뒤에 쓰인 분사구는 분사구라 한다
주절 + 명사 + 분사구
Mariah risked petting the pit bull wagging its stub tail.
But when a participle phrase concludes a main clause and modifies a word farther up in the sentence,
you will need a comma. The pattern looks like this:
분사구가 문장 한참 앞에 있는 명사를 수식할 경우라 했으므로
바로 앞에 있는 명사 house 수식은 아니기에
한참 앞에 있는 명사를 찾아보니 Cooper 밖에 없고
agree 를 하는 주체 역시도 Cooper 이므로
문장 주어인 Cooper 수식이 명백하기에
문두에 쓰인 분사구와 문미에 쓰인 분사구가
쓰인 위치만 달랐지 수식하는 대상은 둘 다 같다는 묘(?)한 수식관계가 나오는데
그 이유란 분사구는 수식어이기에 문두나 문미 어디나 쓸 수 있지만
문두에 쓰면 순서상 먼저거나 동시에 하는 준동작이거나 cause and effect 원인 유발의 분사구가 되고
후미에 쓰면 문장을 conclude 마무리하는 역할이 된다 한다
Main Clause + , + Participle Phrase.
Cooper enjoyed dinner at Audrey's house, agreeing to a large slice of cherry pie even though he was full to the point of bursting.
Cooper enjoyed dinner at Audrey's house, (Cooper) agreeing to a large slice of cherry pie even though he was full to the point of bursting.
영어인은 간단히 앞 명사 수식이라 하는데
and (participle phrase) modifies a word farther up in the sentence
한인은 부사절이나 형절의 축약형이라한다
만약에 문두에 쓴 분사구가 부사절 역할을 한다하면 비문으로 치는 현수분사 문제가 있을리 없다하겠는데 현수분사란 분사의 동작자/주체가 주절의 주어가 아닌 경우이다
Participle phrases are the most common modifier to misplace or dangle.
In clear, logical sentences, you will find modifiers right next to the words they describe.
Shouting with happiness, William celebrated his chance to interview at SunTrust.
Notice that the participle phrase sits right in front of William, the one doing the shouting.
William 이 분사인 shouting 을 한다하므로
바로 이 William이 분사가 수식하는 명사(고유명사)인 것이고
분사의 동작자가 주어로 쓰여야 수식관계가 바로된다
If too much distance separates a modifier and its target, the modifier is misplaced.
만약에 문두의 분사구가 주어수식이 아니고
주절문장 한참 뒤에 나오는 다른 명사라면 비문이 된다
Draped neatly on a hanger, William borrowed Grandpa's old suit to wear to the interview.
The suit, not William, is on the hanger! The modifier must come closer to the word it is meant to describe:
For the interview, William borrowed Grandpa's old suit, which was draped neatly on a hanger.
If the sentence fails to include a target, the modifier is dangling.
분사가 수식하는 명사가 아예 없다면 현수분사로 비문이 된다
Straightening his tie and smoothing his hair, the appointment time for the interview had finally arrived.
We assume William is about to interview, but where is he in the sentence?
Straightening 의 주체가 되는 명사가 어디 있는가?
We need a target for the participle phrase straightening his tie and smoothing his hair.
분사구의 준동작을 하는 대상이 필요하다
Straightening his tie and smoothing his hair, William was relieved that the appointment time for the interview had finally arrived.
위에서 증명해본 바 분사구가 문두에 쓰이면 분사구문으로 명칭이 바뀌는 것이 아니고 여전히 분사구고 시간대상 분사의 준동작이 본동작 보다도 우선이거나 동시 또는 원인제공을 하는 경우이기에 먼저 쓴 것이지만 분사의 동작자는 반드시 문장의 주어라야 하는 문법법칙 때문이기도 하여 현수분사라는 비표준 문제도 나오는 것이고 문법상 명사나 대명사인 주어수식이기에 분사구는 여전히 형용사역할이 되는 것이다
영어인이 요래 설명하는데 이 설명을 틀리다 하고 한국식 분사구문을 우긴다면 별수없겠지만 영어인들이 들으면 영어가 한글이라 한국식대로 하느냐고 비웃을 것이다
영어인 대학 웹사이트 https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/627/02/
Removinghis coat, Jack rushed to the river.
The participial phrase functions as an adjective modifying Jack. Removing (participle) his coat (direct object of action expressed in participle)
Having beena gymnast, Lynn knew the importance of exercise.
The participial phrase functions as an adjective modifying Lynn. Having been (participle) a gymnast (subject complement for Lynn, via state of being expressed in participle)
Having been a pole vaulter, Gale knew the importance of exercise.
The
participial phrase functions as an adjective modifying ‘Gale’.Having
been (participle)a pole vaulter (subject complement for Gale, due to
state of being expressed in participle)
Some students tend to think that the function of participle clauses is to incorporate more than one action in a sentence. They fail to realize that the two actions have to have some relationship, as illustrated in the following:
Cause-and-effect relationship: Having considerate parents, she could do whatever she wants.
Sequential relationship: Having locked the door, I went to sleep
The present participle for two actions at the same time
When
two actions occur at the same time, and are done by the same person or
thing, we can use a present participle to describe one of them. When one
action follows very quickly after another done by the same person or
thing, we can express the first action with a present participle. Examples
Whistling to himself, he walked down the road. = He whistled to himself as he walked down the road. They went laughing out into the snow. = They laughed as they went out into the snow. Dropping the gun, she put her hands in the air. = She dropped the gun and put her hands in the air. Putting on his coat, he left the house. = He put on his coat and left the house.
The present participle to explain a reason
The
present participle can be used instead of a phrase starting with as,
since, or because. In this usage the participial phrase explains the
cause or reason for an action. Examples
Feeling hungry, he went into the kitchen and opened the fridge. Being poor, he didn't spend much on clothes. Knowing that his mother was coming, he cleaned the flat. He whispered, thinking his brother was still asleep.
The following participial phrase describes the noun bear:
Grunting and snuffling noisily, the bear reached on tiptoe for our suspended food bags.
Above, suspended is a past participle form functioning as an adjective. Below, frozen and making introduce participial phrases:
Frozen in anticipation, our muffled breath making scarcely a sound, we watched the bear ascend the tree toward the ropes.
Frozen in anticipation modifies the pronoun we. Making scarcely a sound, on the other hand, modifies breath. Muffled is a participial adjective also describing breath.
영어나라에 없는 명칭인 독립분사구문 http://www.butte.edu/departments/cas/tipsheets/grammar/phrases.html
Absolute phrases modify absolutely everything. Unlike other modifiers, absolute phrases do not modify a particular word in a sentence; rather, they modify the entire
sentence--setting the scene or background overall, so to speak. An
absolute phrase typically consists of a noun (or pronoun) and a
participle (see "Participial phrases," above): umbrellas tossing in the wind, his hopes dashed at last.
In the following examples, notice that the absolute phrases cannot
logically be said to modify any particular word of the main clause:
Umbrellas tossing in the wind, the students at the bus stop huddled under the scant shelter of the elms. Rodrigo unhappily prepared to vacate and sell his dream home, his hopes for a reconciliation dashed at last.
Like appositives, absolute phrases are set off from the rest of the sentence by commas.
An
absolute phrase usually contains a noun or pronoun and a present or
past participle. It modifies the entire sentence that it is in. Zoos being top city attractions, the Berlin zoo is not to be missed. [absolute phrase contains present participle]
Think
of your man /as a series of concentric circles, his will being the
innermost, his intellect coming next,
and finally his fantasy.
분사구의 쓰인 위치는 달라도 역할은 여전히 형용사역할이다는 증거 https://webapps.towson.edu/ows/verbals.html
Participles and participial phrases should be placed near the nouns they modify. They may either precede or follow a noun.
예문
For the initial stretch of the trip, we head north on Interstate 29
toward Grand Forks,
my father at the wheel and me riding shotgun,
glinting fields and Russian olive trees flicking past.
위 문에서 독립명사구는 (독립분사구문) 두 개가 있는데
1. my father at the wheel and me riding shotgun,
2. glinting fields and Russian olive trees flicking past.
1번은 명사구A and 명사구B 구조이이나
명사구A는 my father /at the wheel 형/소유격+명+전치사구=명사구 ; 아빠는 운전대 잡고
명사구B 는 me /riding shotgun 대명사+분사구=명사구 구조로 쓰였다 ; 나는 조수석에 앉아
이 독립명사구가 주절에 속하지 않고 독립적으로 쓰여 문장 전체를 수식하는 부사역할이라 하므로
본문에 양상을 설명하는 내용이 추가되었다 이해하면 된다
"그랜드 폭스를 향해 북쪽방향 29번 연방고속도로 운전해 갔다, 아빠는 운전대 잡고 나는 조수석에 앉아서 "로 된다
2번은 명사구&명사구+분사구 구조로
(glinting fields and Russian olive trees) /flicking past (형+명&형+명=명사구) + 분사구
glinting 은 전치수식 형역분사고 /flicking past 는 후치수식 분사구이다
스쳐지나가는 햇빛에 반짝거리는 들판과 소련산 올리브 나무
본문과 합쳐 의역해석하자면
"그랜드 폭스를 향해 북쪽방향 29번 연방고속도로 운전해 갔는데,
아빠는 운전대 잡고 나는 조수석에 앉고 햇빛에 반짝거리는 들판과 소련산 올리브 나무는 휙휙 스쳐 지나갔다 "