하느님의 은총으로 어려운 가정 환경과 역경속에서
앤 셜리번(Ann Sullivan)이 보스턴의 Feeding Hills,
Massachusetts
에서 태어난 것은 1866년 4월
이었습니다. 그러나 하느님은 앤 셜리번을
어두움으로만
내몰지는 않으셨습니다. 빛의 하느님(God of Light)
께서는 시력을 잃은 앤 셜리번에게 하느님의
빛을 볼 수
있도록 광명을 주셨습니다.
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앤 셜리번(Ann Sullivan)의 엄마 Alice는 tuberculosis 로
앤 셜리번(Ann Sullivan) 이 9살 때 이 세상을
하직하는데
앤 셜리번(Ann Sullivan)은 이미 3살 때 시력을 거의
상실하게 됩니다. 아빠 Thomas와 엄마 Alice는 Irish에서
이민왔지만 부모가 전부 문맹인데다가 직업도 막노동이어서
가난하기가 이루말 할 수가
없었습니다. 더구나
아빠
Thomas는 알코올 중독자였는데 엄마
Alice가 돌아가신
후 앤 셜리번(Ann Sullivan)과 아들 Jimmie를
Tewksbury
Almshouse 보호소에 맡깁니다. 아빠로
인한 마음의 상처와
Tewksbury
Almshouse 보호소에
함께 온 동생, (Jimmie)Sullivan) 마저 tuberculosis 로
죽자 앤 셜리번(Ann
Sullivan)은
충격으로 보호소에서
일시 문제아가 됩니다. 이미 3살 때 실명까지
하여 이중 3중
장애가 겹친 앤 셜리번(Ann Sullivan)이
성격까지 삐뚤어
져서 앤 셜리번(Ann Sullivan)은 Tewksbury
Almshouse 보호소의 문제아가 되는데 이때 구세주 같은
은인Laura Dewey Bridgman (1829 - 1889)를 만납니다.
Laura도두살 때 열병으로 언니 두명과 오빠를 잃어버리는데
같은 장님 처지에서
Laura가 앤에게 점자를 가르쳐주고
심리적인 안정을 도와줍니다.
Laura Bridgman
로라(Laura Bridgman)는 앤 셜리번
(Ann Sullivan) 보다 더 불행한 빛의 여인이었습니다.
하느님의 은총도아주 많이 받았습니다. 로라(Laura
Bridgman)은 침례교
농부가정에서 태어났습니다.
총명하고 예쁜 로라는 부모님의 총애를
받았지만
2살이 되었을 때 성홍열이라는 열병에 걸리고 맙니다.
이대 언니 두명이 열병에 죽고 맙니다. 죽음의 열병은
로라의 오빠까지도 목숨을 앗아갑니다.
로라(Laura
Bridgman)은 성홍열로 목숨은 건지지만
후유증으로 벙어리가 되고 눈을 실명하게됩니다.
그런 로라에게 자선사업가와 독지가들이 도움을
주게
됩니다. 로라는 보스톤에 있는 Perkins 시각장애아
학교에 입학하게 됩니다.
사실은 헬렌캘러 보다 더
위대하다고 할까요? 옷감에 수를 놓는
방식으로
점자를 배우고 말도 조금씩 알아듣게 됩니다. 한편
(Ann Sullivan)은 Perkins 시각장애아 학교에서 로라를
만나게 되고 로라로
부터 점자를 배우고 안정을 찾아갑니다.
로라가 엄마같이 다정하게
대해주었기 때문입니다. 과자를
들고 가서 점자를 읽어주고 같이 기도하고
하느님께 모든
것을 맡기고 하느님으로 부터 영혼의 빛,
은총의 빛을
받았던 것입니다. 그렇게 로라가
한결같이 사랑을 쏟았기에
앤 셜리번(Ann Sullivan)은 안정을 찾고 공부에 전념하게
됩니다.
로라(Laura Bridgman)과 앤은 함께 기도를 통해
하느님이 주시는 용기를 얻고 계속 책을 읽고 기도하고
점자를 배우고 공부에 전진하였습니다. 앤
셜리번(Ann
Sullivan)은 마침 Tewksbury
Almshouse 보호소를
방문한 Frank B. Sanborn에게 간청하여 Perkins
시각
장애아 학교에 입학하게 됩니다.
앤 셜리번(Ann Sullivan)
이 밝은 웃음을 찾은 것입니다.
1880: Frank B. Sanborn, visiting Tewksbury on
behalf of the State Board of Charities, heeds
Anne's plea to be sent to the Perkins School for
the Blind in Boston, Massachusetts. Anne is
admitted to the Perkins School for the Blind.
그 후, 앤 셜리번(Ann Sullivan)은 1881년과 82년 2년에
걸쳐 Frank B. Sanborn와 카톨릭 성당의 신부님의
도움으로 개안
수술에도 성공하고 희망을 볼 수 있는 마음의
눈으로 시련을 이겨내고 학교를 최우등생으로 졸업합니다.
스승이자 엄마 역할을 해준 로라 보다는 하느님으로 부터
은총과 축복을 많이 받았습니다. 앤 셜리번(Ann
Sullivan)
은 1889년에 자기를 정성껏
돌봐준 Laura가 죽는 시련도
겪었지만 앤 셜리번(Ann Sullivan)은 Laura가 남겨준
사랑을 이웃사랑으로 전하게 됩니다.
1881 :Anne has her first successful eye operation.
1882 :Anne has a second successful
eye operation.
1886 :Anne graduates from the
Perkins School for
the Blind.
자기가 걸어 온 삶의 길이 너무 멀어만 보일 때 수술 후
어느 날, 앤은 신문기사를 보게됩니다. 듣지 못하고,
말하지 못하는 아이를 돌볼 사람을 구한다는
광고였습니다.
앤은 헬렌켈러에게 자신이 받은 사랑을 돌려주기로
결심하고 헬렌켈러의 앨라바마 집으로 이사를 합니다..
1887: Anne accepts the Keller family's offer to
tutor their daughter Helen. She arrives at their home
in Tuscumbia, Alabama, on March 3. Anne
communicates the meaning of words to Helen in
a break-through experience at a water pump.
1888 :Anne, Helen, and Helen's mother, Kate Keller,
travel to Washington D.C. to meet President Grover
Cleveland. Anne and Helen arrive in Boston to stay
with Michael Anagnos, Director of the Perkins
School for the Blind.
1890 :Anne and Helen travel to Horace Mann School
for the Deaf in Boston, Massachusetts, where the
principal, Sarah Fuller, gives Helen voice lessons.
사람들은 못
가르친다고 했지만 앤 셜리번(Ann Sullivan)
은 말했다. "저는 하느님의 사랑을 확신해요." 결국 사랑으로 앤 셜리번(Ann Sullivan)은 헬렌 켈러를
20세기 대 기적의 주인공으로 키워냈습니다.
"헬렌 켈러" 아이는 선생님 앤 셜리번(Ann Sullivan)의
도움을 받았고앤 셜리번(Ann Sullivan)은 엄마와 같은
다정한 스승 로라의 도움을 받았고 로라의 인내와 도움으로
앤 셜리번(Ann Sullivan) 스스로도 고통을 공감하였습니다.
로라는 앤 셜리번(Ann Sullivan)을 정상인으로 만들어냈고,
앤 셜리번(Ann Sullivan)도 헬렌 켈러를 48년 동안 기적의
주인공으로 키워냈습니다.
헬렌이 하버드 대학에 다닐 때는 헬렌과 모든 수업에 함께
하면서 그녀의 손에 강의내용을 적어주었다고 합니다.
빛의
천사 헬렌 켈러는 3중 불구자이면서도 절망하지도 않고 삶을 포기하지도 않았습니다. 왕성한 의욕과 꿋꿋한 의지를 가지고 새로운 삶의
길을
찾아 스스로 피눈물 나는 노력을 계속했습니다. 하버드대학을 졸업하던 날, 헬렌은 브릭스 총장으로부터 졸업장을
받고서 하염없이 눈물을 흘렸습니다. 앤 셜리번(Ann Sullivan) 선생님도 감격의 눈물을
흘렸습니다. 식장에 있던 모든 사람들은 헬렌의 뛰어난
천재성과 앤 셜리번(Ann Sullivan) 선생님의 훌륭한
교육을 칭찬하였습니다. 헬렌켈러에게 언제나 사랑과 희망과
용기를 불어 넣어 준 앤 셜리번(Ann Sullivan) 선생님이
없었으면 하느님의 영광도 없었을 것이기 대문입니다.
그토록 의지가 강한 헬렌 켈러가 "3일 동안만 볼 수
있다면"
이라는 책에 다음과 같은 글을 썼습니다.
“만약 내가 사흘간 볼 수 있다면
첫째
날엔..... 나를 가르쳐 준 설리번 선생님을 찾아가 그분의 얼굴을..... 바라보겠습니다. 그리고 산으로 가서 아름다운
꽃과... 풀과 빛나는 노을을 ...보고 싶습니다.
둘째 날엔..... 새벽에 일찍 일어나 먼동이.... 터 오는
모습을 보고 싶습니다. 저녁에는 영롱하게 빛나는 하늘의 별을.... 보겠습니다.
셋째 날엔..... 아침 일찍
큰길로 나가 부지런히 출근하는
사람들의 활기찬 표정을..... 보고 싶습니다.
점심때는 아름다운 영화를 보고 저녁에는 화려한 네온사인과
쇼윈도의 상품들을 구경하고 저녁에는 집에 돌아와 사흘간 눈을 뜨게 해 주신 하느님께..... 감사의 기도를
드리고 싶습니다.”
헬렌켈러를 가르칠 수 있는 방법은 감각기관 뿐이었지만
헬렌켈러는 손가락으로 상징적인 터치를 통하여 말하는
법을 배우고 열심히
공부하여 하바드대학에서 박사 학위도
받고 위대한 저술가로도
활동한 입지전적인 인물이었습니다.
훌륭한 선생님 셜리번(Ann Sullivan)이 있었기에 가능한
일이었습니다. 셜리번(Ann Sullivan)은 다음과 같은 말을
헬렌에게 해주었다고
합니다.시작하고 실패하는 것을
계속하라. 실패할 때마다
성취할 것이다. 네가 원하는 것을
성취하지 못할 지라도
무엇인가 가치있는 것을 얻게 될
것이라고 희망과 용기를
심어주었습니다. 절대로 포기 하지
말것을 고취시켰다고 합니다.
모든 가능성을 다 시도해
보았다고 생각하지말고 언제나
하느님께서 기도를 들어
주신다는 확신을 갖고 다시
시작하는 용기를 가져야 한다고
가르쳐주었답니다. 빛의
은총을 받은 위대한 세 여인: Helen
Keller,앤설리반
& 로라 여사는 하느님께 꾸준하게 기도
드리고 땅을 내려다 보지않고
하느님만을
바라보았기에
은총도 충만한 삶이었습니다.
하느님의 빛을 보고 내면의
빛을 밝게 보고 한평생을
하느님께 봉헌한 세분의
삶이었습니다.
산과 들, 저 멀리서 사랑의 아지랑이 번져옵니다. OHG & MSH의 이른
봄이 따뜻했으면 좋겠습니다...♡
하느님께서 주시는 은총과 따뜻한 OHG의 감사의 마음만
고이 간직하면 충만한 삶이기
때문입니다.
|
|
- 1866
- Anne Mansfield Sullivan is born in
Feeding Hills, Massachusetts on April 14.
- 1873
- Anne develops trachoma, which results in
severe visual impairment.
- 1874
- Anne's mother, Alice Chloesy Sullivan,
dies of tuberculosis.
- 1876
- Anne and her brother Jimmie are sent to
Tewksbury Almshouse.
- Jimmie dies in the almshouse several
months later.
- 1877
- Anne leaves Tewksbury to have eye surgery
at Soeurs de La Charite in Lowell, Massachusetts. The operation is unsuccessful.
- Anne is transferred to City Infirmary,
where she has another unsuccessful eye operation.
- Anne returns to Tewksbury.
- 1880
- Frank B. Sanborn, visiting Tewksbury on
behalf of the State Board of Charities, heeds Anne's plea to be sent to the
Perkins School for the Blind in Boston, Massachusetts.
- Anne is admitted to the Perkins School
for the Blind.
- 1881
- Anne has her first successful eye
operation.
- 1882
- Anne has a second successful eye
operation.
- 1886
- Anne graduates from the Perkins School
for the Blind.
- 1887
- Anne accepts the Keller family's offer to
tutor their daughter Helen. She arrives at their home in Tuscumbia, Alabama, on
March 3. Anne communicates
the meaning of words to Helen in a break-through experience at a water pump.
- 1888
- Anne, Helen, and Helen's mother, Kate
Keller, travel to Washington D.C. to meet President Grover Cleveland.
Anne and Helen arrive in
Boston to stay with Michael Anagnos, Director of the Perkins School for the
Blind.
- 1890
- Anne and Helen travel to Horace Mann
School for the Deaf in Boston, Massachusetts, where the principal, Sarah Fuller,
gives Helen voice lessons.
- 1892
- Anne is elected a member of the American
Association to Promote the Teaching of Speech to the Deaf.
- 1894
- Anne and Helen arrive at the
Wright-Humason School for the Deaf in New York City, where Helen is a student
for the next two years. Anne
delivers a speech at the American Association to Promote the Teaching of Speech
to the Deaf in Chautauqua, New York. She is too shy to speak and has her friend
and mentor Alexander G. Bell speak for her.
- 1896
- Anne accompanies Helen to the Cambridge
School for Young Ladies in Massachusetts, where Helen enrolls to prepare for the
Radcliff College entrance examinations.
- 1897
- Anne and Helen leave the Cambridge School
for Young Ladies and go to live with the Chamberlins at the Red Farm in
Wrentham, Massachusetts.
- 1900
- Anne accompanies Helen when she enrolls
in Radcliff College.
- 1903
- Helen's autobiography, "The Story of My
Life," is published with the editorial help of John Albert Macy.
- 1904
- Anne and Helen purchase a home in
Wrentham, Massachusetts.
- 1905
- Anne marries John Albert Macy.
- 1909
- John buys a house in Brunswick, Maine.
- 1912
- Anne becomes a lukewarm Socialist
(suggest deleting)
- 1913
- John sails for Europe alone in May.
- Anne and Helen begin lecturing in New
England.
- 1914
- Anne and John separate.
- Anne falls and chips an elbow bone.
- Polly Thomson joins the household as
Helen's secretary.
- 1915
- Anne is honored with a "Teacher's Medal"
at the Panama-Pacific Exposition in San Francisco, California.
- 1916
- Anne is incorrectly diagnosed with
tuberculosis. She leaves for Lake Placid with Polly to recuperate.
Anne and Polly leave Lake
Placid and sail to Puerto Rico.
- 1917
- Anne and Polly return to the United
States in late April.
- Anne, Helen, and Polly travel to Lake
Catherine to safeguard Anne's fragile health.
- The three women move into a house in
Forest Hills, New York.
- 1918
- Anne, Helen and Polly travel to Hollywood
to make a movie "Deliverance."
- 1920
- Anne and Helen make their vaudeville
debut in Mount Vernon, New York.
- 1922
- Anne and Helen's vaudeville career ends
due to Anne's exhaustion and failing vision.
- 1924
- Anne, Helen, and Polly join the American
Foundation for the Blind.
- 1927
- By now, Anne and Helen have addressed
250,000 people at 249 meetings in 123 cities on the subject of blindness.
- 1927-1930
- Anne's vision deteriorates significantly
over three years.
- 1928
- Anne struggles to help Helen finish her
book titled "Midstream."
- 1929
- Dr. Conrad Berens removes Anne's right
eye.
- 1930
- Anne, Helen, and Polly take a vacation
trip to Ireland, Scotland, and England.
- 1930-1931
- Temple University in Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania wishes to honor Anne and Helen. Helen accepts but Anne refuses.
- 1932
- John dies at the age of 55.
- Anne accepts an honorary degree from
Temple University, Pennsylvania.
- 1933
- During a trip to Scotland Anne suffers
from an outbreak of carbuncles.
- 1936
- Anne dies on October 20.
Anne was born on April 14, 1866 in
Feeding Hills, Massachusetts. Though she was called Anne or Annie from the very
beginning, her baptismal certificate identifies her as Johanna Mansfield
Sullivan. Her parents, Thomas Sullivan and Alice Cloesy Sullivan, were poor,
illiterate Irish immigrants. Her mother was frail, suffering from tuberculosis.
Her father was unskilled and alcoholic. |
Little or nothing in her early years
encouraged or supported her lively, inquiring mind. She was unschooled; hot
tempered; nearly blind from untreated trachoma by age seven; and, on her
mother's death when Anne was eight years old, left to deal with her abusive
father and maintain their dilapidated home. Two years later Thomas Sullivan
abandoned his family. |
On February 22, 1876, Anne and her
brother Jimmie were sent to the state almshouse in Tewksbury, Massachusetts.
Jimmie, who was younger than Anne and had been born with a tubercular hip, died
a short time later. Anne spent four years at Tewksbury, enduring the grief of
her brother's death and the disappointment of two unsuccessful eye operations.
Then, as a result of her direct plea to a state official who had come to inspect
the Tewksbury almshouse, she was allowed to leave and enroll in the Perkins
School for the Blind in Boston, Massachusetts. Her life changed profoundly at
that point. |
At Perkins, in October 1880, Anne finally
began her academic education—quickly learning to read and write. She also
learned to use the manual alphabet in order to communicate with a friend who was
deaf as well as blind. That particular skill opened the door to her future and a
life of remarkable achievements. While at Perkins, Anne had several successful
eye operations, which improved her sight significantly. In 1886 she graduated
from Perkins as valedictorian of her class. A short time later, Anne accepted
the Keller family's offer to come to Tuscumbia, Alabama, to tutor their blind,
deaf, mute daughter, Helen. |
In March of 1887 Anne began her lifelong
role as Helen Keller's beloved Teacher. In short order she managed to make
contact with the angry, rebellious child, who learned eagerly and quickly once
Anne had gained her confidence. Anne was Helen's educator for thirteen years
and, in 1900, accompanied her to Cambridge, Massachusetts, where Helen was
admitted to Radcliffe College. Anne went with Helen to every class, spelling
into her hand all the lectures, demonstrations, and assignments. When Helen
received her bachelor of arts degree, it was a triumph for both women. While
Anne was not officially a student, she had gained a college education.
|
During the years at Radcliffe, John
Albert Macy became Anne and Helen's friend and helped edit Helen's
autobiography. He and Anne fell in love and married on May 3, 1905. Within a few
years, their marriage began to disintegrate. By 1914 they separated, though they
never officially divorced. |
Anne spent the following years living
first in Wrentham, Massachusetts and then in Forest Hills with Helen and Polly
Thomson. Polly became an essential part of their household, acting as Helen's
secretary and assisting Anne. As early as 1916 Anne's health began to weaken.
She was incorrectly diagnosed as having tuberculosis and ordered to recuperate
at Lake Placid. Polly went with her and the two women soon left Lake Placid for
the warmer climate of Puerto Rico, returning to Forest Hills when the United
States entered World War I. |
Despite Anne's declining health, the
three women traveled widely in the United States and, after the war, in other
countries. They gave lectures, vaudeville performances, and even appeared in a
film titled "Deliverance." In 1924, Anne and Helen began to work for the
American Foundation for the Blind (AFB) as advocates, counselors, and
fundraisers. |
In 1930-31 Temple University in
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania wished to recognize Anne and Helen's achievements
with honorary degrees. Helen accepted but Anne refused. A year later, at the
urging of Helen and other friends, Anne reluctantly accepted the
honor. |
In 1936, at the age of seventy, Anne
Sullivan Macy died at home in Forest Hills, New York on October
20. | Anne Sullivan was born in
Feeding Hills, a subsection of the town of Agawam,
Massachusetts. Her parents, Thomas Sullivan and Alice Clohessy, were
impoverished cooks who left Ireland in
1847 during the Potato Famine. Anne Sullivan’s father taught her Irish tradition and
folklore. Her mother
suffered from tuberculosis and died when she was nine. When she was ten, Anne had to move
in with a relative, who later sent her and her brother to the Tewksbury Almshouse.
Anne Sullivan spent all her time there with her younger brother Jimmie in hopes
that they would never be separated; however, his condition resulting from a
tubercular hip weakened him and he died a few months later.
When Anne Sullivan was three she began
having trouble with her eyesight; at age five, she contracted the eye disease
trachoma,
a bacterial infection that often causes blindness by scarring. Sullivan
underwent a long string of surgeries. Doctors in Tewksbury had made a few vain
attempts to clean her eyelids. Later, Father Barbara, the chaplain of the
nearest hospital, took it upon himself to arrange a procedure. This operation
failed to correct her vision. Still more attempts were made. Father Barbara took
her to the Boston City Infirmary this time, where she had two more operations.
Even after this attempt her vision remained blurry. Sullivan returned to
Tewksbury, against her will. After four years there, in 1880, she
entered the Perkins School for the
Blind where she underwent
surgery and regained some of her sight. After regaining her eyesight and
graduating as class valedictorian in 1886, the
director of the Perkins Institute for the Blind, Michael Anagnos, encouraged her to teach Helen Keller.[1]
She moved in with her charge and, acting
as governess,
taught Keller the names of things with the sign language alphabet signed into
Keller's palm. The first word Helen learned was "doll". Her second word was
"cake". In 1888, they went to the Perkins Institution together, then
New York City's Wright-Humasen School, then the Cambridge School for Young
Ladies, and finally to Radcliffe College. Keller graduated from Radcliffe in 1904 and after that, they
moved together to Wrentham, Massachusetts, and lived on a benefactor's
farm.
In 1905, Sullivan married a
Harvard University professor, John A. Macy, who had helped Keller with her
autobiography. Macy died at the age of 55 in 1932. Sullivan stayed with Keller
at her home and joined her on tours. In 1935, she became completely blind. She
died in Forest Hills, New York, on October 20, 1936.
In the neighborhood of Gravesend, Brooklyn, NY.
FAMILY BACKGROUND: Anne Sullivan was the daughter
of Irish immigrant farmers Thomas Sullivan and Alice Cloesy; she had one
brother, Jimmie, who was crippled from tuberculosis. Growing up, Anne was
subject to poverty and physical abuse by her alcoholic father and at the age of
five, trachoma struck Anne, leaving her almost blind. Two years later, her
mother died and her father abandoned his children to an orphanage in Tewksbury
where her brother died shortly thereafter.
ACCOMPLISHMENTS: Despite being left
in a orphanage with no formal educational facilities, Anne Sullivan prospered.
When the state board of charities chairman, Frank Sanborn visited the Tewksbury
orphanage; Anne literally threw herself in front of him crying, "Mr. Sanborn, I
want to go to school."
After regaining her eyesight from a series of operations and
graduating as class valedictorian in 1886 from the Perkins Institute for the
Blind, she began teaching Helen Keller. When Miss Sullivan first arrived, Helen
was seven years old and highly undisciplined. Miss Sullivan had to begin her
teaching with lessons in obedience, followed by teachings of the manual and
Braille alphabets. Sullivan attended classes with Keller and tutored her through
the Perkins Institute, The Cambridge School for Young Ladies and Radcliffe
College. All who came in contact with them were amazed at the ability of Miss
Sullivan to reach Miss Keller and Miss Keller's heightened ability to grasp
concepts unheard of by deaf and blind students before her. Alexander Graham
Bell, Andrew Carnegie, Henry H. Rogers and John Spaulding were only a few of
those who met them and supported them.
Throughout Helen's formal education and after, Miss Sullivan was
often viewed with suspicion and speculation: many believed that Anne was trying
to control Keller or use Keller. They did not trust the commitment that Anne
Sullivan had to her student.
After Miss Keller's formal education, Anne Sullivan continued to
assist Miss Keller by accompanying her on her travels and to various lecture
tours. After Helen's graduation from Radcliffe, Anne married young Harvard
instructor, John Albert Macy in 1905. The three lived together until 1912 when
the Macy's separated.
Sullivan and Keller were constantly in demand to give lectures and to
raise money for the American Foundation for the Blind. However, they often were
too charitable and as a result had to supplement their income. The pair attempted to produce a movie, Deliverance,
but it was unsuccessful; they experienced better success on the vaudeville
circuit.
Eventually, Miss Sullivan's own eyesight
failed her but toward the end of her life received recognition from Temple
University, the Educational Institute of Scotland, and the Roosevelt Memorial
foundation for her tireless teaching and commitment to Helen Keller. a public
school, PS 238, was named in her
honor. |
Laura Dewey Bridgman (1829 - 1889) is known as the first deaf-blind
American child
to gain a significant education in the English language, fifty
years before the more
famous Helen Keller. However,
there are accounts of deaf-blind people communicating
in tactile sign language
before this time, and the deafblind Victorine
Morriseau
(1789-1832) had successfully learned French as a child some years
earlier. She
was born at Hanover, New
Hampshire, being the third daughter of Daniel Bridgman
(d. 1868), a substantial Baptist farmer, and his wife Harmony,
daughter of Cushman
Downer, and granddaughter of Joseph Downer, one of the five first
settlers (1761)
of Thetford, Vermont. Laura was a delicate infant, puny and
rickety, and was
subject to fits up to twenty months old, but otherwise seemed to
have normal
sense. However, Bridgman's family was struck with scarlet
fever when she was
2 years old. The illness killed her two older sisters and a
brother and left her
deaf, blind, and without a sense of smell or taste. Though she
gradually
recovered health she remained a blind deaf-mute, but was kindly
treated and
was in particular made a sort of playmate by an eccentric bachelor
friend of the
Bridgmans, Mr Asa Tenney, who as soon as she could walk used to
take her
for rambles a-field. She learned through touch to sew and knit as
a child but
had no language.In 1837 Mr James Barrett, of Dartmouth College,
saw her and
mentioned her case to Dr Mussey, the head of the medical
department, who wrote
an account which attracted the attention of Dr Samuel Gridley Howe,
the director
of the Perkins School
for the Blind at Boston. He determined to try to get the
child into the Institution and to attempt to educate her; her
parents assented,
and in October 1837 Laura entered the school.Though the loss of
her eye-balls
occasioned some deformity, she was otherwise a comely child and of
a sensitive
and affectionate nature; she had become familiar with the world
about her, and
was imitative insofar as she could follow the actions of others.
However, she
was limited in her communication with others to the narrower uses
of touch:
patting her head meant approval, rubbing her hand disapproval,
pushing one
way meant to go, drawing another meant to come. Her mother,
preoccupied
with house-work, had already ceased to be able to control her, and
her
father's authority was due to fear of superior force, not to
reason. Howe
had been recently met Julia Brace, a deaf-blind
resident at the American
School for the Deaf who communicated using tactile sign, and
developed
a plan to teach the young Bridgman to read and write through
tactile
means — something that had not been attempted previously, to his
knowledge.
At first he and his assistant, Lydia Drew, used words printed with
raised
letters, and later they progressed to using a manual alphabet
expressed
through tactile sign. Eventually she received a broad education.It
is impossible, for reasons of space, to describe Dr Howe's efforts in detail. He
taught words before the individual letters, and his first experiment consisting
in pasting upon several common articles such as keys, spoons, knives, &c.,
little paper labels with the names of the articles printed in raised letters,
which he got her to feel and differentiate; then he gave her the same labels by
themselves, which she learnt to associate with the articles they referred to,
until, with the spoon or knife alone before her she could find the right label
for each from a mixed heap. The next stage was to give her the component letters
and teach her to combine them in the words she knew, and gradually in this way
she learnt all the alphabet and the ten digits. The whole process depended, of
course, on her having a human intelligence, which only required stimulation, and
her own interest in learning became keener as she progressed.Dr Howe devoted
himself with the utmost patience and assiduity to her education and was rewarded
by increasing success. On the 24th of July 1839 she first wrote her own name
legibly. On the 20th of June 1840 she had her first arithmetic lesson, by the
aid of a metallic case perforated with square holes, square types being used;
and in nineteen days she could add a column of figures amounting to thirty. She
was in good health and happy, and was treated by Dr Howe as his daughter. Her
case already began to interest the public, and others were brought to Dr Howe
for treatment.In 1841 Laura began to keep a journal, in which she recorded her
own day's work and thoughts. In January 1842 Charles Dickens visited
the Institution, and afterwards wrote enthusiastically in his American Notes of Dr
Howe's success with Laura. In 1843 funds were obtained for devoting a special
teacher to her, and first Miss Swift, then Miss Wight, and then Miss Paddock,
were appointed; Laura by this time was learning geography and elementary
astronomy. By degrees she was given religious instruction, but Dr Howe was
intent upon not inculcating dogma before she had grasped the essential moral
truths of Christianity and the story of the Bible.She grew up a happy, cheerful
girl, loving, optimistic, but with a nervous system inclining to irritability,
and requiring careful education in self-control. In 1860 her eldest sister
Mary's death helped to bring on a religious crisis, and through the influence of
some of her family she was received into the Baptist church; she became for some
years after this more self-conscious and rather pietistic. In 1867 she began
writing compositions which she called poems; the best-known is called "Holy
Home."In 1872, Dr Howe having been enabled to build some separate cottages (each
under a matron) for the blind girls, Laura was moved from the larger house of
the Institution into one of them, and there she continued her quiet life. The
death of Dr Howe in 1876 was a great grief to her; but before he died he had
made arrangements by which she would be financially provided for in her home at
the Institution for the rest of her life. In 1887 her jubilee was celebrated
there, but in 1889 she was taken ill, and she died on the 24th of May. She was
buried at Dana Cemetery in Hanover, New
Hampshire.Her name has become familiar everywhere as an example of the
education of a blind deaf-mute. Helen Keller's mother Kate
Keller read Dickens' account and was inspired to seek advice which led to her
hiring a teacher and former pupil of the same school, Anne Sullivan. Sullivan
learned the manual alphabet from Bridgman which she took back to Helen, along
with a doll that Bridgman had made for her.A Liberty ship was named
after her.
No higher
resolution available. Helen Keller age7. 7살때
사진
No higher resolution
available. Helen_Keller.
No higher resolution
available. Helen Kelle
와 Anne Sullivan 1898 년 사진
Helen Adams Keller (1880 – 1968) was an American author, activist and lecturer. One of her earliest
pieces of writing was "The Frost
King" (1891). There were allegations that this story had
been plagiarized from The Frost Fairies by
Margaret Canby. An investigation into the matter revealed that Keller may have
suffered from cryptomnesia, having once had Canby's story read
to her, only to forget about it, although the memory had remained hidden in her
subconscious. At the age of 23, Keller published her autobiography, The Story of My Life (1903), with help from
Sullivan and Sullivan's husband, John Macy. It includes letters that Keller
wrote and the story of her life up to age 21, and was written during her time in
college. Helen wrote "The World I Live In" in 1908 giving readers an insight
into how she felt about the world. "Out of the Dark", a series of essays on
Socialism was published in 1913. Her spiritual autobiography, My
Religion, was published in 1927 and re-issued as Light in my
Darkness. It advocates the teachings of Emanuel
Swedenborg, the controversial mystic who claimed to have witnessed the
Last
Judgment and second
coming of Jesus
Christ, and the movement named after him, Swedenborgianism. In total, she wrote 12 books
and numerous articles.She was the first deafblind person to graduate from college.The
story of how Keller's remarkable teacher, Anne
Sullivan, broke through the isolation imposed by a near
complete lack of language, allowing the girl to blossom as she learned to
communicate, has become known worldwide through the dramatic depictions of The Miracle
Worker.What is less well known is how Keller's life developed after she
completed her education. A prolific author, she was well traveled, and was
outspoken in her opposition to
war. She campaigned for women's
suffrage, workers'
rights and socialism, as well as many other progressive
causes.Ave Maria - Sarah Brightman. Helen Keller was born at an estate called
Ivy Green. in Tuscumbia,
Alabama, on June 27, 1880, to Captain Arthur H. Keller, a former
officer of the Confederate
Army, and Kate Adams Keller, a cousin of Robert E. Lee and daughter of Charles W. Adams, a
former Confederate general. The Keller family originates from Germany, and at least one source claims her
father was of Swiss descent. She was not born blind and deaf; it was not until
nineteen months of age that she came down with an illness described by doctors
as "an acute congestion of the stomach and the brain", which could have possibly
been scarlet
fever or meningitis. The illness did not last for a
particularly long time, but it left her deaf and blind. At that time her only
communication partner was Martha Washington, the six-year-old daughter of the
family cook, who was able to create a sign
language with her; by age seven, she had over 60
home signs to communicate with her family.In his
doctoral dissertation, "Deaf-blind Children
(psychological development in a process of education)" (1971, Moscow Defectology
Institute), Soviet blind-deaf psychologist Meshcheryakov asserted that Washington's
friendship and teaching was crucial for Keller's later developments.In 1886, her
mother was inspired by an account in Charles
Dickens' American Notes of the
successful education of another deafblind child, Laura Bridgman, and traveled to a specialist
doctor in Baltimore for advice. He put her in touch with
Alexander
Graham Bell, who was working with deaf children at the
time. Bell advised the couple to contact the Perkins Institute for the Blind, the school where
Bridgman had been educated, which was then located in South Boston. The school delegated teacher and
former student Anne
Sullivan, herself visually impaired and then only 20
years old, to become Keller's instructor. It was the beginning of a 49-year-long
relationship, eventually evolving into governess and companion.Sullivan got permission from Keller's
father to isolate the girl from the rest of the family in a little house in
their garden. Her first task was to instill discipline in the spoiled girl.
Keller's big breakthrough in communication came one day when she realized that
the motions her teacher was making on her palm, while running cool water over
her hand, symbolized the idea of "water"; she then nearly exhausted Sullivan
demanding the names of all the other familiar objects in her world (including
her prized doll). In 1890, ten-year-old Helen Keller was introduced to the story
of Ragnhild
Kåta, a deafblind Norwegian girl who had learned to speak. Kåta's
success inspired Keller to want to learn to speak as well. Sullivan taught her
charge to speak using the Tadoma method of touching the lips and throat of others as they speak, combined
with fingerspelling letters on the palm of the child's
hand. Later Keller learned Braille, and used it to read not only English but also French, German, Greek, and Latin.
In 1888, Keller attended
the Royal Institute For the Blind. In 1894,Helen
Keller and Anne Sullivan moved to New York City to
attend the Wright-Humason School for the Deaf and Horace
Mann School for the Deaf. In 1896, they returned to Massachusetts and Helen
entered The Cambridge School for Young Ladies before
gaining admittance, in 1900, to Radcliffe
College. Her admirer Mark
Twain had introduced her to Standard Oil magnate Henry Huttleton
Rogers, who, with his wife, paid for her education. In
1904, at the age of 24, Keller graduated from Radcliffe magna cum laude,
becoming the first deaf blind person to earn a Bachelor of Arts degree.
Anne Sullivan stayed as a companion to Helen Keller long after she taught her.
Anne married John Macy in 1905, and her health started failing around 1914.
Polly Thompson was hired to keep house. She was a young woman from Scotland who
didn't have experience with deaf or blind people. She progressed to working as a
secretary as well, and eventually became a constant companion to Helen. After
Anne died in 1936, Helen and Polly moved to Connecticut. They travelled
worldwide raising funding for the blind. Polly had a stroke in 1957 from which
she never fully recovered, and died in 1960. Winnie Corbally was Helen's
companion for the rest of her life.Keller went on to become a world-famous
speaker and author. She is remembered as an advocate for people with
disabilities amid numerous other causes. She was a suffragist, a pacifist, a Wilson opposer, a radical socialist, and a
birth
control supporter. In 1915, she founded Helen Keller International, a non-profit organization for preventing blindness.
In 1920, she helped to found the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU). Keller and
Sullivan traveled to over 39 countries, making several trips to Japan and becoming a favorite of the Japanese
people. Keller met every US
President from Grover
Cleveland to Lyndon B.
Johnson and was friends with many famous figures,
including Alexander
Graham Bell, Charlie
Chaplin and Mark
Twain.Keller was a member of the Socialist Party and actively campaigned and wrote
in support of the working
classes from 1909 to 1921. She supported Socialist Party
candidate Eugene V.
Debs in each of his campaigns for the
presidency.Newspaper columnists who had praised her courage and intelligence
before she expressed her socialist views now called attention to her
disabilities. The editor of the Brooklyn Eagle wrote
that her "mistakes sprung out of the manifest limitations of her development."
Keller responded to that editor, referring to having met him before he knew of
her political views:Keller joined the Industrial Workers of the World (known as the IWW
or the Wobblies) in 1912, saying that parliamentary socialism was "sinking in
the political bog." She wrote for the IWW between 1916 and 1918. In Why I
Became an IWW , Keller explained that her motivation for activism came in
part from her concern about blindness and other disabilities:I was appointed on
a commission to investigate the conditions of the blind. For the first time I,
who had thought blindness a misfortune beyond human control, found that too much
of it was traceable to wrong industrial conditions, often caused by the
selfishness and greed of employers. And the social evil contributed its share. I
found that poverty drove women to a life of shame that ended in blindness. The
last sentence refers to prostitution and syphilis, a leading cause of blindness.Keller and
her friend Mark
Twain were both radicals whose political views have been
forgotten or glossed over in their popular
perception.Keller suffered a series of strokes in 1961 and spent the last years of
her life at her home. On September
14, 1964, President Lyndon B.
Johnson awarded Helen Keller the Presidential Medal of Freedom, one of the United
States' highest two civilian honors[13]. In
1965 she was elected to the Women's Hall of Fame at the New York World's
Fair.Keller devoted much of her later life to raise funds for the American Foundation for the Blind. She died in
her sleep on June 1, 1968, passing away 26 days before her 88th
birthday, at her home in Arcan Ridge near Westport, Connecticut. A service was held in her
honor at the National Cathedral in Washington, DC and her ashes were placed
there next to her constant companions, Anne Sullivan and Polly
Thompson
Ave Maria Gratia plena Maria, gratia plena Maria, gratia
plena Ave, ave dominus Dominus tecum Benedicta tu in mulieribus Et
benedictus Et benedictus fructus ventris Ventris tuae, Jesus. Ave
Maria
Ave Maria Mater Dei Ora pro nobis peccatoribus Ora pro
nobis Ora, ora pro nobis peccatoribus Nunc et in hora mortis Et in hora
mortis nostrae Et in hora mortis nostrae Et in hora mortis nostrae Ave
Maria
Hail Mary Full of grace The Lord is with thee Blessed art
thou amongst women And blessed is the fruit of thy womb,
Jesus
Holy Mary Mother of God Pray for us sinners Now, and
at the hour of our death
Amen
제 2차 바티칸 공의회
(1963년) 이후 수정된 기도문
Hail Mary Full of
grace The Lord is with you Blessed art you among women And blessed is
the fruit of your womb, Jesus
Holy Mary Mother of God Pray
for us sinners Now, and at the hour of our death
Amen
떡갈나무들은 가장 가벼운 무게로 이 계절을 지탱하면서 낙엽되어 우수수 떨어지고 있었습니다.
자신의 삶을 위해 송두리째 자신을 포기할 줄 아는 나무의 지혜를 보면서 낙엽쌓인 길을
사각사각~~~모두들 사색에 잠겨 말없이 걸었습니다.
;
.
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