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Narrator: According to legend, without Pocahontas, the Capitol itself might not exist. The story is part of the country's DNA. But did it really happen? Townsend: John Smith sent a report home to England as soon as he was released, a couple months later, and he never said anything about that at all. In fact, he said that they treated him with what kindness they could, was a quote, and clearly wanted to negotiate with him, form some sort of trade relationship. Narrator: It's possible that Smith misinterpreted an adoption ceremony as an execution. Horn: Another theory is that he was being tested by, by Indian priests as to whether he was worthy of being saved. And this culminates when he reaches Werowocomoco because Powhatan offers to adopt him as a Powhatan, the elite group of this Chiefdom. Penney: His capture and then his release was an attempt to make him a kind of captain or a member of the Confederacy to try to bring Jamestown under the rule of Powhatan. Atkins: After John Smith is saved, Powhatan refers to him as "Son." And some have argued that that was his way of initiating Smith into this kind of Powhatan system of hierarchy where John Smith is now his son, Powhatan is his father. You are subservient to your father, right? Narrator: Adopting Smith would make perfect sense for a shrewd leader like Powhatan. Horn: John Smith is going to be a valuable ally of the Powhatans within James Fort. They want to turn, if you like, one of the leaders to their cause. Narrator: Ceremony or execution, historians don't believe Pocahontas would have been present. Penney: Experts insist that she was far too young as a young woman to participate in ceremonies like that. Um, so very likely, from their perspective, she didn't participate. Narrator: If it happened at all, Smith kept the life-saving story under wraps for decades. Although he published about his Virginia adventures in 1608 and 1612, it doesn't appear in print until his 1624 book, "Generall Historie of Virginia." Townsend: Only years later, when all the principals were dead, did he come up with that story. Nobody was left to contradict it. Narrator: He also spins the romantic tale. Smith: Wouldn't it be cool if the daughter of the Indian guy fell in love with the leader of the English colony and they had this hot romance and lived happily ever after? Narrator: From a literary point of view, it makes a much better story. Of course, she was around 11 years old. He was 27. Penney: They certainly knew of each other, but the romance between them very likely was total fiction on John Smith's part. Narrator: In fact, Smith has a history of fictionalizing his adventures. Ganteaume: Today, Captain Smith is considered a fabulist, that he exaggerated a lot of his tales. Narrator: He'd told the identical story more than once before. Ganteaume: Tales about princesses, young women in other parts of the world also coming in and saving his life just when he was about to be dispatched. Narrator: But truth or invention, the story of Pocahontas saving his life takes on a life of its own. A century and a half later, when America achieves independence from Britain, it's back in the spotlight. Penney: The United States wanted to define themselves in contrast to their European origins. How are we American and how are we different from our European foundations? American Indians provided, you know, a kind of a route, a pathway. Narrator: From then on, it is taught to generation after generation of American schoolchildren. Townsend: Noah Webster wrote not only a dictionary but also a textbook. And that textbook was used in most of the public schools, and so they all got to know the story of this Pocahontas who had loved white men so much, especially John Smith, and had thrown herself over his body to save him. And once a whole generation is told a story that they love, it tends to last. And this one lasted all through the years. Narrator: So is the story of Pocahontas all a myth? Not exactly. She probably didn't save Smith's life, but she did help save the colony itself. She frequently delivers much-needed food to the fort. And she quickly becomes bilingual. Townsend: There is real evidence that she was functioning as a translator, as a useful and successful translator within months. Horn: Language is critical. Early on there, there was a good deal of misunderstanding. Uh, sign language has got limits, obviously. Townsend: John Smith recorded a sort of set of language lessons that he had had with her-- simple phrases and then simple sentences in the Algonquian language that the Powhatans spoke. And in these sentences, he mentions Pocahontas. So he will say, Pocahontas says bring me two baskets. And then he will write those same words in the Algonquian language that she was teaching him. [Pocahontas speaks Algonquian word] [Smith repeats Algonquian word] [Pocahontas repeats Algonquian word] Narrator: The written record of their language lessons are the only sentences of the now extinct Algonquian language that survive. It was also a matter of survival for John Smith. Horn: Smith is leveraging this position whereby he's the only one who can talk to the great Chief and therefore leverage his position amongst the English. So the rise and fall of John Smith is intimately connected with language and his ability to speak Algonquian and his relationship with, with Powhatan and with Pocahontas. Narrator: For her part, Pocahontas becomes a crucial figure in Jamestown-- a child ambassador from the tribe whose goodwill is keeping the colonists alive. Townsend: All the English at the fort, at the Jamestown fort, knew her, knew about her. She was a famous Indian to them. Not quite so famous as her father, father, Powhatan, but well known to them nonetheless. Narrator: For one thing, numerous accounts from Jamestown colonists tell us she was famous for her cartwheels. But the days of playing in the sunshine won't last. From the original 104 settlers, only 38 remain by the end of 1607. A resupply ship brings new blood and food, but much is lost in a fire in early 1608. A year after arriving in Jamestown, the English still don't seem like a threat to the Powhatan. But they are one. Narrator: John Smith and Pocahontas have become pop culture icons. Al Jolson: Now here's what I'd like to know Who played poker with Pocahontas When John Smith went away? Narrator: But what really separates them is not very funny. In 1608, Smith becomes President of the colony. He runs a tight ship. John Smith: He that will not work shall not eat. Narrator: He has negotiated a tenuous peace and the all-important supply of food with the Powhatan. But he can't give the Indians the one thing they really want. Horn: What they want from the English is English weaponry. Copper as well, but primarily weaponry, And not just steel-edged weapons. Um, not just swords and poleaxes and so on. They want firearms. [Gunshot] They want cannon, and they want muskets and pistols. Narrator: Naturally, the Virginia Company's Charter forbids this. Horn: Because he can't deliver, those personal relationships that Smith had built his fortunes around broke down. That was the end of his preeminence, really, in the colony. Narrator: Never well-liked, his hard-line leadership results in more than one attempt on his life. He survives but is injured. Townsend: He was losing popularity among the men. It was time to go home for political reasons. Narrator: Nursing his wounds, he sets sail to England. Pocahontas is told he has died, and her visits to Jamestown come to an end. Following Smith's departure, conditions in James fort again grow desperate. Townsend: The white people had worn out their welcome. The Indians were no longer bringing corn and other foodstuffs, either as gifts or even to sell. Um, and in fact the Indians sometimes were attacking them when they left the fort. So the English couldn't even plant crops and try to live on that. Narrator: In 1609, their salvation sets sail from England-- A great fleet carrying 500 more settlers and supplies for all. But nothing goes according to plan. Horn: This fleet was caught in a hurricane in the Atlantic. Many of the ships were damaged, and stores were damaged. So 500 people arrive at Jamestown without sufficient provisions. At the same time, there'd been plague in one of those ships that arrived, so you have lack of provisions, disease that swept through Jamestown, and then Indian peoples choose that moment to... to attack the English to get rid of them. So you have a trifecta, really, of disasters. Narrator: As cold turns to freezing, hunger turns to starvation. They eat rats. They boil and eat their belts and shoes, and when those are gone, they are forced into a darker Corner. The 2012 discovery of a colonist's skull-- a teenage girl-- led Jamestown archeologists to a grisly reality. She had been eaten. Doug Owsley: I've seen cannibalism in many different situations, actually, in North America, prehistoric North America, for instance, and there's just no doubt that that occurred. Narrator: This wasn't murder. The girl, reconstructed here, was already dead when some unknown starving settlers consumed her. Owsley: There are chops here, four to the forehead, that are very tentative in the sense that they do cut into the bone, But they don't go very deep. It's not something that the person was alive, because you would never get such closely spaced chops. Narrator: It's the first known evidence of survival cannibalism in North America. Owsley: It completely speaks to just how horrible the time was and the fact that they just had nothing to eat. [Sobbing] Narrator: By the end of winter, more than 150 English-- nearly 75% of the colony-- are gone. 60-some desperate colonists abandon the fort, only to be turned around by another ship from England and a new Governor, Lord De La Warr. His supplies resurrect the colony, but open warfare with the Indians now threatens its survival. Man: And fire! [Gunfire] In 1613, Pocahontas, now a grown woman of 16, once again becomes the colony's unlikely savior. She's visiting the nearby Patowomeck tribe when her Indian hosts, threatened with war by an English ship Captain, lure her onto his vessel and betray her. Penney: The kidnapping of Pocahontas is plotted and achieved as a part of creating this kind of leverage over the Powhatan confederacy in order to maintain a certain amount of stability and peace And also to maintain the trade, which for Jamestown means food. Narrator: Pocahontas is the currency that pays for the colony's survival. She is held prisoner aboard ship for days, then marched from the port through the gates of James fort. The place she played as a child is now a village of unfamiliar faces. The English demand a ransom of hostages and stolen weapons, which goes only partially paid. Negotiations will drag on for more than a year. Inside the fort walls, in this English world, Pocahontas, the Powhatan woman, is remade, at least on the surface. Ganteaume: We don't know what was going on in her head. She was involved in all these incredible events during a very momentous time in history, but we do not know what she was thinking. Narrator: We do know what she meant to the colony. Horn: Pocahontas, her status as the daughter of the great Chief is, is hugely important to the English. Narrator: She's important as a piece of collateral, but she's also seen as a soul ripe for conversion. Horn: The Church of England was only 50 years old at the time of the founding of Virginia. It was well known that the Spanish had converted millions of Indian peoples to Catholicism in South America and Middle America. North America was to be English, and it was to be Anglican. It was to be Protestant. Building The Church of England by bringing in the entire Powhatan nation was the first step to converting all Indian peoples in North America to the Anglican Church. Narrator: Baptizing Pocahontas was the first step in converting the Powhatan nation. Horn: That's why it was important that she was directly related to the great Chief. Narrator: Over the months in captivity, she's instructed in the Anglican faith, and she becomes the first indigenous person to convert to Christianity in the English New World. She is baptized "Rebecca." A soul saved that helped the English justify the moral correctness of colonization. Pocahontas: ... Upon the earth. Chief Robert Gray: Europeans and Christians loved the idea of coming over here to save the poor heathen Indians from themselves, spread Christianity, and steal our land at the same time. Narrator: Was Pocahontas helping them do it? Was she truly devout? Or was she brainwashed by her kidnappers? Townsend: Was she exhibiting something like the Stockholm Syndrome? That is that she was, had become so disempowered, so victimized, that in her psychological devastation, she was identifying with the people who had power over her. Narrator: The same questions are asked again more than three centuries later with the kidnapping of another important daughter. When heiress Patricia Hearst is captured by a radical leftist group in 1974, she appears to join their cause-- even helping them rob a bank-- And raises comparisons to Pocahontas. Smith: There become these analyses in the Press that talk about, well, gee, Pocahontas was a daughter of a really rich and powerful leader. She was kidnapped, and then we didn't quite know what side she was for. Was she still with her people? Was she for the English? [Bell tolling] Narrator: We still don't know, but the woman who is both Rebecca and Matoaka, nicknamed Pocahontas, is about to meet another Englishman named John. Unlike John Smith, this would be a real love story. Or would it? [Crowd cheering] Narrator: On the silver screen, the romance of Pocahontas and John Smith plays like a fairy tale. In real life, there may also have been romance, but with an entirely different suitor. While a hostage in Jamestown, she meets a wealthy planter named John Rolfe. In 1614, Rolfe writes to Sir Thomas Dale, Governor of the colony, declaring and defending his love for Pocahontas. John Rolfe: To whom my heart and best thoughts are, and have long time been so entangled, and enthralled in so intricate a labyrinth. Narrator: Rolfe is clearly smitten. Pocahontas may have been motivated by more diplomatic thinking. Her father ruled over a confederacy formed by matrimonial alliances, and he readily agreed to the match. Atkins: This alliance through marriage was, I think, twofold: To end the warfare, but to also help Powhatan have more of an influence over the colony. Horn: Was it a marriage of convenience, that it guaranteed her safety? Did she love John Rolfe? Who knows, really? Narrator: The Governor grants his permission, and they marry on April 5, 1614. [Applause] In 2010, archeologists discovered the site of the wedding. William Kelso: In our excavations in the fort, we found various building sites, One of which was the first church. And it was there that Pocahontas was married in 1614, and according to the ceremony, we can tell you exactly where in the church she stood. Now, I think that... that gives me the goosebumps. Narrator: Today, visitors can stand on the actual spot where the ceremony took place. Once Virginia is firmly established, this kind of interracial union will first become unthinkable and then, after the abolition of slavery, illegal. Three and a half centuries later, less than 100 miles from Jamestown, another couple will invoke Pocahontas and challenge that law. Mildred Jeter, of African American and Native American Descent, marries Richard Loving, who is white. Like Rebecca and John Rolfe, their wedding will make history. Smith: These are two of the most famous interracial marriages, you know, in North America, And with such consequences. Narrator: The Lovings were jailed for marrying and forced to leave their home state. At trial, the judge declared: Man: "Almighty God created the races, white, black, yellow, malay and red, and he placed them on separate continents. The fact that he separated the races shows that he did not intend for them to mix." Narrator: The couple took their case to the Supreme Court, and in 1967, the decision in Loving V. Virginia invalidated the prohibition of interracial marriage nationwide. Smith: It's really powerful that, um, how central that was and how appropriate it was that decision happened in Virginia. I think that's really kind of perfect. Narrator: Pocahontas' marriage also had political ramifications. As Governor Thomas Dale wrote in 1614, it ushered in a period known as "The Pocahontas Peace." Thomas Dale: Powhatan's daughter is since married to an English gentleman of good understanding, another knot to bind this peace the stronger. Narrator: The royal hostage had become a bride and a diplomat putting the colony on steady ground. Townsend: When John Rolfe and Pocahontas married, the English agreed to stop demanding tribute, payments in corn from Powhatan, and to stop demanding that they return all the weapons they had stolen. And the Indians agreed that, for a while at any rate, they would stop attacking the English whenever they left the fort. Narrator: During this honeymoon period, Rebecca and John Rolfe have a baby boy. They name him Thomas. Townsend: John Rolfe wrote in ecstatic terms both about the peace and about the life he was living on the farm with, with Pocahontas. Narrator: On that farm, Rolfe experiments with a crop that will reverse the fortunes of the colony and determine the future of the country: Tobacco. Penney: North American tobacco, Nicotiana Rustica, um, was much harsher and not as pleasant to smoke socially as Southern tobaccos-- Uh, Nicotiana Tobacum, for example, which was the tobacco that the Spanish were exporting. The Spanish guarded their access to that species of tobacco very carefully. It was a capital offense to sell tobacco seeds from the South. Narrator: We don't know how Rolfe acquired the precious seeds, but he introduces the Southern tobacco to Jamestown. And according to oral tradition, he learns Powhatan methods for curing tobacco from Pocahontas-- hanging it to dry rather than laying it on the ground. Townsend: It grew so well and sold for so much money back in London that pretty soon almost all of the Virginia colonists were planting tobacco, even when they should have been planting food. Narrator: Despite high hopes for gold or a route west, Jamestown has never delivered on the investment of its backers... until now. But Rolfe's tobacco is a devil's bargain. Smith: You know, this incredibly addictive drug that's killed millions of people around the world, um, depletes soil, everything else. Narrator: It will create a demand for labor that will kick off the slave trade and force Indians off their land. But in the 16-teens, The golden leaf was simply a money maker. The first of its kind in Virginia. Its success will also propel Pocahontas' fame. Ganteaume: Her association with tobacco, which never goes away, It starts being used to sell tobacco. Narrator: In her lifetime, she's going to be used to sell something else-- America itself. [Bell ringing] [Yelling in distance] Narrator: In 1616, Pocahontas boards an English ship for the second time. It is captained by the very same man who kidnapped her just three years before. But on this voyage, she is an honored guest of the Virginia Company, setting sail for London. Townsend: She was pressured to go with her husband and her then very young toddler child to England by the Virginia Company because they needed, desperately needed to use the marriage, her marriage to John Rolfe, as proof that the settlement was viable, that the Indians weren't going to attack, and that it was safe to settle there. Narrator: She is very possibly the perfect person for the job. Ganteaume: So, all throughout the 1500s, Europeans were thinking of indigenous peoples as cannibals, as idolaters, as brutish, and most of all as being irredeemably non-Christian. Ok. Enter Pocahontas. She is none of these things. Narrator: In London, all things Virginia are the rage. The 1609 Bermuda Shipwreck of the Sea Venture-- The ship John Rolfe sailed on to the New World-- inspired Shakespeare's "The Tempest" and romanticized the promise of Virginia. Pocahontas arrives to find herself very much in fashion. Ganteaume: She took Europe by storm. She shows up speaking English in Elizabethan garb. She shows up as a Christian wife. She shows up as somebody who was invited to the court of King James. So, Pocahontas right away becomes somebody that Europeans can relate to and they can understand. Narrator: To advertise her visit, the Virginia Company commissions her portrait. Townsend: Simon Van De Passe, an artist at the time, was asked by the Virginia Company to sketch her and then make an engraving for a brochure. Narrator: It's the only picture of her made from life. Townsend: It is noteworthy that he did not, at that time, attempt to make her look like your average white English girl or German girl or French girl. Right. She is very clearly in that image a native American person. Narrator: What did she think of it all? The image contains clues. Townsend: They wanted to prove to the London public that the Indians love us, the Indians want us to go to Virginia. so they needed an image of a happy Indian dressed in Elizabethan clothes, okay. But sometimes I wonder if it was partly her decision to put on that fierce expression staring straight out. Narrator: And then there is the Algonquian word for Virginia, phonetically spelled out in English. Townsend: Around the band of the picture there is text. Then underneath, it says Virginia, that is called Tsenacommacah. So where could Simon Van De Passe, the artist, have gotten his information? Clearly from her. Narrator: She may well have been carefully controlling her image, even as she promoted colonization. Gray: Was Pocahontas a victim? A pawn? There's even been talk, you know, some people even equate her with being a traitor to her own people. Narrator: Was she selling the Powhatan out? Or just playing both sides? Smith: Maybe she was a double agent. She's there to gather intelligence, to see this thing that had to be seen to be believed. Narrator: We know she made the trip with her father's blessing. Townsend: In fact, he sent high-ranking people with her in order that they should learn more about the English and bring back that information. Atkins: I have no doubt that Powhatan was also being strategic about her going to this place to learn more about who these, you know, interlopers were, these invaders were. Narrator: A meeting with an old friend returned from the dead reveals something of her allegiances. John Smith: Pocahontas. Townsend: John Smith loved fame, and he chased it in any way that he could. And he certainly worked hard when Pocahontas came to London to advertise his own prior connection with her. Narrator: If Smith anticipated a heartfelt reunion, he was disappointed. To Pocahontas, he was the sell-out. Townsend: She felt lied to in terms of having promised not to take their land, to treat them respectfully, et cetera. And she said that very vociferously in front of a number of people. Narrator: Rejecting Smith as a traitor to her people suggests that she was still loyal to the Powhatan, despite her position among the English. What would happen to the Powhatan seems obvious today, but that was not so in the moment. Smith: We're blinded because we know the ending. So everything about Pocahontas is knowing that the English settlement was disastrous for Indian people. And we're collapsing a century of history into, you know, these moments. Narrator: After all, in 1616, Jamestown was a struggling colony, always on the verge of starvation. Smith: You would have been the town fool to come in and say, oh, this is what's going to happen, and it's going to be terrible, and we should kill them all now while they're sleeping. Narrator: The work of promoting the colony done, in March of 1617, the Rolfe family casts off from London and sails down the Thames en route to Virginia. But they never even reach the ocean. Several passengers, including Pocahontas, are too ill to go on. Penney: We don't know, um, what she was afflicted with. Some even are afraid that she might have been poisoned, that they didn't want her to go back. We don't know. Narrator: At just 22 years old and an ocean away from her home, Pocahontas dies. [Baby cries] John Rolfe leaves their son to be raised by his brother in England. [Crying] The two will never meet again. But Pocahontas' impact does not end with her death. Her son, Thomas Rolfe, grows up in Britain, but returns to America as an adult in 1635. Penney: He has the estates that John Rolfe created, and he is very wealthy as a result, as a tobacco plantation owner and manager. Narrator: His becomes one of the most important first families of Virginia. His mother's bloodline quite literally founds America. Penney: Not only Thomas Jefferson's sister married a descendant of Pocahontas, but his daughter married a descendant of Pocahontas from a different branch of the family ss well. Narrator: Today there are more than 30,000 documented descendants of Pocahontas through Thomas Rolfe. Townsend: It seems to be appealing to many Americans to say that they are descended from an Indian princess. Narrator: Descendants of Pocahontas include Robert E. Lee and First Lady Edith Bolling Galt Wilson. It's lineage that confers status, like being related to passengers on the Mayflower. But is it truly meaningful? Townsend: Many of the people who claim to be descendants of her can't even say when they're asked what tribe or tribes she was affiliated with, know almost nothing about her life. Narrator: It's a complicated legacy that would take a surprising turn. Smith: In the 1920s, this is when these ideological chickens come home to roost. Narrator: In 1924, Virginia's Registrar of Vital Statistics, an avowed white supremacist, Walter Plecker, leads an effort to "purify" the white race. He classifies anyone with one drop of non-white blood as "colored," which includes Pocahontas' descendants. Smith: Uh-Oh. I brag about my Pocahontas ancestry. So how does that get fixed? Narrator: It's fixed by what comes to be known as the Pocahontas exception. Atkins: It basically protects these white individuals who claim descendancy from Pocahontas from being moved into the colored category. Narrator: At the same time, the colored category lumps everyone together, and on paper, native Americans lose their unique heritage. Less than a hundred years later, the Pamunkey, the surviving members of Pocahontas' tribe, take on the Federal Government to get that recognition back. At last, the Pocahontas exception does some good. Gray: Plecker, all his efforts to fight against us, basically helped our recognition because if he was fighting so hard against us, then we must have existed. If, uh, if we didn't exist, why was he fighting? We maintained our identity. It was tough, But we came out of it just knowing who we were. Narrator: Pocahontas' fame is eternal. We have been telling ourselves her story for 400 years. Actress: Pocahontas asks him to give her this man's life. Smith: It's really important for the country to see Indians in some way partners to the United States. Pocahontas was there, she was part of things, and we love Pocahontas. People are saying it still matters and Indians are fundamentally part of the country. Narrator: John Smith and Disney may have made her famous... but beyond the myth, hers is a story at the core of the founding of America.
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