CRANIAL NERVE
CN. I. olfactory n.(후각신경) : olfactory foramen of cribriform plate of ethmoid bone
CN. II. optic n.(시각신경) : optic canal of sphenoid bone
CN. III. oculomotor n.(동안신경) : superior orbital fissure of orbit
CN. IV. trochlear n.(전정도르래신경) : superior orbital fissure of orbit
CN. V. trigeminal n.(삼차신경)
V1. ophthalmic n.(눈신경) : superior orbital fissure of orbit
V2. maxillary n.(상악신경) : foramen rotundum
V3. mandibular n.(하악신경) : foramen ovale
CN. VI. abducens n.(외전신경) : superior orbital fissure of orbit
CN. VII. facial n.(안면신경) : facial canal (styloid foramen of temporal bone
→ int. acoustic meatus로 이어지는 facial canal통과)
CN. VIII. vestibulocochlear n.(전정달팽이신경) : int. acoustic meatus
CN. IX. glossopharyngeal n.(설인신경) : jugular foramen
CN. X. vagus n.(미주신경) : jugular foramen
CN. XI. accessory n.(부신경) : jugular foramen
CN. XII. hypoglossal n.(설하신경) : hypoglossal canal of occipital bone
SKULL
Ⅰ. THE WHOLE OF SKULL
1. The Exterior of the Skull
Norma Verticalis
Norma Frontalis
Norma Lateralis
Norma Occipitalis
Norma Basilaris
2. The Interior of the Skull
Inner Surface of the Skull Cap
Internal Surface of the Base of The Skull
Ⅱ. INDIVIDUAL BONES
1. Cranial Bones
Frontal Bone
Parietal Bone
Temporal Bone
Occipital Bone
Sphenoid Bone
Ethmoid Bone
2. Facial Bones
Zygomatic Bone
Lacrimal Bone
Nasal Bone
Inf. Nasal Concha
Vomer
Maxilla
Palatine
Mandible
3. Sutural Bones (Irregular Bone)
THE WHOLE OF SKULL
1. The Exterior of the Skull
1) Norma verticalis
2) Norma frontalis
Orbit
3) Norma lateralis
4) Norma occipitalis
5) Norma basilaris
2. The Interior of the Skull
1) Inner Surface of the Skull cap (calvaria)
2) Internal Surface of the Skull
Nasal Cavity
THE EXTERIOR OF THE SKULL
1) Norma Verticalis
: viewed from above (calvaria)
A. Bones
a. frontal bone
b. parietal bone
c. occipital bone
B. suture
a. coronal suture : frontal bone과 parietal bone사이
b. sagittal suture : 두 parietal bone사이
c. lambdoidal suture : parietal bone과 occipital bone사이
C. craniometric point
a. glabella : 두 superciliary arch사이의 가운데 융기부
b. bregma : sagittal suture와 coronal suture의 교차점
c. vertex : skull의 가장 높은 점 (sagittal suture의 중간지점)
d. obelion : parietal foramen에서 sagittal suture로 연장선을 그어 만나는 점
e. lambda : sagittal suture와 lambdoidal suture의 교차점
D. portion
a. parietal foramen
위치 : sagittal suture의 lat. 및 lambda의 ant.
통과구조물 : emissary v.
* 두 개가 모두 있을 수도 있고 그렇지 않을 수도 있다.
2) NORMA FRONTALIS
A. bones
a. frontal bone
b. parietal bone
c. temporal bone
d. sphenoid bone
e. ethmoid bone
f. zygomatic bone
g. lacrimal bone
h. nasal bone
i. inf. nasal concha.
j. vomer
k. maxillary bone
l. mandible
B. suture
a. coronal suture
b. frontal suture
c. frontonasal suture
d. internasal suture
e. nasomaxillary suture
f. zygomaticomaxillary suture
g. intermaxillary suture
C. craniometric point
a. glabella
b. nasion : frontonasal suture의 midpoint
D. portion
a. frontal eminence : above the superciliary arch
b. superciliary arch
c. supraorbital foramen or notch : supraorbital nerve & vessels
d. infraorbital foramen : infraorbital n. & vessels
e. middle nasal concha
f. inf. nasal concha : nasal cavity의 외측벽
g. ant. nasal spine -ant. nasal aperture의 inf. border의 중앙
-from maxilla (post. nasal spine은 palatine bone에)
h. ant. nasal aperture : pear shape (inf. nasal concha is visible)
i. canine eminence : root of canine으로 융기된 부분
j. alveolar proc. : osseous socket for the upper teeth
k. mental foramen - 2nd premolar teeth아래
- mental n. & vessels
** ORBIT
A. ROOF
-bone
(a) frontal bone의 orbital plate
(b) sphenoid bone의 lesser wing
-suture
(a) sphenofrontal suture (the post. end orbital roof)
-portion
(a) trochlear fovea : cartilaginous pully of sup. oblique m.
(b) lacrimal fossa : lacrimal gland
B. FLOOR
-bone
(a) orbital surface of maxilla
(b) orbital proc. of zygomatic bone
(c) orbital proc. of palatine bone
-suture
(a) maxillozygomatic suture
(b) palatomaxillary suture
-portion
(a) infraorbital groove : infraorbital n. & vessels
(b) lacrimal sulcus : nasolacrimal canal로 연결
(c) small depression for the origin of obliquus inf. oculi
C. BASE
-bone
(a) frontal의 orbital margin
(b) zygomatic의 orbital margin
(c) maxilla의 orbital margin
D. MEDIAL WALL
-bone
(a) frontal proc. of maxilla
(b) lacrimal bone
(c) ethmoid bone일부
(d) sphenoid bone의 body일부
-suture
(a) lacrimomaxillary suture
(b) lacrimoethmoidal suture
(c) sphenoethmoidal suture
☎ junction of medial wall & roof
① frontomaxillary suture
② frontolacrimal suture
③ frontoethmoidal suture
④ sphenofrontal suture
-craniometric point
(a) dacryon : lacrimal, frontal 그리고 maxilla가 만나는 점
-portion
(a) lacrimal sulcus : lacrimal bone과 frontal proc. of maxilla의 사이
lacrimal sac이 있다.
(b) post. lacrimal crest : lacrimal fossa의 뒤쪽 경계
orbicularis oculi m.의 lacrimal part가 origin
(c) ant. ethmoidal foramen : 동명의 nerve & vessels
(d) post. ethmoidal foramen : 동명의 nerve & vessels
* ant. & post. ethmoidal n.는 nasociliary n.의 br.
* ant. & post. ethmoidal a. & v.은 ophthalmic a. & v.의 br.
E. LATERAL WALL
-bone
(a) frontal proc. of zygomatic bone
(b) orbital surface of the great wing of the sphenoid
-suture
(a) sphenozygomatic suture
-portion
(a) inf. orbital fissure : orbit의 lat. wall과 floor의 사이
(b) sup. orbital fissure : orbit의 lat. wall과 roof사이
** orbit로 들어오는 것
1) III
2) IV
3) V1
4) VI
5) sympathetic n. filaments from cavernous plexus
6) middle meningeal a.의 orbital br.
** orbit에서 나가는 것
1) sup. ophthalmic v.
2) recurrent br. of lacrimal a.
F. APEX(at the back of the orbit)
-portion
(a) optic foramen: optic n.
ophthalmic a.
G. COMMUNICATION
1) optic foramen ☞ cranial cavity
2) sup. orbital fissure ☞ cranial cavity
3) inf. orbital fissure ☞ temporal fossa
4) supraorbital foramen ☞ face(above the orbit)
5) infraorbital foramen ☞ face(below the orbit)
6) ant. ethmoidal foramen ☞ cranial cavity
7) post. ethmoidal foramen ☞ cranial cavity
8) zygomaticofacial foramen ☞ pterygopalatine fossa
9) zygomaticotemporal foramen ☞ pterygopalatine fossa
10) canal for nasolacrimal duct ☞ inf. nasal meatus
3) Norma Lateralis
A. bones(can be inspected from lat. aspect)
a. frontal bone
b. parietal bone
c. occipital bone
d. temporal bone
e. great wing of sphenoid
f. zygomatic bone
g. lacrimal bone
h. orbital lamina of ethmoid
i. nasal bone
j. maxillary bone
k. mandible
B. suture
a. frontozygomatic suture
b. temporozygomatic suture
c. zygomaticomaxillary suture
d. sphenofrontal suture
e. sphenoparietal suture.
f. sphenosquamosal suture
g. squamosal suture
h. parietomastoid suture
i. occipitomastoid suture
j. lambdoid suture
-g. squamosal suture: pterion에서 시작하여 temporal squama와 parietal bone의 inf. border사이를 지나가며 parietomastoid suture에 연결됨.
-d, e, f는 sphenoid bone의 greater wing을 경계 짓는다.
-h. parietomastoid suture: mastoid process와 parietal bone의 사이
-i. occipitomastoid suture: occipital과 temporal bone사이
lambdoid suture로 연결된다.
C. craniometric point
a. pterion : sphenoparietal suture의 post. end. sphenoidal angle근처에서 parietal bone, sphenoid bone, temporal bone, frontal bone이 만나는 점
→ ossification되지 않은 경우: anterolateral fontanelle라 함.
b. asterion : parietomastoid suture, occipitomastoid suture와 lambdoid suture가 만나는 점. mastoid angle근처. → posterolateral fontanelle
c. stephanion : sup. temporal line이 coronal suture와 만나는 점.
D. portion
a. temporal line
(a) 위치 : frontal bone의 zygomatic process에서 시작하여 frontal bone과 parietal bone을 지나가 zygomatic arch의 post. root에 연결됨.
-sup. temporal line → temporal fascia가 부착
-inf. temporal line → temporalis m.이 부착
b. temporal fossa
(a) boundary
-ant. : frontal & zygomatic bones
-post. : supramastoid crest
-sup. : temporal line
-inf. : infratemporal crest
-med. : greater wing of sphenoid bone
-lat. : zygomatic arch
(b) 형성: zygomatic, frontal, sphenoid, parietal, temporal bone
(c) contains
-temporalis m. : inf. temporal line(O)
coronoid process of mandible(I)
-vessel
-nerve : zygomaticotemporal n. - maxillary n.의 zygomatic br.로 temporalis m. 을 뚫고 나와 skull의 lat.쪽을 지배한다.
(d) communication
-oral cavity : inf. orbital fissure를 통해
-infratemporal fossa : infratemporal crest를 경계로 직접 교통
Muscle
Origin
Insertion
Innervation
Main Action
Temporalis
Floor of temporal fossa and deep surface of temporal fascia
Tip and medial surface of coronoid process and anterior border of ramus of mandible Deep temporal branches of mandibular n. (CN V3)
Elevates mandible, closing jaws; its posterior fibers retrude mandible after protrusion
Masseter
Inf. border and medial surface of zygomatic arch
Lateral surface of ramus of mandible and its coronoid process Mandibular n. via masseteric nerve that enters its deep surface
Elevates and protrudes mandible, thus closing jaws; deep fibers retrude it
Lateral pterygoid
Superior head : infratemporal surface and infratemporal crest of greater wing of sphenoid bone
Inferior head : lateral surface of lateral pterygoid plate
Neck of mandible, articular disc, and capsule of temporomandibular joint
Mandibular nerve (CN V3) via lateral pterygoid nerve from anterior trunk, which enters its deep surface
Acting together, they protrude mandible and depress chin
Acting alone and alternately, they produce side-to-side movements of mandible
Medial pterygoid
Deep head : medial surface of lateral pterygoid plate and pyramidal process of palatine bone
Superficial head : tuberosity of maxilla
Medial surface of ramus of mandible, inferior to mandibular foramen
mandibular nerve (CN V3) via medial pterygoid nerve
Helps to elevate mandible, closing jaws
Acting together, they help to protrude mandible
Acting alone, it protrudes side of jaw
Acting alternately, they produce a grinding motion
c. infratemporal fossa
(a) boundary
-ant. : infratemporal surface of maxilla
-post. : articular tubercle of temporal bone & sphenoidal spine
-sup. : great wing of sphenoid bone, undersurface of temporal squama
-inf. : alveolar border of maxilla
-med. : lat. pterygoid plate of sphenoid
-lat. : zygomatic arch
(b) contains
-temporalis m.
-med. & lat. pterygoid mm.
-maxillary vessels
-mandibular & maxillary nn.
-pterygoid plexus of veins
(c) communication
-foramen ovale & foramen spinosum (above)
-alveolar canal (ant. wall)
-inf. orbital fissure (sup. & med. wall)
-pterygomaxillary fissure (sup. & med. wall)
d. suprameatal triangle
-zygomatic bone의 post. root의 아래, ext. acoustic meatus의 뒷부분.
e. ext. acoustic meatus
f. mastoid proc.
(a) attachment
-sternocleidomastoid m.
-splenius capitis m.
-longissimus capitis m.
g. mastoid notch
-mastoid proc.의 medial side에 있는 shallow groove
(a) attachment
-digastricus m.의 posterior belly
muscle
proximal attachment
distal attachment
innervation
main actions
sternocleido-mastoid
lateral surface of the mastoid process of the temporal bone and lateral half of the superior nuchal line of the occipital bone
sternal head ; anterior surface of the manubrium, lateral to the jugular notch clavicular head ; superior surface of the medial third of the clavicle spinal root of the accessory n. (CN ?) and branches of the second and third cervical n. (C2 and C3)
acting alone : tilts the head to its own side by drawing the mastoid process inferiorly
acting together : flex the neck
longissimus capitis m.
Transverse processes of the upper thoracic vertebrae and the transverse and articular processes of middle and lower cervical vertebrae(tendinous) Posterior margin of the mastoid process of the temporal bone
Dorsal primary divisions of all cervical, thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves
Muscles of both sides, acting together, extend the vertebral column and assist in maintaining erect posture. Muscles of one side, acting alone, bend vertebral column to the side.
splenius capitis m.
From nuchal lig. beginning at the 3rd cervical vertebra and from spinous processes of the 7th cervical and the 1st-3rd thoracic vertebrae Mastoid proc. and superior nuchal line Dorsal primary divisions of cervical nerves
Rotates the head and laterally inclines the vertebral column
muscle
proximal attachment
distal attachment
innervation
main actions
Digastric
Ant. belly : digastric fossa of mandible
Post belly : mastoid notch of temporal bone
Intermediate tendon to body and greater horn of hyoid bone Ant. belly : mylohyoid n., a branch of inf. alveolar n.
Posterior belly: facial n. (CN VII)
Depresses mandible; raises hyoid bone and steadies it during swallowing and speaking
h. styloid proc.
(a) attachment
-styloglossus m.
-stylohyoid m.
-stylopharyngeus m.
-stylohyoid lig.
-stylomandibular lig.
i. mandibular fossa
(a) 위치 : temporal bone의 tympanic part와 articular tubercle사이
(b) 형성 : devide into the ant. part & post. part by petrotympanic fissure
-ant. part : larger part
mandible의 condyle을 받는다.
-post. part : nonarticular part
j. zygomatic arch
(a) 형성 : temporal bone의 zygomatic process & zygomatic bone의 temporal process
(b) root & border
-ant. root : medially to the mandibular fossa
: articular tubercle을 형성
-post. root : ext. acoustic meatus에서 후 상방에 위치
: supramastoid crest에 연결된다.
-sup. border : temporal fascia가 붙는다.
-inf. border : masseter m.(O)
muscle
origin
insertion
innervation
main actions
styloglossus
Body and greater horn of hyoid bone
Dorsum of tongue and body of hyoid bone
Hypoglossal n.
CN XII
Depresses tongue; its posterior part protrudes tongue
stylohyoid
Styloid process of temporal bone
Body of hyoid bone
Cervical branch of facial
Elevates and retracts hyoid bone, thereby elongating floor of mouth
stylopharyngeus
Styloid process of temporal bone
Posterior and superior borders of thyroid cartilage with palatopharyngeus m. Glossopharyngeal n. (CN IX)
Elevate pharynx and larynx during swallowing and speaking
k. inf. orbital fissure
(a) boundary
-sup. : great wing의 orbital surface의 inf. border
-inf. : maxilla의 orbital surface의 lat. border
palatine bone의 orbital proc.
-lat. : zygomatic bone의 orbital surface
-med. : pterygomaxillary fissure
(b) contains
-maxillary n.
-zygomatic br. of maxillary n.
-ascending br. of pterygopalatine ggl.
-infraorbital vessel
-inf. ophthalmic v., pterygoid venous plexus의 connection이 지나간다.
(c) communication
-inf. orbital fissure를 통해서 orbit는 temporal, infratemporal 그리고
pterygopalatine fossa와 교통함.
l. pterygomaxillary fissure
(a) 위치 : sphenoid bone의 pterygoid proc.와 maxilla사이의 fissure
(b) contains : maxillary a. & v.의 terminal part
(c) communication : infratemporal fossa와 pterygopalatine fossa가 교통함.
m. pterygopalatine fossa
(a) 위치
-inf. orbital fissure와 pterygomaxillary fissure사이
-apex of the orbit의 바로 밑 부분
(b) boundary
-sup. : inc. surface of body of sphenoid bone & orbital process of palatine bone
-ant. : infratemporal surface of maxilla
-post. : base of pterygoid proc. of sphenoid bone & lower part of ant. surface of body of sphenoid bone
-bed. : perpendicular plate of palatine bone
(c) communication
-orbit(inc. orbital fissure를 통해) → ant. wall
-nasal cavity(sphenopalatine foramen을 통해) → med. wall
-infratemporal fossa(pterygomaxillary fissure를 통해) → lat. wall
-cranial cavity(pterygoid canal과 foramen rotundum을 통해) → inf. wall
4) NORMA OCCIPITALIS
A. bone
a. parietal bone
b. temporal bone 의 mastoid proc.
c. occipital bone
(mandible 의 internal surface)
B. suture
a. sagittal suture : 두 parietal bone사이
b. lambdoid suture : 두 parietal bone과 occipital bone사이
C. craniometric point
a. inion : ext. occipital protuberance의 가운데
b. lambda : sagittal suture와 lambdoid suture의 교차점
D. portion
a. planum occipitale : highest nuchal line의 위
b. highest nuchal line : sup. nuchal line에서 약 1cm위
c. planum nuchale : highest nuchal line의 아래
d. ext. occipital protuberance : occipital squama의 middle part에
e. sup. nuchal line : ext. occipital protuberance의 좌우연장선
☞ trapezius m.(O)
☞ sternocleidomastoid m.(I)
☞ splenius capitis m.(I)
f. ext. occipital crest : inion에서 foramen magnum으로 이어지는 ridge
☞ ligamentum nuchae가 붙는다.
g. inf. nuchal line
-external occipital crest의 중간지점에서부터 외측으로 나타나는 line으로 planum nuchale를 2등분 한다.
이것을 기준으로
위 : ☞ semispinalis capitis m.(I)
☞ oblique capitis superioris m.(I)
아래 : ☞ recti capitis posterior major & minor mm.(I)
☞ post. atlanto-occipital membrane
h. mastoid proc.
☞ sternocleidomastoid m.(I)
☞ splenius capitis m.(I)
☞ longissimus capitis m(I)
i. mastoid foramen : mastoid portion의 post. border근처에 위치하며 occipital bone에 있을 수도, temporal bone과 occipital bone에 있을 수도, 또는 없을 수도 있다.
☞ emissary v. to sigmoid sinus
☞ br. of occipital a. to dura mater
5) NORMA BASALIS
A. 형성
-palatine proc. of maxillae
-horizontal plates of palatine bone
-vomer
-inf. surface of the great wings of sphenoid bone
-part of body of sphenoid bone
-pterygoid processes of sphenoid bone
-spinous processes of sphenoid bone
-inf. surfaces of the squamqae of temporal bones
-petrous portions of the temporal bones
-inf. surface of occipital bone
<1> Ant. part … ① 형성: 주로 hard palate로 형성된다.
② boundary: anterolaterally by the alveolar arch
a. bone
-incisive bone
-maxillary bone
-palatine proc. of maxillae
-horizontal plates of palatine bone
(arch of zygomatic bone)
b. suture
-intermaxillary suture
-med. palatine suture
-transverse palatine suture
c. portion
a) incisive fossa : incisor teeth 뒤
☞ depressor septi m.(O)
b) lat. incisive foramen
-위치 : within the incisive fossa(incisive canal으로 연속됨)
-contains : greater palatine vessels의 terminal br.(from oral cavity)
nasopalatine n.(from nasal cavity)
c) median incisive foramen : nasopalatine n.통과
d) greater palatine foramen
-위치 : post. angle of hard palate
-contains : greater palatine vessels & n.
(pterygopalatine fossa에서 greater palatine canal로 내려감)
e) lesser palatine foramen
-위치 : palatine bone의 pyramidal proc.에 위치
-contains : lesser palatine vessels & n.(to soft palate)
f) post. nasal spine
-위치 : hard palate의 post. border의 중앙(palatine bone)
-attachment : musculus uvulae
<2> Middle part … ①형성: hard palate의 뒤부터 foramen magnum의 ant. border까지
a. bone
-vomer
-inf. surface of the great wings of sphenoid bone
-part of body of sphenoid bone
-pterygoid processes of sphenoid bone
-spinous processes of sphenoid bone
-inf. surfaces of the squamqae of temporal bones
b. suture
-sphenooccipital suture
c. portion
a) choanae
-nasal cavity의 post. opening
-vomer에 의해 양쪽으로 분리
-boundary
1) above : sphenoid bone의 body, vomer의 ala.
2) below : palatine bone의 horizontal plate
3) lat. : sphenoid bone의 med. pterygoid plate
4) med. : vomer
b) pterygoid hamulus
-위치 : med. pterygoid plate의 맨 밑에 돌출 되어 있다.
-tensor veli palatini m.의 tendon이 감고 돈다.
muscle
origin
insertion
innervation
main actions
tensor veli palatini m.
Scaphoid fossa of medial pterygoid plate, spine of sphenoid bone, and cartilage of auditory tube Palatine aponeurosis
Medial pterygoid n. (a branch of the mandibular n.) via otic ganglion Tenses soft palate and opens mouth of auditory tube during swallowing and yawning
c) med. pterygoid plate
-base쪽의 lat. side에는 scaphoid fossa가 있다.
-맨 밑에 pterygoid hamulus가 있다.
d) scaphoid fossa
-위치 : med. pterygoid plate의 base의 lat. side에 위치함.
-attachment : tensor veli palatini m.이 origin함.
e) lat. pterygoid plate
-lat. surface는 infratemporal fossa의 med. wall을 형성한다.
-med. surface는 pterygoid fossa의 lat. wall을 형성한다.
-pterygoideus lateralis m.이 lat. side에 붙는다.
muscle
origin
insertion
innervation
main actions
Lateral pterygoid
Superior head : infratemporal surface and infratemporal crest of greater wing of sphenoid bone
Inferior head : lateral surface of lateral pterygoid plate
Neck of mandible, articular disc, and capsule of temporomandibular joint Mandibular nerve (CN V3) via lateral pterygoid nerve from anterior trunk, which enters its deep surface Acting together, they protrude mandible and depress chin
Acting alone and alternately, they produce side-to-side movements of mandible
f) foramen ovale
-위치 : lat. pterygoid plate의 base쪽에 위치.
-통과구조물 : mandibular n.
accessory meningeal a.
LSPN
emissary v.
g) foramen spinosum
-위치 : foramen ovale의 post. & lat. side
-통과구조물 : middle meningeal vessels
small meningeal br. of mandibular n.
h) sphenoidal spine
-위치 : foramen ovale의 lat. side의 돌출부
-attachment : sphenomandibular lig.
tensor veli palatini m.
i) sulcus for auditory tube
-위치 : temporal bone의 petrous part와 sphenoid bone의 great wing의 사이.
-contain : auditory tube의 cartilaginous part
→ temporal bone 속의 bony part로 연속됨
j) petrosphenoidal fissure
-위치 : sulcus for auditory tube의 bottom
k) foramen lacerum
-위치 : med. pterygoid plate의 base에 위치
(temporal bone의 petrous part의 apex앞쪽)
-boundary
☞ front : sphenoid bone의 great wing
☞ behind : temporal bone의 petrous portion의 apex
☞ medial : sphenoid bone의 body & occipital bone의 basilar portion
-통과구조물
☞ int. carotid a.
☞ emissary v.
l) carotid canal
-위치 : petrous temporal bone의 inf. surface
-통과구조물
☞ int. carotid a.
→ right angle turn within carotid canal
→ foramen lacerum
→ cranial cavity
→ S-shaped turn
→ brain의 under surface로
☞ sympathetic n.의 carotid plexus
☞ emissary v.
m) mandibular fossa
-위치 : sphenoidal spine의 lat.
-petrotympanic fissure에 의해 ant. & post. portion으로 나뉨.
1) ant. portion
☞ concave & smooth
☞ 앞쪽이 articular tubercle로 bounded
☞ mandible의 condyle과 articulation
` 2) post. portion
☞ rough
☞ 뒤쪽이 temporal bone의 tympanic part로 bounded
n) pharyngeal tubercle
-위치 : occipital bone의 basilar portion의 중앙에 위치.
-attachment : fibrous raphe of the pharynx
-pharyngeal tubercle의 양쪽 옆에 rectus capitis ant. m.과 logus capitis m.이 insertion한다.
<3> Post. part … 형성: 주로 occipital bone에 의해 형성됨(일부 temporal bone)
a. bone
-petrous portions of the temporal bone
-inf. surface of occipital bone
b. suture
-sphenooccipital suture
-occipitomastoid suture
c. craniometric point
-basion
-opisthion
-inion
d. portion
a) styloid proc.
-위치: med. & slightly ant. to the mastoid proc.에 위치하며, temporal bone의 tympanic part의 laminae of vaginal proc.(med. & lat.) 사이.
b) stylomastoid foramen
-위치 : styloid proc.와 mastoid proc.사이 foramen으로 facial canal이 끝나는 곳
-통과구조물 : CN VII
stylomastoid a.(middle ear의 tympanic cavity에 supply)
c) groove for occipital a.
-위치 : mastoid notch의 med. side
-occipital a.가 지나간다.
d) mastoid proc.
-각 mastoid proc.의 med. side에는 mastoid notch가 있다.
-mastoid notch에는 digastric m.의 post. belly가 붙는다.
-부착구조물
① sternocleidomastoid m.(I)
② splenius capitis m.(I)
③ longissimus capitis m(I)
e) jugular proc.
-위치 : occipital condyle의 양 외측
-attachment : rectus capitis lateralis m.
lat. atlanto-occipital lig.
f) jugular foramen
-위치 : med. to styloid proc.
post. to carotid canal
** 앞쪽으로는 temporal bone의 petrous portion의 jugular fossa와
뒤쪽으로는 occipital bone사이에 위치함.
** 3개의 compartment로 나눈다.
-ant. compartment: inf. petrosal sinus
-intermediate compartment : CN IX
CN X
CN XI(spinal origin & cranial origin)
-post. compartment : sigmoid sinus(int. jugular v.과 연속)
meningeal br. of occipital a.
meningeal br. of ascending pharyngeal a.
g) occipital condyle
-위치 : foramen magnum의 lat. side
-atlas의 sup. articular facet과 관절
-med. side에 tubercle for alar lig.가 있다.
h) condyloid fossa
-각 occipital condyle의 post.
-한쪽 또는 양쪽에 condyloid canal이 있다.
-condyloid canal에는 sigmoid sulcus에서 나와 upper cervical region의 vertebral v.으로 가는 small v.이 통과한다(emissary v.)
i) hypoglossal canal
-위치 : occipital condyle의 base의 lat.쪽
-통과구조물 : hypoglossal n.
post. meningeal a. br.
j) foramen magnum
-위치 : occipital bone의 basilar portion의 post.
-통과구조물
☞ medulla oblongata & its membrane
☞ accessory n.의 spinal origin
☞ vertebral aa.
☞ ant. & post. spinal aa.
☞ tectorial membrane
☞ alar lig.
k) ext. occipital crest
-foramen magnum의 post.쪽
l) ext. occipital protuberance
m) sup. & inf. nuchal line
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