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1866. 11. 12 중국 광둥 성[廣東省] 샹산[香山]~ 1925. 3. 12 베이징[北京]. 중국 국민당의 지도자.
초명(初名)은 디샹[帝象]. 자는 이셴[逸仙], 호는 르신[日新]·중산[中山]. 중국혁명의 선도자로 1911~12년 중화민국 초대 임시총통을 지냈고, 1923~25년 중국의 실질적인 통치자였다.
쑨원의 정치이념은 중국혁명의 이념적 토대가 된 3民주의로 요약된다.
삼민주의는 민족주의(民族主義)· 민권주의(民權主義)· 민생주의(民生主義)의 3원칙으로 구성되어 있으며, 이 3원칙은 하나로 연결되어 통일된 사상체계를 형성한다.
쑨원은 "삼민주의는 구국주의(救國主義)이다"라고 말했으며, 나아가 "중국의 국제적 지위의 평등, 정치적 지위의 평등, 경제적 지위의 평등을 촉지하여 중국을 영원한 세계의 독립국가로서 생존하게 하기 위한 것이다"라고 말하기도 했다.
여기에 민족·민권·민생 주의의 일반적 특색이 나타나 있다.
첫번째 원칙인 민족주의는 국족주의(國族主義)라고도 한다. 중국에는 가족과 종족의 단체가 있을 뿐 국가적 민족으로는 통합되어 있지 않기 때문에 여러 외국의 식민지가 되어 빈약한 나라로 전락했다는 것이다. 이러한 중국을 망국의 위기에서 구하기 위해 민족주의를 제창하고 민족정신을 중흥시키지 않으면 안 된다고 주장한 것이다.
2번째 원칙인 민권주의, 즉 '국민의 권리'는 '민주주의'라고도 하는데, 쑨원은 선거·발의권·국민투표·소환권 등과 같은 수단을 통해 중국 인민들에게 자신의 정부를 통제할 수 있는 권리를 부여함으로써 민권주의가 달성될 수 있다고 했다.
3번째 원칙인 민생주의, 즉 종종 '사회주의'로 통하는 '인민의 생활권'은 이 3원칙 가운데 가장 의미가 모호하다. 그러나 쑨원은 올바른 과세제도를 통한 토지 소유의 균등사상을 염두에 두고 민생주의라는 용어를 사용한 것으로 보인다.
Sun Yat-sen (12 November 1866 ? 12 March 1925) was a Chinese revolutionary, first president and founding father of the Republic of China ("Nationalist China"). As the foremost pioneer of Republic of China, Sun is referred to as the "Father of the Nation" in the Republic of China (ROC), and the "forerunner of democratic revolution" in the People's Republic of China. Sun played an instrumental role in the overthrow of the Qing dynasty during the Double Ten Revolution. Although he was in St. Louis, Missouri at the time, he was appointed to serve as president of the Provisional Republic of China, when it was founded in 1912. He later co-founded the Kuomintang (KMT), serving as its first leader. Sun was a uniting figure in post-Imperial China, and remains unique among 20th-century Chinese politicians for being widely revered amongst the people from both sides of the Taiwan Strait. Although Sun is considered one of the greatest leaders of modern China, his political life was one of constant struggle and frequent exile. After the success of the revolution, he quickly fell out of power in the newly founded Republic of China, and led successive revolutionary governments as a challenge to the warlords who controlled much of the nation. Sun did not live to see his party consolidate its power over the country during the Northern Expedition. His party, which formed a fragile alliance with the Communists, split into two factions after his death. Sun's chief legacy resides in his developing of the political philosophy known as the Three Principles of the People: nationalism, democracy, and the people's livelihood.
The original name of Sun Yatsen was Sun Wen (孫文) and his genealogical name was Sun Deming (孫德明). As a child, his "milk name" was Dixiang (帝象). The courtesy name of Sun Yat-sen was Zaizhi (載之), and his baptized name was Rixin (日新). While at school in Hong Kong he got the name Yat Sen (逸仙; Hanyu pinyin: Y?xi?n). Sun Zhongshan (孫中山), the most popular of his Chinese names, came from the "Nakayama" (中山) of Nakayama Sh? (中山樵), the Japanese name given to him by Miyazaki Touten.
Birthplace and early life It is often claimed that Sun Yat-sen was born on 12 November 1866 to a Cantonese Hakka family. His birthplace is commonly said to have been the village of Cuiheng, Xiangshan (later Zhongshan county), Guangzhou prefecture, Guangdong Province. There is, however, some evidence to suggest that he was actually born at Ewa in Honolulu, Hawaii. These claims that he was born in Hawaii have been disputed by some. His early education took place in Hawaii.[12] What seems to be beyond dispute is that, while still quite young, he was already living a comfortable life, of modest wealth, in Hawaii.
Education years 
At age 10, Sun Yat-sen began seeking schooling. It is also at this point where he met childhood friend Lu Hao-tung. By age 13 in 1878 after receiving a few years of local schooling, Sun went to live with his elder brother, Sun Mei (孫眉) in Honolulu. Sun Yat-sen then studied at ?Iolani School where he learned English, British history, mathematics, science, and Christianity. Originally unable to speak the English language, Sun Yat-sen picked up the language so quickly that he received a prize for outstanding achievement from King David Kal?kaua. Sun graduated from Iolani in 1882. Then attended Oahu College (now known as Punahou School), for one semester. In 1883 he was soon sent home to China as his brother was becoming afraid that Sun Yat-sen would embrace Christianity. When he returned home in 1883 at age 17, Sun met up with his childhood friend Lu Hao-tung at Beijidian (北極殿), a temple in Cuiheng Village. They saw many villagers worshipping the Beiji (literally North Pole) Emperor-God in the temple, and were dissatisfied with their ancient healing methods. They broke the statue, incurring the wrath of fellow villagers, and escaped to Hong Kong. While in Hong Kong in 1883 he studied at the Diocesan Boys' School and from 1884 to 1886 he was at the government Central school. In 1886 Sun studied medicine at the Guangzhou Boji Hospital under the Christian missionary John G. Kerr. Ultimately, he earned the license of Christian practice as a medical doctor from the Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese (the forerunner of The University of Hong Kong) in 1892. Notably, of his class of 12 students, Sun was one of only two who graduated. Christian baptism Sun was later baptized in Hong Kong by an American missionary of the Congregational Church of the United States to his brother's disdain. The minister would also develop a friendship with Sun. Sun attended To Tsai Church (道濟會堂, founded by the London Missionary Society in 1888) while he studied Western Medicine in Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese (香港華人西醫書院). Sun pictured a revolution as similar to the salvation mission of the Christian church. His conversion to Christianity was related to his revolutionary ideals and push for advancement. Sun later became the godfather of Paul Linebarger, a science-fiction writer. Sun Yat-sen was married to Soong Ching-Ling. Soong Ching-Ling's sister, Soong May-Ling, was married to Chiang Kai-shek, and thus the two leaders were brothers-in-law through marriage to the Soong sisters. Soong Ching-Ling's father was an American-educated Methodist minister Charlie Soong, who made a fortune in banking and printing; though he had been a personal friend of Sun's, he was enraged when Sun announced his intention to marry Ching-ling because, as Sun was himself a Christian and already married with three children, Charlie viewed Sun's actions as running directly against their shared religion. Their mother was Ni Kwei-tseng (倪桂珍 N? Gu?zh?n).
Transformation into a revolutionary
Four Bandits During the Qing Dynasty rebellion around 1888 Sun was in Hong Kong with a group of revolutionary thinkers that was nicknamed the Four Bandits at the Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese. Sun, who had grown increasingly frustrated by the conservative Qing government and its refusal to adopt knowledge from the more technologically advanced Western nations, quit his medical practice in order to devote his time to transforming China. |
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출처: 시너먼 원문보기 글쓴이: 시너먼
