몬테베르디의
생애는 3기로 나뉘어진다. 크레모나
시대1567~89)와 제2기
라 할수 있는 만토바 궁정 악장으로 재직하면서 오페라 <오르페오>, (성모
마리아의 저녁 기도)를
작곡한 만토바 시대 (1590~1612), 산 마르코
대성당 악장으로 활약한
베네치아 시대(1613~43)로 구분할 수 있습니다.
베네치아 시대엔 오페라를 비롯한
극음악에 열중하여
바로크 시대
오페라의
기틀을 마련하였다. 그가 남긴 종교
음악은 모두 5편으로 (3성
모테트집:1582), (종교적 마드리갈집:1583),
(성모 마리아의 저녁 기도:1610),
유작집(4성의 미사와
시편곡 및 성모 마리아의 연도)를 비롯 1640년
(73세)에 출판한
(윤리적, 종교적인 숲)이 있습니다. 이것은 베네치아
공화국의 왕비 엘레노라께 헌정한 모두 40곡으로 이루어진 작품으로 30
년간 지낸 산 마르코 대성당 시절의 근무 일지와 같은 성격을 지니고
있습니다. 곡명은 도덕적 내용의 가곡이나 종교 합창을 집대성했다는
의미로 정해졌다. 곡은 고전적 아카펠라 형식에서 장대한 기악을 곁들인
협주곡풍에 이르기까지
다채로운 내용이며 이 중 같은
제목으로
여러 곡이 작곡된 경우도 있습니다.
작품의 성격은 베네치아
악파의
특색을 살려 신선하고 화려하며 극적이고
색채적이나 종교적 기품이
넘치는 것도 많다. (아리안나의 탄식)의 선율을
사용한 "마돈나의
눈물"을 비롯 "모든 나라들이여 주를 찬양하라"
"경사로다", 하늘의
여왕(살베 레지나), (기뻐하라 시온의 딸아)
"주를 두려워하는 자는
행복하도다" (들어라 하늘이여, 소리를
들으라) 등이 유명하다.
전곡(6 CD)을
녹음한 코르보/로잔느
성악 기악 앙상블(E)의 연주가
옛부터 정평을
얻었고9곡을 발췌한 패롯/테버너 콘소트 &
플레이
어즈의 연주도 있는데
여기엔 커크비(S), 로저스(T), 토머스(Bs)
등이 솔로로 참여하고 있습니다.
패롯(Andrew Parrott 1947~ )은
옥스퍼드 대학에서 16~17세기 음악을 이수하고
1973년 테버너
합창단을 조직하였고 테버너 콘소트와 플레이어즈를
창설하였으며
음반으로 마쇼 (노트르담 미사곡), 테버너
<삼위일체 축일의 미사곡>,
몬테베르디 (성모 마리아의 저녁 기도) 가브리엘리 등이 있습니다.
"성모 마리아의 저녁
기도"(Vespero
della Beata Vergine, 1610)는
르네상스에서 바로크로 넘어가는
전환기적
시기에 가장 위대한
업적을 남긴 작곡가로 꼽히는 클라우디오
몬테베르디(1567~1643)의
대표적인 교회 음악
작품인데 미사와 함께
가톨릭교회의 주요
전례
가운데 해가 저물어 갈 때 바치는 '저녁 기도'는 시편 노래가 중심이
되는 전례로, 몬테베르디의 "성모 마리아의 저녁 기도"는 시편 다섯
곡과 각각의 시편 곡과 짝을 이루는 다섯 곡의 교회 콘체르토, 찬미가
'아베 마리스 스텔라',
'마니피캇' 등 모두 13곡으로 구성되어 있고
"성모 마리아의 저녁
기도"는 미사곡과 함께 묶여 베니스에서
출판
되었고 출판된 그
해(1610)
가을 교황 바오로 5세에게 헌정되었습니다.
교황에게 헌정했을 만큼
음악적 규모나 내용에 있어서 작곡가의
역량이 충분히 드러난
작품이지만, 배경에 있어 미스테리한 부분이
많은
곡으로서 해석과 연주의
측면에서 수많은 이견과 다양한 해결
방법이 존재하는 이 작품의 음악사적
의미는 매우 중요하게 평가
받고 있습니다
라파엘(Raphal, 1483-1520), 초원의 성모, a1505-1506,
유화, 113×88cm,
역사 문화 박물관, 비엔나, 오스트리아
[작품설명]
르네상스 시대에 활동했던 라파엘은 우아한 모습의 성모 마리아와 함께
있는 아기 예수, 요한의 모습을 즐겨 그렸다. 삼각형의 안정된 구도에 있는
인물들과 원근법으로 표현된 풍경이 조화를 이루고 있다. 겸손을 상징하는
맨발의 성모 마리아는 조용한 모습으로 세례자 요한을 바라보고 있다. 아기
예수는 요한이 내미는 십자가를 잡기 위해서 한 발을 내딛으며 다가가고
있다.
Vespro della Beata Vergine 1610 (Vespers
for the Blessed Virgin, 1610), or simply the Vespers of 1610, as
it is commonly called, is a musical composition by Claudio Monteverdi. Vespers is a
term taken from the Hours of the Divine Office and has remained structurally
unchanged for the past 1500 years. The Vespers are built around several
Biblical texts that are
traditionally used as part of the liturgy for several Marian feasts in the Roman
Catholic church; the introductory Deus in
adjutorum (Psalm 69), five psalms taken from Psalms 109-147, sacred concertos
between the psalms, a hymn, a setting of the Magnificat text, and the concluding
Benedicamus Domino.Monteverdi’s Marian Vespers of 1610, his first sacred
work since his very first publication twenty-eight years prior, stands out for
its assimilation of both old and new styles, although these contrasting styles
cannot be exactly classified as prima pratica and
seconda pratica, per se. The Vespers were published in July
of 1610, in combination with a six-voice mass that parodies a motet of Nicolas
Gombert, In illo tempore loquante Jesu.
Nearly four hundred years after its completion, the precise intentions of this
large work are not clearly known or understood. This has been a great topic of
debate among musicologists for decades, and it has even been suggested by Graham
Dixon that Monteverdi’s setting of the Vespers is more suited towards use for
the feast of Saint
Barbara, claiming, for example, that the texts
taken from Song of Songs are applicable to any female saint. He goes on
to write that formatting the Vespers to fit a Marian feast makes the work more
"marketable". There are several facts that support this view: There are just two
Marian songs in the whole Vespers; Audi Coelum and Ave Maris Stella, (the sonata
could very easily be rearranged to any saint's name) and the text of the Duo
Seraphim is connected with Saint Barbara (because she is generally connected
with Trinity). The Vespers was first printed
in Venice, Italy, in 1610 when the composer was working
at the ducal court in Mantua, Italy. The historical
record does not indicate whether Monteverdi actually performed the
Vespers either in Mantua or Venice; the work may have been written as an
audition piece for posts at Venice (Monteverdi became maestro di cappella
at St. Mark's basilica in Venice in 1613) and Rome (where the composer was not
offered a post).The Vespers is a monumental
work of music, calling for a choir large enough and skilful enough to cover up
to 10 vocal parts in some movements and split into separate choirs in others
while accompanying seven different soloists during the course of the piece.
Interestingly, solo parts are included for violin and cornetto, but the ripieno instrumentation is not
specified by Monterverdi. Additionally, Monteverdi did not specify a specific
set of plainchant antiphons to insert before each
psalm and the concluding Magnificat. This allows the
performers to tailor the music according to the available instrumental forces
and the occasion of the performance (the particular feast day's liturgy would
have included suggested antiphons that could be chanted before Monterverdi's
psalm settings).Monterverdi's unique approach to each movement of the
Vespers earned the work a place in history. The work not only presents
intimate, prayerful moments within its monumental scale, but it also
incorporates secular music in this decidedly religious performance and its
individual movements present an array of musical forms - sonata, motet, hymn, and psalm - without losing
focus. The Vespers achieves overall unity by building each movement on
the traditional Gregorian plainchant for each text,
which becomes a cantus
firmus in Monteverdi's setting.Motet: Pulchra es (from Song of Solomon): vocal duet
- Psalm: Laetatus sum (Psalm 121): five voice choir
- Motet: Duo Seraphim: vocal duet leading into trio
- The text Duo Seraphim ("Two angels were calling
one to the other...") begins as a duet. When the text mentions the Trinity, a
third tenor joins. All three sing in unison at the words, "these three are one."
- Psalm: Nisi Dominus (Psalm 126): ten voice choir
- Motet: Audi coelum: two tenor soloists singing call and
response ("prima ad una voce sola")
- This movement features especially artful Latin wordplay between the two
tenors. The echoic response answers the eight petitions of the supplicant, the
first example of which is given below:
The position of the motets
Nigra Sum, Pulchra es, Duo Seraphim and Audi Coelum
is disputed. The title page of the first print of the score suggests that they
are not part of the Vespers, but intended as separate Sacred Concertos. However,
their place in between the psalms indicates that they were intended to be part
of the Vespers, but could also be performed on other occasions, such as at the
court of the Duke of Mantua, Monteverdi's employer.
- René
Jacobs conducting, Concerto Vocale, Nederlands
Kamerkoor, Maria Cristina Kiehr, Barbara
Borden, Andreas Scholl, John Bowen, Andrew Murgatroyd, Víctor Torres, Antonio
Abete, Jelle Draijer. Harmonia mundi France - 901566.67 (1996).
- Hans-Christoph Rademann conducting, Ensemble "Alte Musik
Dresden", Bläser Collegium Leipzig, Dresdner Kammerchor, Nele Gramß, Johanna
Koslowski, Markus Brutscher, Wilfried Jochens, Martin Krumbiegel, Egbert
Junghanns, Stephan Schreckenberger. RAUMKLANG RK 9605 (live recording).
- John
Eliot Gardiner conducting, English Baroque
Soloists, His Majesties Sagbutts and Cornetts, Monteverdi Choir, London Oratory
Junior Choir, Ann Monoyios, Marinella Pennicchi, Michael Chance, Nigel Robson,
Mark Tucker, Sandro Naglia, Bryn Terfel, Alastair Miles. Polygram Records -
#429565 (1990)
- Konrad Junghänel conducting, Cantus Cölln. Harmonia
mundi France HMC 801813.14
- Jordi
Savall conducting, La Capella Reial de Catalunya,
Coro del Centro di Musica Antica Padova. Astree E 8719 (1989)
- Andrew
Parrott conducting, Taverner Consort, Choir &
Players. Virgin Classics - 5616622 (1984)
- Gabriel Garrido conducting, Ensemble Elyma, Coro
Madrigalia, Les Sacqueboutiers de Toulouse. K617.
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The first verse and chorus are the most
often sung (and remembered)
section of "Jingle
Bells":
- Dashing through the snow
- In a one horse open sleigh
- O'er the fields we go
- Laughing all the way
- Bells on bob tail* ring (Or Hear our voices ring)
- Making spirits bright
- What fun it is to laugh and sing (Or
What fun it is to ride and sing)
- A sleighing song tonight
- (chorus)
- |: Jingle bells, jingle bells,
- Jingle all the way;
- Oh! what fun [joy] it is to ride
- In a one-horse open
sleigh. :|
-
*The horse's name is not Bob. As can be
seen from the linked scan
(above) of the original from the Library
of Congress, the horse is
described as "bob tail" or "bob tailed."
This refers to the tail as being
"bobbed"-- that is, cut shorter or docked,
which was commonly done
to the tails of carriage horses to keep
them neat and reduce the
chance of the tail getting caught in the
reins.Music
historian James
Fuld notes that the "the word
jingle in the title and opening phrase is
apparently an imperative verb."[3] However,
it is commonly taken to mean
a certain kind of bell.Although less well known than the opening, the
remaining verses depict high-speed
youthful fun. In the second verse
the narrator takes a ride with a girl and
loses control of the sleigh:
- A day or two ago
- I thought I'd take a ride
- And soon Miss Fanny Bright
- Was seated by my side,
- The horse was lean and lank
- Misfortune seemed his lot
- He got into a drifted bank
- And then we [we—we] got upsot*.
*19th century term and slang for
"capsized" and "drunk
or intoxicated"
respectively
- |: chorus :|
In the next verse he falls out of the
sleigh and a rival laughs at him:
- A day or two ago,
- The story I must tell
- I went out on the snow,
- And on my back I fell;
- A gent was riding by
- In a one-horse open sleigh,
- He laughed as there I sprawling lie,
- But quickly drove away.
- |: chorus :|
In the last verse, he picks up some girls,
finds a faster
horse, and takes off at full
speed:
- Now the ground is white
- Go it while you're young,
- Take the girls tonight
- and sing this sleighing song;
- Just get a bob tailed bay
- Two forty* as [for] his speed
- [and] Hitch him to an open sleigh
- And crack! you'll take the lead.
-
- Antonello da Messina. Virgin
Annunciate. c. 1475.
Galletria Nazionale della Sicilia, Palermo,
Italy C. Monteverdi Vespro della Beata Vergine John Eliot Gardiner,
cond The Monteverdi Choir & Orchestra
1. Deus in adjutorium meum intende
2. Domine ad adjuvandum me festina
3. Psalmus 109: Dixit Dominus
4. Concerto: Nigra sum
- 5. Psalmus 112: Laudate
- 6. Concerto:
Pulchra es
7. Psalmus 121: Laetatus sum
8. Concerto: Duo Seraphim
9. Psalmus 126: Nisi Dominus
10. Concerto: Audi, coelum
11. Psalmus 147: Lauda, Jerusalem, Dominum
12. Sonata sopra Sancta Maria, ora pro nobis
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