PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE
가 역할; Prepositional Phrase 전치사구는 형용사적이나 부사적 역할
나. 위치; 형역 전치사구는 명사 뒷자리에 고정되나 부역 전치사구는 이동성이 있음
다. 구별방법;
1. 형역은 which one 에 대한 답변
At long last, police took [command /of the phone line].
which command?
command /of the phone line
[The book /on the bathroom floor] is swollen /from shower steam.
Which book?
The one /on the bathroom floor!
2. 부역은 do/be where/when/how/why 등에 대한 답변이 되는걸로 구별한다
Understand what prepositional phrases do /in a sentence.
do where?
do in a sentence.
Before class, Josh begged his friends for a pencil.
When did Josh do his begging?
Before class!
형역 전구 예문
She had [an appointment /in traffic court /in Shelbyville], over a minor violation.
At long last, police took [command /of the phone line].
They now controlled [McAninch's access /to the outside world] through a police negotiator.
* 주어수식인데 동사 뒤에 쓰인 경우; 주부가 길어지는걸 피하기 위함
No quality is so annoying /in someone else as you don't like one in yourself.
부역
1. 자동사 바로 뒤
A prepositional phrase will function /as an adjective or adverb.
Schrenker was supposed to testify /about an analysis he had done /on the pension plan's viability
2. 타동사와 목적 사이
목적으로 쓰인 명사구가 길기에 문미에 쓰면 명사구 소속으로 오해될 수도 있기에 동사 뒤에 씀
This God has given /to each of us [grace in full measure according to the Anointed’s gift]
No person or thing can fix /from the outside [a perspective that needs rewiring on the inside].
My colleague John Stonestreet noted /in a recent commentary [the need for Christian schools /to offer a truly Christian worldview].
3. 목적 뒤
angry investors who accuse him /of stealing potentially millions in savings they entrusted /to him.
So, we entrusted him /with a task he never produced."
Police put gunmen in place.
4. 목적 수식의 전치사구 뒤
Two Christian writers offered [very different answers /to this question] / in recent articles.
They now controlled [McAninch's access /to the outside world] /through a police negotiator.
전치사 + 동명사구
There was a time //when these sorts of skills were crucial /to fulfilling the creation mandate.
전치사 + 의문사절
Schrenker was supposed to testify /about an analysis he had done /on the pension plan's viability
Pulling up hard, Stricklin was trying to get the plane /into a position /in which he just might survive an ejection and still spare the crowd below.
Understand what prepositional phrases do /in a sentence.
A prepositional phrase will function /as an adjective or adverb.
As an adjective, the prepositional phrase will answer the question Which one?
Read these examples:
[The book /on the bathroom floor] is swollen /from shower steam.
Which book? The one /on the bathroom floor!
The sweet potatoes /in the vegetable bin are green /with mold.
Which sweet potatoes? The ones forgotten /in the vegetable bin!
The note /from Beverly confessed that she had eaten the leftover pizza.
Which note? The one from Beverly!
As an adverb, a prepositional phrase will answer questions such as How? When? or Where?
Freddy is stiff /from yesterday's long football practice.
How did Freddy get stiff? From yesterday's long football practice!
Before class, Josh begged his friends /for a pencil.
When did Josh do his begging? Before class!
Feeling brave, we tried the Dragon Breath Burritos /at Tito's Taco Palace.
Where did we eat the spicy food? At Tito's Taco Palace!
A prepositional phrase consists of
a preposition, a noun or pronoun that serves /as the object of the
preposition, and, more often than not, an adjective or two that modifies
the object. Ernest Hemingway apparently fell /in love /with the rhythms
of his prepositional phrases /at the beginning of his short story
"Hills Like White Elephants":
The hills across the valley /of
the Ebro were long and white. On this side there was no shade and no
trees and the station was /between two lines of rails in the sun. Close
against the side /of the station there was the warm shadow /of the
building and a curtain, made /of strings /of bamboo beads, hung /across
the open door /into the bar, to keep out flies. The American and the
girl /with him sat /at a table/ in the shade, outside the building. It
was very hot and the express /from Barcelona would come /in forty
minutes. It stopped /at this junction /for two minutes and went on /to
Madrid.
Prepositional phrases usually tell when or where: "in
forty minutes," "in the sun, against the side, etc." Prepositional
phrases can perform other functions, however: Except Jo, the children
were remarkably like their father.
A prepositional phrase at the
beginning of a sentence constitutes an introductory modifier, which is
usually a signal for a comma. However, unless an introductory
prepositional phrase is unusually long, we seldom need to follow it with
a comma.
You may have learned that ending a sentence with a
preposition is a serious breach of grammatical etiquette. It doesn't
take a grammarian to spot a sentence-ending preposition, so this is an
easy rule to get caught up on (!). Although it is often easy to remedy
the offending preposition, sometimes it isn't, and repair efforts
sometimes result in a clumsy sentence. Based on shaky historical
precedent, the rule itself is a latecomer to the rules of writing. Those
who dislike the rule are fond of recalling Churchill's rejoinder:
<"That is nonsense up with which I shall not put." We should also
remember the child's complaint (attributed to E.B. White): "What did you
bring that book that I don't like to be read to out of up for?"
PP 전구
Today he and Jones spend their days/ in a home they rent just blocks from the one he lost.
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문두에나 후미에 나온 전치사
How much does it retail for?
If I were to be picky, I would move the preposition.
The
only place it sounds correct is at the beginning of the sentence, but
this would mean a whole independent clause is the object of the
preposition…which cannot be right can it?
if you’re picky, say, “For how much does it retail?” But it sounds more natural as it is.
However,
moving for doesn’t change anything. Since the sentence is a question,
it’s grammatically “It does retail for how much?” regardless of the
actual word order.
What some people think of as harmless fun can result in lifelong consequences.
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Be 동사 뒤에온 전구
He is in Asia.
“in
Asia” is a prep phrase (adverbial) indicating where he is. Adverbial
prep phrases are common after the verb to be. It’s a bit like saying “He
lives in Asia.”
예문
I don’t think “For how much” would end
up being an independent clause as the object of the preposition. “how
much” isn’t really an independent clause.
If you HAD to avoid the preposition at the end, you could rephrase the sentence: “What is the retail price?”
But what you brought up is really part of a more general issue.
Many
verbs get entirely different meanings with the addition of
prepositions. “Look up” does not mean the same thing as “look” - or
even “look at.”
That makes it hard to avoid saying “Here are all the words I have to look up.”
What else could be said? “Of all the words I have to look up, here they are.”
Not
only is that ridiculous in its own right, it doesn’t even really avoid
the problem, except as a technicality—adding some words after “look up”
so it’s technically not the very last part of the sentence.
That’s
just as shabby a solution as rephrasing the sentence to read, “Here are
all the words I have to look up for my assignment.”
This devious trick does not solve the problem (if there is one) so much as obfuscate it.
I think the so-called “rule” about ending a sentence with a preposition is just silly.
It must have begun as “style” advice—a way to prevent sentences from trickling out on a weak note.
Then for some reason, it became generalized as a law of prescriptive grammar.
The same trend is at work nowadays with the advice to avoid all forms of the verb “to be.”
If we’re not careful, the forms of “to be” could end up on the same “Bad List” as the word “me.”
There’s nothing wrong with “look up”—or “retail for,” for that matter.
Right. I think people should be mindful of the effect their words have on others.
If
one is liable to be judged on this usage by people who are not known to
know better, it might be expedient to avoid the issue.
An
application for the position of high school English teacher may not be
the appropriate soapbox for the demonstration of one’s maverick
grammatical theories—particularly if the educations and intelligence of
the School Board members may be doubted.
Anyway, I certainly doubt it.
Out of the many times// my friends and I tried it, I'd say (that) about 40 percent of the adults //we asked would go along.
I've seen the devastating effects that alcohol has had in many people's lives, including my own.
I'm not sure if it's that some adults these days are not well-informed /about the effects of alcohol /on the human body
If your conscience doesn't get to you, the law will.
Condenser coils are located on the back of the fridge or across the bottom.
He paused for a moment. When he resumed, he spoke with even more fervor to the 56 young men sitting before him.
형역 전치사구
# Visitors from the Bizarro world arrived yesterday.
He saved me from getting hit in the head by a basketball."
"A
young woman with long hair and a short white halter dress walks through
the casino at the Riviera in Las Vegas at one in the morning.
# The candles on the handles of my bicycle flickered.
# Last night I watched a YouTube video about green kangaroos.
# The spaceship from Pluto landed in the desert.
부역 전치사구
The cat jumped and pounced.
(What did the cat jump off of? What did the cat pounce on?)
The cat jumped off the stove and pounced on the gerbil.
He saved me from getting hit in the head by a basketball."(???)
# The students laughed at the monkey on a scooter.
# The man tripped over his own feet.
# Gus hid the candy bar in a dirty sock.
# Sid sat in a tub of Jell-O with his cat.
# The teacher spoke to the principal about a pay raise.
# The spaceship from Pluto landed in the desert.
# Jenny stood on the roof of the garage, raised her Super Soaker water gun, and aimed it at her little brother below.
Building Sentences with Prepositional Phrases
Prepositional
phrases may do more than just add minor details to a sentence: they
may, in fact, be needed for a sentence to make sense. Consider the
vagueness of this sentence without prepositional phrases:
The workers gather a rich variety and distribute it.
Now see how the sentence comes into focus when we add prepositional phrases:
From many sources, the workers at the Community Food Bank gather a rich
variety of surplus and unsalable food and distribute it to soup
kitchens, day-care centers, and homes for the elderly.
Notice how these added prepositional phrases give us more information about certain nouns and verbs in the sentence:
* Which workers?
The workers at the Community Food Bank.
* What did they gather?
A rich variety of surplus and unsalable food.
* Where did they gather the food?
From many sources.
* Who did they distribute it to?
To soup kitchens, day-care centers, and homes for the elderly.
전치사구는 위치를 변경할 수 있다
A prepositional phrase often appears after the word it modifies:
A spaceship from Venus landed in my back yard.
However,
like adverbs, prepositional phrases that modify verbs can also be found
at the very beginning or very end of a sentence:
In the morning, the Venusians mowed my lawn.
The Venusians mowed my lawn in the morning.
In both versions, the prepositional phrase in the morning modifies the verb mowed.
전구 바로 정렬하기
PRACTICE: Rearranging Prepositional Phrases
Break
up the long string of phrases in the sentence below by creating two
sentences. Be sure to include all of the details contained in the
original sentence.
Up and down the coast the line of the
forest is drawn sharp and clean in the brilliant colors of a wet blue
morning in spring on the edge of a seascape of surf and sky and rocks.
Eliminating Needless Modifiers 불필요한 전구 짜르기
We
can improve our writing by using adjectives, adverbs, and prepositional
phrases that add to the meaning of sentences. We can also improve our
writing by eliminating modifiers that add nothing to the meaning. A good
writer does not waste words, so let's cut the clutter.
The following sentence is wordy because some of the modifiers are repetitious or insignificant:
Wordy: The steward was really a very friendly and agreeable man, quite
round, rotund, and sleek, with a very costly set of dimples around his
terribly pleasant smile.
We can make this sentence more concise (and thus more effective) by cutting out the repetitious and overworked modifiers:
Revised: The steward was an agreeable man, rotund, and sleek, with a costly set of dimples around his smile.
(Lawrence Durrell, Bitter Lemons)
PRACTICE: Cutting the Clutter
Make this sentence more concise by eliminating needless modifiers:
It was a rainy morning, dull, wet, and gray, in the early part of the month of December.
위치가 잘못되어 헷갈리는 전치사구
we need to be careful not to confuse our readers by misplacing a prepositional phrase:
The Venusians swam for two hours after lunch in my pool.
This
arrangement gives the idea that the visitors from Venus enjoyed lunch
in the pool. If this is not the case, shift the prepositional phrase:
After lunch, the Venusians swam for two hours in my pool.
전치사구가 너무 많아 헷갈리는 문장
Although
several prepositional phrases may appear in the same sentence, avoid
packing in so many phrases that you confuse the reader. The sentence
below, for example, is cluttered and awkward:
On a rickety
stool in one corner of the crowded honky tonk, the folk singer sits
playing lonesome songs on his battered old guitar about warm beer, cold
women, and long nights on the road.
In this case, the best way to break up the string of phrases is to make two sentences:
On a rickety stool in one corner of the crowded honky tonk, the folk
singer sits hunched over his battered old guitar. He plays lonesome
songs about warm beer, cold women, and long nights on the road.
A long sentence is not necessarily an effective sentence.
* Adding Prepositional Phrases to the Basic Sentence Unit
* What Is Sentence Combining and How Does It Work?
After
you have completed the exercise, compare your new sentences with the
original sentences on page two. Keep in mind that many combinations are
possible, and in some cases you may prefer your own sentences to the
original versions.
여러 문장을 하나로 함축해보기
1. A mouse darted.
It darted across the salad bar.
This happened during the luncheon.
2. We traveled this summer.
We traveled by train.
We traveled from Biloxi.
We traveled to Dubuque.
3. The convertible swerved, crashed, and caromed.
It swerved off the road.
It crashed through the guardrail.
It caromed off a maple tree.
4. Mick planted seeds.
He planted them in his garden.
He did this after the quarrel.
The quarrel was with Mr. Jimmy.
5. Grandpa dropped his teeth.
His teeth were false.
His teeth dropped into a glass.
There was prune juice in the glass.
6. Lucy played.
She was behind the sofa.
She was with her friend.
Her friend was imaginary.
They played for hours.
7. There was a man.
He wore a chicken costume.
He dashed across the field.
He did this before the ballgame.
The ballgame was on Sunday afternoon.
8. A man stood, looking down.
He stood upon a railroad bridge.
The bridge was in northern Alabama.
He was looking down into the water.
The water was twenty feet below.
The water was swift.
9. The gray-flannel fog closed off the Salinas Valley.
It was the fog of winter.
The fog was high.
The Salinas Valley was closed off from the sky.
And the Salinas Valley was closed off from all the rest of the world.
10. I climbed to my perch.
I did this one night.
The night was hot.
The night was in the summer.
The night was in 1949.
It was my usual perch.
My perch was in the press box.
The press box was cramped.
The press box was above the stands.
The stands were wooden.
These were the stands of the baseball park.
The baseball park was in Lumberton, North Carolina.
집약된 문장
# During the luncheon, a mouse darted across the salad bar.
# This summer we traveled by train from Biloxi to Dubuque.
# The convertible swerved off the road, crashed through the guardrail, and caromed off a maple tree.
# After his quarrel with Mr. Jimmy, Mick planted seeds in his garden.
# Grandpa dropped his false teeth into a glass of prune juice.
# Lucy played behind the couch for hours with her imaginary friend.
# Before the ballgame on Sunday afternoon, a man in a chicken costume dashed across the field.
# A man stood upon a railroad bridge in northern Alabama, looking down into the swift waters twenty feet below.
(Ambrose Bierce, "An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge")
# The high gray-flannel fog of winter closed off the Salinas Valley from the sky and from all the rest of the world.
(John Steinbeck, "The Chrysanthemums")
#
One hot night in the summer of 1949, I climbed to my usual perch in the
cramped press box above the wooden stands of the baseball park in
Lumberton, North Carolina.
(Tom Wicker, "Baseball")