수능필수문범

[이영우]

수능 필수 문법.hwp

이래책은 내가 직접만든 책이다.

<수능 필수 문법>

1. 주어부를 이끄는 준동사

□ Refusing invitations is not always easy.

□ To know is one thing; to apply is another.

advice : 문장을 이해하려면 먼저 주어를 찾아야한다. 주어로 쓰이는 것은 주로 명사나 대명사이지만, 동명사나 to 부정사 같은 준동사도 주어부를 이끌 수 있다.

◆ 동명사가 주어로 쓰이는 경우 : 동명사가 이끄는 어구는 주어의 역할을 할 수 있다. refuse invitations는 <동사+목적어>로 이루어진 구인데, 동사에 -ing을 붙이면, 구 전체가 명사역할을 할 수 있다. 마치 ‘초대를 거절하다’를 ‘초대를 거절하기’라는 형태로 바꾸는 것이다.

(1) Beating children often does more harm than good.

(2) Keeping the students quiet and attentive is one of the biggest problems.

◆ to부정사가 주어로 쓰이는 경우 : to 부정사가 이끄는 어구도 주어역할을 할 수 있으나, 흔하지는 않다. 보통 위 예문처럼 대구를 이루거나 관용적인 속담 표현 등에서 예를 찾을 수 있다.

(3) To say is one thing; to do is another.

note: 동명사나 to부정사가 이끄는 어구가 주어로 쓰일 때는 단수로 취급한다. 주어로 쓰인 어구의 마지막 단어가 복수인 경우, 그것을 주어로 생각하여 동사를 복수형으로 쓰지 않도록 주의하여야 한다.

APPLICATION : 올바른 표현을 고르세요.

(1) Communication is the fabric of civilized society. (Be/Being) able to communicate is essential for an individual's success and well-being.

(2) (Spending/Spent) an enormous amount of computing time, a robot might finally recognize the object as a table.(2009.4. 경기교육청연합)

answer: (1)Being (2)Spending

(3) If you were trained to be a physical education teacher, not having a gym (is/being) not a huge problem. (2010.3 서울교육청연합)

answer : is

(4) To exclude those from voting who are already socially isolated (destroy/destroys) our democracy, as it creates a caste system. (2009.7 인천교육청연합)

answer : destroys

(5) One of the exercises we were given (was/were) to make a list of the ten most important events of our lives. (2008.6 평가원학력평가)

answer : was

2. 주어로 쓰이는 절

□ That the universe is expanding is common knowledge today.

□ How the accident happened is not important.

advice : 주어로 쓰이는 절 가운데 대표적인 것은 that절이다. that절 이외에도, whether가 이끄는 절, 의문사가 이끄는 절(간접의문문), 관계대명사 what 과 복합관계사가 이끄는 절 등이 주어로 쓰일 수 있다.

◆ that 과 whether : that은 「…라는 것」이라는 의미이고, whether 는 「…인지 아닌지」 라는 의미로 둘 다 주어절을 이끌 수 있다. whether의 뒤에는 or not 이 따라오기도 한다.

(1) That he was in error was beyond doubt.

(2) Whether he will agree or not does not matter.

◆ 간접의문문 : 간접의문문은 접속사의 자리에 의문사가 쓰인 절이다. 특히 간접의문문의 주어가 I, you, 혹은 일반인이고, 그 절의 내용이 <의무, 가능, 미래> 등을 의미할 때는 <의문사+to부정사>로 간단히 표현할 수 있다.

(3) How you should spend money is more important than how you should earn money.

= How to spend money ~

◆ what과 복합관계사 : what과 복합관계사는 모두 선행사와 관계사 역할을 겸한다.

(4) What he says is true. (The thing which he says ~  )

(5) Whoever sees her will be charmed by her beauty.

(=Anyone who sees her ~  )

APPLICATION : 올바른 표현을 고르세요

(1) Fashion changes with the weather, and (that/what) is popular today may be out of favor tomorrow.

answer: (1)what

(2) William Kamkwamba (left/leaving) school at 14 as his family was unable to pay the school fees, but that didn't stop him from doing something remarkable.(2008.10 서울교육청연합)

answer : left

(3) Who we believe we are (is/are) a result of the choices we make about who we want to be like, and we subsequently demonstrate this desired likeness to others in various and often subtle ways. (2009.9 평가원학력평가)

answer ; is

(4) Many social scientists have believed for some time (that / what) birth order directly affects both personality and achievement in adult life. (2009. 수능문제)

answer : that

(5) I was five years old when my father introduced me to motor sports. Dad thought (it / which) was a normal family outing to go to a car racing event. (2007.수능문제)

answer : it

3. 주격보어로 쓰이는 형용사

□ Wait till the traffic light turns green.

□ The house looks pretty against the green wood.

advice : 자동사중에서는 형용사를 보어로 취하는 것들이 많은데, 이러한 자동사들을 의미적으로 분류하면 다음과 같다.

◆ 상태의 지속 : hold, lie, keep, remain, stand, stay

(1) The weather stayed cold for more than a week.

(2) How can I take your picture if you don't hold still?

(가만히 있지 않는다면 어떻게 네 사진을 찍을 수 있겠니?)

◆ 상태의 변화 : become, come, fall, get, go, grow, turn

(3) He grew angry with me.

(4) She went white with anxiety.

◆ 상태의 지각 : smell, sound, taste, feel

(5) This cloth feels smooth.

(6) That sounds great.

◆ 판명과 인상 : prove, turn out, look, seem

(7) The information has proved useful.

(8) You look very fit.

  (넌 아주 건강해 보인다.)

APPLICATION  : 올바른 표현을 고르세요.

(1) An Asian poet, who was first in London and did not know English well, went up to a man in the street and asked, "Please, what is time?" The man (looked/saw) very surprised and replied, "But that's a philosophical question. Why ask me?"

answer: looked

(2) We study philosophy (because/because of) the mental skills it helps us develop.(2007.6 평가원학력평가)   answer : because of

4. 주격보어로 쓰이는 분사

□ I sat watching an exciting game on TV.

□ The boy looked worried about his school report.

advice : 현재분사와 과거분사는 형용사처럼 주격보어 역할을 할 수 있다. 주격보어는 주어와의 관계에 따라 현재분사와 과거분사를 적절하게 구별하여 사용해야 한다.

◆ 보어로 쓰이는 현재분사: 현재분사는 주어와 능동의 관계에 있을 때 쓰인다.

(1) He stood looking out of the window.

(2) When the game was over, I could not keep standing.

(3) I went shopping yesterday.

◆ 보어로 쓰이는 과거분사: 과거분사는 주어와 수동의 관계에 있을 때 쓰인다.

(4) He felt deserted.

(5) He didn't try to comfort her and remained quite bewildered.

(6) No matter how much money she spends on her clothes, she never looks very well dressed.

APPLICATION : 올바른 표현을 고르세요.

(1) If too much waste is thrown in our rivers and lakes, the water cannot clean itself, and it becomes (polluting/polluted).

(2) When a dog comes (barking/barked) you are in no danger. But if he comes toward you (to growl/growling) with his head down, be careful. Stand still. Put your hands on your chest. If you do this, not one dog in ten will bite you.

answer : (1)polluted (2)barking. growling

(3) When a lecturer presents a succession of new concepts, students' faces begin to show signs of anguish while (other/others) give up writing in complete discouragement. (2008.4 경기교육청연합)

answer : others

5. 목적어로 쓰이는 준동사

□ They agreed to undertake the job.

□ Do you mind closing the door?

advice : to부정사와 동명사 중에서 to 부정사만 목적어로 취하는 것들이 있고, 동명사만 목적어로 취하는 것들이 있다.

․agree, care, choose, decide, hope, manage, mean, offer, promise, refuse, want 등은 to부정사를 목적어로 취한다.(주로 소망, 기대, 의도등 미래적인 의미)

․admit, appreciate, avoid, consider, deny, enjoy, escape, finish, mention, mind, postpone 등은 동명사를 목적어로 취한다.

◆ stop 의 경우

(1)He stopped to listen to the music.<stop+to부정사:～하려고 멈추다.>

(2)He stopped listening to the music.<stop+동명사:～하는 것을 중단하다.>

◆ forget과 remember의 경우

(3) Don't forget to close the windows.<forget, remember+to부정사: 아직 이루어지지 않은 일을 표현.>

(4) I can't forget going to Berlin.<forget, remember+동명사: 이미 일어난 일을 표현>

(5) Just remember to bring your lunch.

(6) Do you remember seeing this story in your local paper?

APPLICATION : 올바른 표현을 고르세요.

(1) When most of the people turned to Islam, they gave up their ceremonies to make the crops grow; their new religion taught them that their headdresses were unholy, so they stopped (using/to use) them.

(2) Most automobile owners check the gas and oil in their cars regularly. However, they often forget (checking/to check) the tires.

answer : (1)using (2)to check

(3) She had a very good voice, except that some of her high notes tended to sound like a gate which someone had forgotten (oiling / to oil). (2008.3 서울교육청연합)

answer : to oil

6.목적어로 쓰이는 간접의문문

□ He asked when they were coming.

□ I wonder whether (if) he is at home at this time of day.

advice : 명사절은 주어, 보어, 목적어 등으로 쓰이는 절로서, 대표적인 것은 that절, 간접의문문, 관계대명사what 으로 시작하는 절 등이다. 이중에서 출제의 빈도가 높은 것은 간접의문문이다.

◆ 간접의문문: 접속사의 자리에 의문사가 쓰인 절로서, 어순은 평서문과 같다.

(1) Do you know when he will arrive here?<의문부사>

(2) I want to know who is going to attend the meeting.<의문사가 주어>

(3) Please tell me which shoes I should wear.<의문형용사+명사>

◆ whether/if 절 : whether(…or not)는 「…인지 아닌지」라는 의미로 목적절을 이끌 때가 많다. if도 whether와 비슷한 의미로 쓰일 수 있는데, 조건을 표현하는 if와 혼동하지 않도록 유의한다.

(4) I don't know whether he is glad or sorry.

(5) I wonder if it's convenient for you.

◆ 간법의문문의 축약 : 간접의문문이나 whether 절의 주어가 주절의 주어나 목적어와 같은 경우, 혹은 일반인을 나타내는 경우는 <의문사+to부정사>의 형태로 축약할 수 있다. 이때 그 절의 의미는 보통의무, 가능, 미래등이다.

(6) I wonder which route to take.(=which route I should take)

(7) He wasn't sure whether to go or stay.(=whether he should go or stay)

APPLICATION : 올바른 표현을 고르세요

(1) Because true workaholics would rather work than do anything else, they probably don't know (to/how to) relax; that is, they might not enjoy movies, sport, or other types of entertainment.

answer : how to

(2) Note taking thus is dependent on one's ability to maintain attention, understand what is being said, and hold it in working memory long enough to (write down it / write it down). (2008.4 경기교육청연합)

answer : write it down

7. 이중목적어 1

□ John gave her a bunch of roses.

□ Jack bought her a brilliant necklace.

advice : 간법목적어(IO)와 직접목적어(DO)를 가질 수 있는 동사를 수여동사라고 한다. 수여동사는 크게 give형과 buy형 두 가지 형으로 나눌 수 있다.

◆ give형의 수여동사<IO+DO>를 <DO+to+IO>로 바꾸어 쓸 수 있으며, 간접목적어는 주로 「～에게」라는 방향을 의미한다.

ex. bring, hand, offer, promise, read, send, show, teach, write등

(1) She read the children fairy tales.=She read fairy tales to the children.

(2) Dad promised me a nice watch.=Dad promised a nice watch to me.

◆ buy형의 수여동사 :<IO+DO>를 <DO+for+IO>로 바꾸어 쓸 수 있으며, 간접목적어는 주로 「～을 위하여」라는 이익을 의미한다.

ex. cook, find, get, leave, make, order, save, spare등

(3) Will you find me a good one?=Will you find a good one for me?

(4) I made him a new suit.=I made a new suit for him.

APPLICATION : 밑줄 친 부분중 잘못된 곳을 고르세요.

(1) ①Falling in love teaches ②a young man an important lesson. The lover readily imagines that he and the girl he loves ③is one. He feels that he has love enough for both ④and that his loving will wrap the two of them together like twin nuts in a shell. But ⑤what he loves is, after all, another human being, a person with other interests and other pains.

answer : ③(he and the girl 주어이므로 is→are)

(2) It is now the capital of Nepal and, as such, the center of (its / it's) government, economy, and culture. (2005학년도 대입수능)

answer : its

8. 이중목적어 2

□ He telephoned me that she had arrived safely.

□ I'll ask him where he went yesterday.

advice : 정보의 전달을 의미하는 동사는 직접목적어(DO)에 절이 올때가 많은데, 이 절은 보통 that절과 간접의문문이다.

◆ that절 : 「말해주다, 알려주다」등의 뜻을 가진 ‘정보 전달의 동사(tell, inform, remind, convince, telephone등)’은 DO로 that절을 가질 수 있다. 위 예문에서, me는 telephone의 IO이고, that she … 는 DO다.

(1) I informed her that I had decided to join the club.

(2) Remind him that I'll be back tomorrow.

(3) I warned him that too much wine would make him ill.

◆ 보어로 쓰이는 과거분사 : ‘정보전달의 동사’는 간접의문문을 DO로 가지는 경우도 많다.

(4) Tell me what time you will start tomorrow.

(5) I asked him how long he had been in the United States.

(6) He taught us how man has damaged the environment.

APPLICATION : 올바른 표현을 고르세요.

(1) At first, shaking hands ①(was/were) a friendly gesture when two men met: it showed ②(them/themselves) that neither of them was carrying a weapon.

answer : was.  them

9. 목적격보어로 쓰이는 명사와 형용사

□ He wants to make one of his sons a police officer.

□ I'd like my coffee strong.

advice : 목적격보어(OC)로 쓰이는 어구는 주로 명사나 형용사이다. 목적어와 목적격보어의 사이에는 항상 <주어+서술어>의 관계가 있다.

◆ OC로 쓰인 명사 : 명사가 목적격보어로 쓰일 때는 <목적어=목적격보어>의 관계가 성립한다.

(1) We elected him captain of our team.(cf. him = captain of our team)

(2) People call him a hero.(cf. him = a hero)

◆ OC로 쓰인 형용사 : 형용사가 목적격보어일 때는 목적어와 목적격보어 사이에 be를 넣으면 문장이 성립한다.

(3) His way of driving makes us uneasy.(cf. We are uneasy.)

(4) I like my coffee strong.(cf. My coffee is strong.)

(5) He kicked the door open.(cf. The door was open.)

APPLICATION : 올바른 표현을 고르세요.

(1) It's not just to amaze our friends with our own profound thinking, or confuse them with (unexpected/unexpectedly) questions.(2007.6 평가원학력평가)

answer : unexpected

(2) Some people think of failure first and look for reasons why they will fail. Even when they succeed in something, they are not sure they will succeed in the same thing again. These people are usually unhappy, and make other people (unhappy/unhappily), too.

answer : (2)unhappy

(3) The first shops sold just (a few/a little) products such as meat and bread. (2008.9 평가원학력평가)

answer : a few

(4) I'm the youngest child and thus less (aggressively / aggressive) than my older brothers and sisters. (2009.수능문제)

answer : aggressive

10.목적격보어로 쓰이는 원형부정사와 to 부정사

□ I saw a jetliner take off.

□ The doctor advised him to give up smoking.

advice : 사역동사(let, make, have)와 지각동사(see, hear, feel, watch)의 목적격보어 자리에는 원형부정사를 쓰고, 기타 동사의 목적격보어 자리에는 to부정사를 쓴다.

◆ 사역동사와 지각동사

(1) I made him repeat the question.

(2) I'll have him carry my suitcase upstairs.

(3) Don't let a single day go by doing nothing.

(4) I could see the relief come over her face when she heard the news.

(5) I have never heard him speak ill of others.

(6) She felt her heart beat violently.

(7) I helped (my father) (to) paint the house.

◆ 일반 동사

(8) My father didn't allow me to ride a motorcycle.

(9) I'll get him to carry my suitcase upstairs.

APPLICATION : 올바른 표현을 고르세요.

(1) Running keeps people in good shape. It makes them (feel/to feel) better.

(2) Not only does this enable us to choose our response to particular circumstances, but this encourages us to (create/creating) circumstances. (2007.9 평가원학력평가)

answer : (1)feel (2)create

(3) She saw an anxious expression‎ suddenly (come/to come) over the driver's face.(2008.3 서울교육청연합)

answer : come

(4) I watched a man on the Metro (try / tried) to get off the train and fail. (2006. 수능문제)

answer : try

11. 목적격보어로 쓰이는 분사

□ She felt her heart beating fast.

□ I had my license renewed last month.

advice : 목적격보어의 자리에 현재분사나 과거분사가 오는 경우가 아주 많다. 목적어와 목적격보어는 의미적으로 주어와 서술어의 관계에 있으며, 현재분사는 능동과 진행의 의미를, 과거분사는 수동과 완료의 의미를 표현한다.

(예문) Her heart was beating fast.<능동과 진행의 의미>

(예문) My license was renewed last month.<수동과 완료의 의미>

◆ 목적격보어로 쓰이는 현재분사 : 목적어와 목적격보어는 진행 및 능동의 관계에 있다.

(1) From my window I can watch ships sailing in and out of the harbor.

(2) He felt himself trembling all over for fear.

◆ 목적격보어로 쓰이는 과거분사 : 목적어와 목적격보어는 완료 및 수동의 관계에 있다.

(3) I hate to see things done by halves.

(4) I heard him scolded by his mother.

(5) I had no time to wash my car, so I had it washed.

(6) I had my purse stolen in a crowded bus.

APPLICATION : 올바른 표현을 고르세요.

(1) The top of the trees are so thick and so high that the sunshine can hardly find its way to the ground. It is dim and quiet. When you stop for a moment, you may hear the wind (sighing/sighed) in the trees far above.

(2) When I was sailing a yacht with my friend six days ago, a storm hit us. Our yacht had the sail (blowing/blown) off and the rudder  (breaking/broken)

answer : (1)sighing (2)blown. broken

12. 가주어와 진주어

□ It is important that a student (should) read good books.

→ It is important for a student to read good books.

□ It is easy to answer the question.

→ The question is easy to answer.

advice : <가주어와 진주어> 구문에서 진주어 역할을 하는 것은 절(that절, whether절, 간접의문문)과 구(to부정사, 동명사)이다. 이 중에서 가장 중요한 구문 두 가지를 정리한다.

◆ 이성적 판단을 표현하는 형용사 : necessary, essential, important, natural, desirable …등은 <it ~that …>구문이나 <It ~ for …to ~>구문으로 쓸 수 있다.<It ~that …>구문의 that 절에는 시제나 주어의 수에 관계없이 반드시 동사의 원형(미국영어)이나 should(영국영어)를 쓴다.

(1) It is desirable that she (should) go by tomorrow.

= It is desirable for her to go by tomorrow.

(2) It was natural that he (should) win.

= It was natural for him to win.

◆ 난이를 표현하는 형용사 : ‘어렵거나 쉬움’을 의미하는 difficult, hard, easy, impossible, pleasant, dangerous 등은 <It ~ for …to ~>구문으로만 쓴다. 진주어인 to부정사, 혹은 to부정사에 연결된 전치사의 목적어를 가주어의 잘로 옮겨서 문장 전체의 주어로 만들 수 있다.

(3) It is impossible to refuse the offer.

= The offer is impossible to refuse.

(4) It is always pleasant to talk with my uncle.

= My uncle is always pleasant to talk with.

(5) It is dangerous for children to swim in this area.

= This area is dangerous for children to swim in.

APPLICATION : 올바른 표현을 고르세요.

(1) It is very difficult for a distance driver to maintain a certain speed and at the same time (he is/to be)always careful not to collide head-on with the car in front of him.

answer : to be

13. 가목적어와 진목적어

□ I think it strange that she didn't say anything.

□ I found it hard to come up to him in mathematics.

advice : 목적어(O)와 목적격보어(OC)가 있는 문장에서 목적어가 to부정사나 that 절일 때가 있다. 그럴 때는 목적어 자리에 it(가목적어)을 쓰고, to부정사나 that절(진목적어)은 OC의 뒤로 보낸다. 이 경우 <가목적어+목적격보어+진목적어>부분만 따로 떼어서, 가목적어와 OC의 사이에 be동사를 넣으면, <가주어-진주어>구문과 같음을 알 수 있다.

(예문 1) It is strange that she didn't say anything.

(예문 2) It was hard to come up to him in mathematics.

◆ to부정사가 진목적어 :

(1) I make it a rule to read before going to bed.

(2) She thought it necessary to practice at least once a week.

◆ that절이 진목적어 : become, come, fall, get, go, grow, turn.

(3) I think it strange that he hasn't telephoned me.

(4) Scientists think it probable that there will be a big earthquake in that district.

(5) I take it for granted that he is used to foreign manners and customs.

APPLICATION : 사선으로 나누어진 부분 중에서 잘못된 곳을 고르세요.

(1)①The industrialization which has taken place in India / ②is causing problems. / ③I think a pity / ④ that the beautiful Taj Mahal is being turned to dust / ⑤by smoke from factories.

answer : ③I think it a pity

(2)알맞은 것을 골라라

When he inherited the throne, at age nineteen, (it/which) was expected that he would continue his ancestors' royal patronage. (2009.7 인천교육청연합)

answer : it

14. 완료형

□ It's been ages since we last met.

□ I've lost my new watch.

advice : 현재완료형은 과거부터 현재까지의 동작의 완료나 결과, 경험, 상태의 계속 등을 표현한다. 과거완료형은 대과거부터 과거까지의 도작의 완료나 결과, 경험, 상태의 계속, 혹은 대과거의 일 등을 표현한다.

◆ 현재완료형 : 현재완료형은 과거를 표현하는 어구나 의문사 when과 함께 쓰이지 않는다.

(1) He has just come back home from his office.<동작의 완료>

(2) Have you ever read a novel in English?<과거의 경험>

(3) I have lived here for ten years.<상태의 계속>

(4) He returned five minutes ago.<상태의 계속>

(5) when did you finish the work?

◆ : 과거를 기준으로 하기 때문에, 문장 안에서는 기준이 되는 과거시제의 표현과 함께 쓰는 것이 자연스럽다.

(6) I had left my purse on the train, so  had to borrow some money.

    (과거동작의 결과>

(7) My father had never been abroad before he was forty.<대과거의 경험>

(8) She told me that she had bought a new racket.<대과거>

APPLICATION : 시제가 잘못된 문장을 고르세요.

(1) ①You have just gotten a new computer and you are delighted with it. ②But what are you going to do with your old computer? ③Have you ever wondered what other people do with their old computers? ④In the past people have paid high prices for old computers ⑤These days, however, nobody will pay for these old computers.

answer :④have paid→paid

(2) Over the years, I (am/have) frequently counseled p대;oe who wanted better jobs to show more initiative.(2007.9 평가원 학력평가)

answer : have

15. 조건과 시간의 부사절

□ The son will be setting when we arrive there.

□ If it rains tomorrow, I will stay at home.

advice : 미래를 표현하는 가장 일반적인 방법은 조동사 will이나 shall을 쓰는 것이다. 그러나 시간이나 조건을 표현하는 부사절에는 미래를 표현하는 조동사를 쓰지 않는다. 따라서 현재형이 미래를, 현재완료형이 미래완료형을 대신한다.

◆ 시간의 부사절 : when, while, before, after, till, until, as soon as, by the time … +절.

(1) I'll stay till you come back.

(2) When he arrives, he'll tell us all about the match.

(3) As soon as I have finished, I'll give you a call.

(4) It will be dark by the time we finish it.

◆ 조건의 부사절 : if, unless …+절.

(5) The cat will scratch you if you pull her tail.

(6) I'll be there at six, unless the train is late.

◆ 명사절의 경우 : when과 if가 명사절을 이끌 경우, 미래의 뜻일 때는 will을 써야한다.

(7) Tell me when you'll start.

(8) I wonder if(whether) they will agree to this plan.

APPLICATION : 올바른 표현을 고르세요.

(1)A boss can nag workers when they have too much lunchtime. An environmentalist can nag the public when they pollute the Earth. Nagging will not be stopped until humans (reach/will reach) the ideal state.

(2)Preparing broccoli is extremely easy, so all you have to do is boil it in water just until it (is/will be) tender, three to five minutes.(2009.3 서울교육청연합)

answer : reach.  is

16.시간을 표현하는 구문

□ As soon as the chimes rang, the teacher came in.

□ It won't be long before the game begins.

advice : 시간을 표현하는 구문 중 가장 중요한 두 가지를 정리하고 비슷한 표현도 알아본다.

◆ : A하자마자 B했다. : 이 의미는 보통 구접속사 as soon as를 사용하여 표현하는데, 명사구 the moment, the instant 등도 접속사처럼 사용되어 비슷한 의미를 표현하다. A와 B는 과거형이다.

(1) As soon as he finished one important assignment, he was given another.

 = The moment he finished one important assignment, he was given another.

<hardly(scarcely) A before (when) B>와 <no sooner A　than B>도 비슷한 의미를 표현하는 형식이다. A는 과거완료형, B는 과거형으로 표현한다. 강조를 위하여 부정어 hardly, scarcely, no sooner등을 문장의 앞에 둘 때는 주어와 had를 도치한다.

(2) He had hardly finished one important assignment before he was given another.

= Hardly had he finished one important assignment before he was given another.

= He had no sooner finished one important assignment than he was given another.

=No sooner had he finished one important assignment than he was given another.

◆ 오래지 않아 A하다. : <It is not long before+A>의 형태로 표현한다. ‘A하기 전까지는 오래 걸리지 않다’라는 의미다.

(3) It will not be long before he comes back to the stage.

(4) It was several months before we again met by chance.

APPLICATION :올바른 표현을 고르세요

No sooner had I got settled in the room (when/than) John came to show me their house. (그 방에 앉자마자 ...)     

answer: than

17. 시제의 결합

□ It has been raining for three days.

□ He was tired because he had been working since dawn.

advice : 복합시제에는 완료형(have PP), 진행형(be -ing), 그리고 이 둘이 결합된 완료진행형(have been -ing)이 있다. have와 be의 시제에 따라, 현재와 과거가 결정된다. 한편 동사부의 맨 앞에는 can, may, must, will, shall 등과 같은 조동사가 놓일 수 있다.

◆ 다양한 복합시제의 모습

(1) He had stayed in his father's firm until his father died.<과거완료형>

(2) Between one and two I was doing the shopping.<과거진행형>

(3) I have been waiting for him here for three hours.<현재완료진행형>

(4) He was delighted with his cap; he had been wanting one for a long time.<과거완료진행형>

◆ 서법조동사가 결합된 복합시제의 모습

(5) He may be waiting for you.<서법 조동사의 현재형+진행형>

(6) She cannot have said so.<서법조동사의 현재형+완료형>

(7) By the end of this month I will have been working here for ten years.<서법조동사의 현재형+완료진행형>

APPLICATION : 올바른 표현을 고르세요.

 The drought in this area has affected more than fifty million people. Hundreds of thousands of people have fled their homes to nearby towns where government water tankers have been (distributing / distributed) emergency supplies.

answer : distributing

18. 복합시제의 수동태

□ How long have they done the research for?

 → How long has the research been done for?

□ They are repairing the bridge.

 → The bridge is being repaired.

advice : 능동문의 목적어를 주어로 삼고, 본동사를 <be+p.p>로 바꾼 문장을 수동문이라 한다. 이때 be는 능동문의 본동사와 같은 형태를 가진다.

◆ 완료형과 진행형의 수동태

(1) People have often seen deer in the street.<현재완료형>

  → Deer have often been seen in the street.

(2) They were repairing the bridge.<과거진행형>

 → The bridge was being repaired.

◆ 서법조동사가 있는 문장의 수동태

(3) You must shut these doors.<조동사+동사원형>

 →  These doors must be shut.

(4) They should have told him. (조동사+완료형>>

  → He should have been told.

◆ 2어 동사의 수동태

(5) They looked after the children well.

 →The children were well looked after.

(6) They threw away the old newspapers.

 → The old newspapers were thrown away.

APPLICATION :올바른 표현을 고르세요.

(1) New road signs are being (making/made) of rubber. If cars run into them by mistake, the damage is small. The signs just bend and return to their original position.

answer : made

(2)Families in Egypt also mourned the death of a cat and had the body of the dead cat wrapped in cloth before it was finally (laid/lain) to rest.(2008.4 경기도교육청연합)

answer : laid

(3) They replaced the old methods of serving customers individually by (selling/being sold) prepackaged goods straight from the shelves.

 (2008.9 평가원학력평가)

answer : selling

19. They say that … 의 수동태

□ They say that he is famous in his own country.

→(a) It is said that he is famous in his own country.

→(b) He is said to be famous in his own country.

  advice : They say that … 형의 문장은 위의 예문처럼 (a)형과 (b)형 등 두 가지의 형태로 수동태를 만들 수 있다. 주로 ‘말’(say, report)과 ‘생각’(think, believe, consider, expect등) 에 관련된 동사들이 이와 같은 구문을 가진다.

◆ 주절과 that 절의 시제가 같을 경우 : (b)형의 수동태에서 to부정사는 단순형이다.

(1) They say that she is a reliable person.

   → (a) It is said that she is a reliable.

   → (b) She is said to be a reliable person.

(2) They expected that a new edition would come out soon.

   → (a) It was expected that a new edition would come out soon.

   → (b) A new edition was expected to come out soon.

◆ that 절의 시제가 앞서거나 완료형일 경우 : (b)형의 수동태에서 to부정사는 완료형이다.

(3) People believe that he has inherited a great amount of money.

  → (a) It is believed that he has inherited a great amount of money.

  → (b) He is believed to have inherited a great amount of money.

(4) They report that a big earthquake occurred in Japan.

  → (a) It is reported that a big earthquake occurred in Japan.

  → (b) A big earthquake is reported to have occurred in Japan.

APPLICATION : 올바른 표현을 고르세요.

Australia is said to (be/have been) part of a huge continent; this also included what we now call India, South Africa, South America, and Antarctica.

answer : have been

20. 조동사 + have + p.p <추측>

□ She may have misunderstood you.

□ He cannot have told a lie.

  advice : <조동사 + have + p.p>은 과거의 일을 말하는 표현 방법이다. 조동사들 중에서 may, must, can 등은 다음 표와 같이 과거의 일에 대한 추측을 표현한다.

․ may(might) + have + p.p : ～이었을지도 모른다.

․ must + have + p.p : ～이었음에 틀림없다.

․ can(could)+ have + p.p : (의문문에서)과연 ～했을까?

․ cannot(couldn't) + have + p.p : ～이었을 리 없다.

․ could + have + p.p : ～할 수도 있었을 텐데, ～했을 수도 있다.

◆ may(must) + have + p.p : may는 추측을, must는 확신을 가진 추측을 표현한다.

(1) I may(might) have annoyed Aunt Mary.

(2) Ann must have known that I was innocent.

◆ can  + have + p.p : <can + 완료형> 은 과거의 가능성을 표현한다.

(3) Can (Could) he have done so?

(4) The captain cannot (couldn't) have done such a mean thing.

(5) Jack could have taken it; he was here alone.

APPLICATION : 올바른 표현을 고르세요.

(1) According to some scholars, maternal indifference to infants may (be/have been) typical of the Middle Ages. There is evidence that in the sixteenth and seventeenth century parent showed little affection for their children.

(2) Through the window sounded the notes of a piano. The keys (must/should) have been touched by a skillful hand.

answer : (1) have been (2) must

21 조동사+have+p.p.<후회>

□ The show should(ought to) have started an hour ago.

  공연은 한 시간 전에 시작되었어야 했다.

□ You need not have paid so much money for it.

  너는 그것의 값으로 그렇게 많은 돈을 낼 필요가 없었는데.

advice: <should(ought to)+have+p.p.>은 이루어지지 않은 과거의 일에            대한 유감을,  <need not+have+p.p>은 과거에 한 일에 대한 후           회를 표현한다.

          should(ought to)+have+p.p: ～했어야 했는데

          need not+have+p.p: ～할 필요가 없었는데(그런데 했다)

◆ should(ought to)+have+p.p.

(1) I should have taken those book to the library last week.

(2) You ought to have sent him a thank-you note.

note 

 should(ought to, must)+동사원형: ～해야 한다<현재의 의무>

 should(ought to)+have+p.p:～했어야 했는데<과거의 일에 대한 유감>

 must+have+p.p:～이었음에 틀림없다<과거의 일에 대한 확신>

◆ need not+have+p.p

(3) You needn't have walked up; you could have used the elevator.

(4) She needn't have stood in line; she should have gotten tickets from the machine.

   cf: She didn't need to stand in line: she got ticket from the machine

APPLICATION : 올바른 표현을 고르세요.

The doctor said that I (must/ought to) have come to him a month ago, and if it had gone on for another week, he would not have answered for the consequence.

answer : ought to

22 to부정사의 형용사적 용법

□ We need a person to look after our children.

   우리는 우리 아이들을 돌보아 줄 사람이 필요하다.

□ Would you like something to drink? 마실 것을 좀 드시겠습니까?

advice to부정사가 뒤에서 명사를 수식할 때는 명사와 to부정사가 주술 관계인 경우와 목적 관계인 경우로 나눌 수 있다.

◆ 주술관계  수식받는 명사가 to 부정사의 의미상의 주어인 경우이다. 이때to부정사는 주로<미래>의 의미를 표현한다.

(1) The old man has no one to help him.(=who will help him)

(2) I have no friend to advise me.(=who will advise)

to부정사의 수식을 받는 명사의 앞에 he first, the last, the only, 최상급 등이 오는 경우에는 주술관계라 할지라도 to부정사가 그 문장의 시제와 같은 시제의 의미를 표현한다.

(3) He is always the first person to come.(=that comes)

(4) She was the only student to understand it.(=that understood it)

◆ 목적 관계 수식을 받는 명사가 의미적으로 to부정사의 목적어인 경우이다. 목적 관계에서는 ‘의무. 가능’의 의미를 가진다.

(5) I have nothing to wear.(=that I can wear)

(6) She has many children to look after.(=whom she must look after)

APPLICATION 밑줄 친 부분 중 잘못된 곳을 고르시오.

(1)I wanted to have a nice toy gun. As my father promised me that he①would  buy me one if I got a good grade, I tried my best. When I got a good mark, I felt happy to buy the toy gun. But I began ②to want to get other new things  - such as a bike, a watch, etc. I had to hard ③without playing with other people. Finally I got sick. Now I am in the hospital with no friends ④to talk. How unhappy I am! Now I know friends are ⑤ much better than a nice toy gun or anything else.

answer : ④

23 목적과 결과

□ We stopped to take a rest.

□ I visited him, only to find that he was absent. 

 to부정사의 여러 용법 중에서 가장 흔한 것이‘…하기 위하여’라는 (목적)의 의미이다. 절로 표현할 때는 so that(in order that)…will(may, can)의 구문을 사용한다.

◆목적의 용법 ｜<목적>의 의미를 분명히 하기 위해 to부정사 앞에 so as나 in order를 쓰기도 한다. 절로 표현할 때 에는 so that(in order that)…will(may, can)의 구문을 사용한다.

(1) I walked fast (so as(in order) that) to be in time for school.

= I walked fast so that(in order that) I could(might) be in time for school.

������…하지 않으려고������의 표현은 not to~보다 so as(in order) not to ~나 so that(in order that)~may not을 많이 사용하며, (in order) to avoid -ing(~을 피하려고)도 자주 쓰인다.

(2) She held on to the railing so as(in order) not to slip on the ice.

 = She held on to the railing so that(in order that) she might not  slip on the ice.

 = She held on to the railing (in order(so as)) to avoid slipping on the ice.

◆ 결과의 용법｜to부정사가 <결과>를 표현하는 경우는 only와 결합되는 경우가 흔하며, 이때는 보통 좋지 않은 결과를 표현한다.

(3) He survived the crash, only to die in the desert.

   = He survived the crash, but died in the desert.

(4) He grew up to be a famous novelist.

   = He grew up and became a famous novelist.

APPLICATION 올바른 표현을 고르세요.

(1) A traveler should always book his room in advance, especially during the summer and on holidays and weekends. Many weary travelers arrive in a large city, only(finding/to find)that all of the area have been reserved.         answer : to find

24 enough to 와 too A to B

□ She is old enough to travel by herself.

□ I was too hungry to speak.

advice: to 부정사가 이루는 구문 중에서 가장 많이 쓰이는 두 가지를 정리한다.

◆ A enough to B｜「B할 만큼 (충분히) A하다」라는 뜻이다. A는 형용사나 부사, B는to부정사이다. (A가 명사일 때는 enough이 A의 앞에 위치한다.) 문장의 주어가 to부정사의 의미상의 주어일 때와 to 부정사의 의미상의 목적어 일 때가 있다.

(1) He is tall enough to see over the heads of the other people.<주어관계>

(2) The case is light enough for me to carry.<목적어 관계>

(3) The ice was thick enough to walk on.<전치사의 목적어 관계>

◆ too A to B｜원래 뜻은「B하기에는 너무 A하다」이니까, 결국,「너무 A해서 B 할 수 없다」라는 의미가 된다.<so A that…cannot B>으로 바꾸어 쓸 수 있다. 문장의 주어가 to부정사의 의미상의 주어일 때와 목적어일 때로 나누어 생각할 수 있다.

(4) You are too young to understand it.<주어 관계>

    =You are so young that you cannot understand it

(5) The plate was too hot(for me) to touch.<목적어 관계>

    = The plate was so hot that I couldn't touch it.

(6) The grass was too wet(for us)to sit on.<전치사의 목적어 관계>

   = The grass was so wet that we couldn't sit on it.

APPLICATION 올바른 표현을 고르세요.

(1) The cat is supple but powerful, delicately beautiful but (very brace/brave enough) to do battle with animals twice its size.

(2) There are a great many stars in the sky. They are (so/too) far away from the Earth for any instrument to detect.

answer : brave enough, too

(3) When the train came to his station, he got up and stood patiently in front of the door, waiting for it (opened / to open). (2006.수능문제)

answer : to open

25 부정사의 완료형과 수동태

□ He seems to have been ill. 그는 아팠던 것 같다.

□ I'd like to be met at the airport. 공항에서 마중을 받았으면 한다.

advice To부정사는 동사에서 파생된 준동사이기 때문에, 완료형, 진행형 및 수동태를 가진다. ex. to see(단순형),   to have seen(완료형).

 to be seeing(진행형),   to have been seeing(완료진행형)

 to be seen(수동태),   to have been seen(완료형의 수동태)

◆ to부정사의 완료형과 진행형｜원래 완료형과 진행형이었던 절이 to 부정사로 바뀌면 이 형태가 된다. 또, 주절이 현재형인데, 종속절이 과거형인 경우에는 to부정사의 완료형으로 바뀐다.

(1) It seems that he has been ill in bed.→He seems to have been ill in bed.

(2) It happened that I was standing next to him when he collapsed.

   → I happened to be standing next to him when he collapsed.

(3) It seems that he was a great athlete.

   → He seems to have been a great athlete.

◆ to 부정사의 수동태｜의미상 주어와 to부정사의 관계가 수동이면, 수동형의 to부정사를 쓴다.

(4) I don't like to be stared at.<수동태>

(5) The information is said to have been obtained from unreliable sources.<완료수동태>

APPLICATION 올바른 표현을 고르세요.

(1) In China it has never been rare for emperors to paint, but Huizong took it so seriously that the entire Northern Song Dynasty is thought (to fall/to have fallen) because of it. (2009.7인천교육청연합)

(2) The White House was designed by the architect James Hoban. He is said to (have/have been) influenced by the design of a palace in Ireland.

answer : to have fallen, have been

(3) I still remember the awesome feeling I had on that day in May when my little feet (carried / were carried) me up the stairs into the grandstands at the car racing stadium. (2007. 수능문제)

answer : carried

26 분사의 한정 용법

□ The girl playing the piano is my sister.  

□ Look at that sleeping baby. How cute!

advice 현재분사와 과거분사는 명사를 수식할 수 있다. 단독으로 수식할 때는 명사의 앞에 놓이고, 다른 어구를 이끌 때는 명사의 뒤에 놓인다.

◆ 현재분사｜현재분사는 진행이나 습관적 행동을 표현한다. 특히 소망을 나타내는 동사들(wish, want, hope, desire 등)은 현재분사의 꼴로 명사를 수식할 때가 많다.

(1) The girl dancing with Mike is my cousin.(=who is dancing…)<진행>

(2) Students attending this school have to wear uniforms.(=who attend this school)<습관적 행동>

(3) People wishing to go on the tour have to book in advance.(=who wish to go on the tour)<소망의 동사>

◆ 과거분사｜과거분사는 수동이나 완료의 의미가 있다. 많은 경우에는 두 의미가 겹친다.

(4) The garden is covered with fallen leaves.(=leaves that have fallen)<완료>

(5) Fishing is one of the oldest pastimes pursued by man.(=that have been pursued)<완료 및 수동>

(6) Various chemicals have been found in fish caught far out at sea,(=that have been caught)<완료 및 수동>

APPLICATION 올바른 표현을 고르세요.

(1) If they can get in, there is a better chance of getting the water and nutrients (needing/needed) to survive.(2009.4경기도교육청연합)

answer : needed

(2) There were more cats (living/lived) in Egypt during the time of the pharaohs than in any other place in the world.(2008.4 경기도교육청연합)

answer : living

(3) Only three could read, and none could write, so at the end of my first day I felt quite (depressing/depressed) at the thought of the hard work ahead of me.(2007.9 평가원학력평가)

answer : depressed

(4) “Working memory," or " short-term memory" is a term (used/using) to describe the fact that one can hold only a given amount of material in mind at one time.(2008.4 경기도교육청학력평가)

answer : used

(5 ) Being born was something (done/doing) to me. (2008.6평가원학력평가)

answer : done

(6) Studies show that people (eat/eating) a wide variety of healthy foods live longer and reduce the risk that they develop lifestyle illness. (2010.5.비상에듀)

answer : eating

27 등위절의 분사구문

□ He rode away whistling merrily.

   그는 유쾌하게 휘파람을 불면서 차를 몰고 가 버렸다.

□ He fired, wounding one of the robbers.

   그는 총을 쏘아 강도들 중의 한 명에게 부상을 입혔다.

advice 동시에 일어나거나 연속적으로 일어나는 두 가지 동작은 and를 써서 한 문장으로 연결할 수도 있으나, 보통은 두 개의 절 중에서 하나를 분사를 이용하여 표현한다.

◆ 동시에 일어나는 동작｜앞선 동작을 분사구문으로 만든다.

(1) They sang merrily. They clapped their hands.

   →Singing merrily, they clapped their hands.

   →They sang merrily, clapping their hands.

◆ 연속하여 일어나는 동작｜앞선 동작을 분사구문으로 만든다.

(2) We took off our shoes and crept cautiously along the passage.

   → Taking off our shoes, we crept cautiously along the passage.

◆ 원인과 결과의 동작｜결과를 표현하는 부분을 분사구문으로 만든다.

(3) I fell and struck my head against the door.

   → I fell, striking my head against the door.

(4) He fired and wounded one of the robbers.

   → He fired, wounding one of the robbers.

APPLICATION 잘못된 표현을 고르세요.

(1) Women's clothing styles have always reflected the age in which people lived. For example, medieval society forced women to wear fanciful and often ridiculous clothes, prevented them from moving easily. In the same way, medieval prejudices restricted women's thoughts and movement. In the 21st century women have put on trousers and miniskirts reflecting a time of freedom.

answer : 

28 부사절의 분사구문

□ Being a student, he was naturally interested in museums.

   그는 학생이었으므로, 자연히 박물관에 관심이 있었다.

□ Putting down my newspaper, I walked over to the window.

   나는 신문을 내려놓고 창문 쪽으로 걸어갔다.

advice 이유, 시간, 양보, 조건 등을 표현하는 부사절을 분사구문으로 표현할 수 있는데, 이유를 표현하는 분사구문이 가장 흔하다.

◆ 부사절의 분사구문｜

(1) As I was unable to help in any other way, I gave her some money.

   → Being unable to help in any other way, I gave her some money.

(2) Though I admit what you say, I cannot consent.

   → Admitting what you say, I cannot agree.

◆ 분사구문의 어법｜수동태 문장을 분사구문으로 바꾸면 Being이나 Having been으로 시작하게 되는데, 보통 생략된다. 또, 부정문을 분사구문으로 바꿀 때는 Not을 분사의 앞에 둔다.

(3) As she was shocked by the news, she couldn't speak.

   →(Being)Shocked by the news, she couldn't speak.

(4) As he had been bitten twice before, the mail carrier wouldn't deliver our letters.→(Having been)Bitten twice, the mail carrier…

(5) As she didn't want to be late, she ran all the way.

  → Not wanting to be late, she ran all the way.

APPLICATION (  )안에 주어진 단어를 올바른 형태로 바꾸어 쓰세요.

(1)(Speak) of his ancestry, Lincoln once humorously remarked, "I don't know who my grandfather was, but I am much more concerned to know what his grandson will be."

answer : Speaking

(2) Using a specially developed website, (which/they) offered more than 14,000 people the opportunity to download free music.(2007.6 평가원학력평가)

answer : they

(3) (Situating / Situated) at an elevation of 1,350m, the city of Kathmandu, which  looks out on the sparkling Himalayas, enjoys a warm climate year-round that makes (living / to live) here pleasant. (2005학년도 대입수능)

answer : Situated. living

(4) In other words, birth order may define your role within a family, but as you mature into adulthood, (accepted / accepting) other social roles, birth order becomes insignificant. (2009.수능문제)

answer : accepting

29 분사구문의 완료형과 독립분사구문

□ Having walked all the way, I am quite tired.

   그 길을 내내 걸어왔기 때문에 저는 상당히 피곤해요.

□ My mother being ill, I was absent from school.

   어머니께서 편찮으셔서 나는 학교에 결석했다.

advice부사절의 시제가 주절보다 앞서거나 완료형일 때는 현재분사의 완료형을 사용하여 분사구문으로 바꿀 수 있다. 한편, 분사구문의 주어가 주절의 주어와 다를 때는 분사의 앞에 표시하여야 한다.

◆ 완료형의 분사구문

(1) When he had tied one end of the rope to his bed, he threw the other out of the window.→Having tied one end of the rope to his bed.

(2) When he had read the instruction, he snatched up the fire extinguisher.

    →Having read the instruction, -

◆ 독립분사구문

(3) As the day was fine, we decided to go swimming.

   → The day being fine, we decided to go swimming.

(4) When the meat was done, I began to cook the vegetables.

   → The meat done, I began to cook the vegetables.

(5) The plane crashed, and its bombs exploded as it hit the ground.

   →The plane crashed, its bombs exploding as it hit the ground.

(6) As there are no survivors, the exact cause will never be known.

   →There being no survivors, the exact cause will never be known.

APPLICATION 올바른 표현을 고르세요.

(1) There is an old story of the tourist in Spain. (Sketched/Having sketched) an ox and a mushroom to indicate that he would like a steak with mushrooms, he was given a sunshade and a ticket for the bullfight.

answer : Having sketched

30 생략절과 with 구문

□ While listening to music, I fell asleep.

□ She spoke with tears falling down her cheeks.

advice부사절에서는 <주어+be동사>는 자주 생략된다. 한편,<with+목적어+기타 어구>는 부대상황을 표현한다. 이때 with는「~하는 채로」라는 의미이다.

◆ 생략절｜ 시간, 조건, 양보 등을 표현하는 부사절의 주어가 주절의 주어를 가리키는 대명사이거나 주절의 내용을 가리키는 it이고, 동사는 be일 때. <주어+be동사>를 생략할 수 있다.

(1) When (I was) a boy, I had a great longing for the sea.

(2) If (it is) used about a girl, the slang word "foxy" is a compliment.

(3) I will attend the meeting if (it is) necessary.

이유를 표현하는 Because, As, Since 등의 뒤에서는<주어+be동사>를 생략할 수 없다.

(4) He was absent because sick.(X)→because he was sick.(O)

◆ with 구문｜ <with+목적어+기타 어구>는 부대 상황을 표현한다. 기타 어구는 분사, 형용사, 전치사 +명사, 부사 등이 쓰인다. 목적어 와 기타 어구는 의미적으로 주어와 서술어의 관계에 있다.

(5) She read the letter with her heart beating wildly.(cf. Her heart was beating wildly.)

(6) He fell asleep, with his radio turned on. (cf. His radio was turned on.)

(7) She spoke with tears in her eyes.(cf. Tears were in her eyes.)

(8) He ran after the thief with one shoe off and one shoe on.

   (cf. One shoe was off and one shoe was on.)

APPLICATION 올바른 표현을 고르세요.

(1) Advice is like salt. It should be used sparingly except when (asking/asked) for.

answer : asked

31 동명사의 어법

□ He denied having been there. 그는 거기 다녀왔음을 부인했다.

□ I couldn't help laughing at him. 나는 그를 보고 웃지 않을 수 없었다.

advice 동명사도 완료형(having p.p.)과 수동태(being p.p)를 가진다. 한편 동명사는 다양한 관용적 표현에 사용된다.

◆ 동명사의 완료형과 수동태｜동명사가 술어 동사보다 앞선 시제의 내용을 표현하면 완료형이 된다. 또 의미상의 주어와 수동 관계에 있을 때는 수동태를 사용한다. 한편 <need(deserve)+동명사>에서 동명사는 수동의 의미이다.

(1) He was accused of having taken bribes.

(2) She was punished by being sent to bed without any supper.

(3) The baby needs washing. (=needs to be washed)

(4) All children deserve respecting for their individual uniqueness. (+deserve to be respected)

◆ 동명사가 이루는 관용적 표현

(5) It is no use (no good) looking for him.<~해야 소용없다>

   = There is no use (no good) (in) looking for him.

(6) There is no telling what scheme he has in mind.<~할 수 없다>

   = You cannot tell what scheme he has in mind.

(7) I cannot help telling the truth.(=cannot but tell)

APPLICATION 올바른 표현을 고르세요.

(1) You could not say that his behavior was what it should be. But you could not help (to like/liking) him.

answer : have been

32 전치사와 동명사

□ He insisted on seeing her. 그는 그녀를 만날 것을 고집했다.

□ I object to being treated like this. 나는 이렇게 대우 받는 것이 불만이다.

advice전치사의 뒤에 동사가 올 때는 동명사의 형태를 쓴다. 특히 전치사 to의 뒤에 올 때는 to를 to부정사의 일부로 생각하지 않도록 주의하여야 한다.

◆ 전치사 +동명사｜

(1) On finding the news true, she began to cry. (=As soon as she found...)

(2) He was arrested for drunken driving.

(3) His wife raised the money by selling her jewelry.

◆ to+동명사｜ 다음 구문의 to는 전치사이므로, 그 뒤에는 동명사를 써야 한다.

(4) Students are always looking forward to having vacations.

(5) He is not yet uses to walking a long distance.

(6) He devoted himself to (was devoted to) studying chemistry.

(7) What do you say to going out for a walk?

(8) With a view to improving his ability to speak French, he spends his holidays in France.

APPLICATION 올바른 표현을 고르세요.

(1) Some pioneers wanted to find wild animals that had fur. A good living could be made by catching these animals and (sold/selling) the fur.

(2) Some insects produce a cold, chemical light. In most cases, this light is produced to attract a mate. In others it is used to (frighten/frightening)away animals which approach them.

answer : selling, frighten

(3) We tend to believe that our taste in music is a great way of (expressing/expressive) our individuality, (2007.6 평가원학력평가)

answer : expressing

(4) But I reminded myself that I was fortunate to have any sort of job, and that I would certainly get used to (teaching/being taught)  these girls, who, although they were very poor, might be as good and as intelligent as children from the greatest families in England. (2007.9 평가원학력평가)

answer : teaching

(5) I was shocked by the news that people with mental disorders can be kept (from voting/to vote). (2007.10 서울교육청연합)

answer : from voting

(6) Food choices influence our risk of (developing / development) these lifestyle illnesses such as heart disease, cancer, and diabetes.(2010.5.비상에듀)

answer : developing

33 비교구문의 기초

□ This peach is as sweet as that one.

   이 복숭아는 저것만큼 달콤하다.

□ Mt. Everest is the highest mountain in the world.

   에베레스트 산은 세계에서 가장 높은 산이다.

advice 원급, 비교급 및 최상급이 사용된 기본적인 구문을 정리한다.

◆ 원급이 사용된 구문｜

(1) Walking will be as quick as taking a bus.

(2) We'll come as soon as possible. <=as soon as we can>

(3) It was as cold as ever. (as+원급+as ever ; 여전히～한)

◆ 비교급이 사용된 구문｜

(4) Because she was afraid, she walked faster and faster.<비교급+and+비교급>

◆ 최상급이 사용된 구문｜ 비교급과 원급을 사용하여 비슷한 취지의 문장으로 전환할 수 있다.

(6) Mt. Everest is the highest mountain in the world.

   →Mt. Everst is higher than any other mountain in the world.

(7) This is the best book that I have ever read.

   →I have never read a better book than (as good a book as) this.

APPLICATION 올바른 표현을 고르세요.

(1) In other words, robots can see,  and in fact they can see (much/very) better than humans, but they don't understand what they are seeing.(2009.4 경기교육청연합)

answer : much

34. 비교구문의 응용

□ Their house is about three times as big as ours.

□ He is not so much a novelist as a poet.

advice : 비교구문이 응용된 형식 중에서 가장 중요한 두 가지 표현을 중심으로 정리한다.

◆ 배수 표현 : 기본적인 모습은 <배수사+as+원급+as>이다. <배수사+비교급+than>도 쓰이지만, 배수사가 twice일 때는 원급만 사용된다. <배수사+형용사(many, much, large, old, heavy, high, ...)>는 <배수사+명사>로 변형할 수 있다.

(1) This garden is twice as large as mine. (= twice the size of)

(2) This tower is twice as high as the building. (= twice the height of)

(3) I have read three times as many books as he has. (= three times more books than)

◆ not so much A as B : <not A so much as B>라고도 표현할 수 있으며, 「A라기보다는 B」라는 의미이다. <B rather than A>와 비슷한 의미를 나타낸다.

(4) The question is not what to read so much as how to read.

   = The question is how to read rather than what to read.

(5) The engineer seeks not so much to know nature as to use her.

   = The engineer seeks to use nature rather than to know her.

APPLICATION : 올바른 표현을 고르세요.

(1) With only four percent of the world's population, the United States uses one-third of the oil. It also uses twice as (many/much) today as it used ten years ago.

(2) A man is defined not so much by himself, or by his thoughts, (as/then) by his friends. For it is in his varying relations with them that he reveals his inner feelings.

answer : (1) much (2) as

35. 관계대명사의 제한적 용법.

□ The person who robbed you has been arrested.

□ The ladder on which I was standing began to slip.

advice : 관계대명사의 제한적 용법(Restrictive Use)은 관계대명사가 이끄는 절이 선행사를 수식하는 경우이다. who는 선행사가 사람일 때, which는 선행사가 사물일 때 사용된다.

◆ 관계대명사 who : 목적격은 Who(m), 소유격은 whose이다. (구어체에서는 목적격으로 who를 즐겨 쓴다. 단, 전치사와 나란히 놓일 때는 whom을 쓴다.)

(1) The book is about a man who deserts his wife.

(2) The man who(m) I saw told me to come back today.

(3) The person who(m) I bought it from was very kind. (= from whom I bought it)

(4) People whose rents have been raised can appeal.

◆ 관계대명사 which : 목적격은 which, 소유격은 whose이다. <whose+명사>를 <the+명사+of which>로 풀어서 쓰는 경우도 있지만, 문어적 표현이다.

(5) The stairs which lead to the cellar are rather slippery.

(6) The car which I hired broke down after five miles.

(7) The information on which the conclusion was based is doubtful.

                   (= which the conclusion was based on)

(8) Living in a house whose walls were made of glass would be horrible.           

                      (= the walls of which were made of glass)

APPLICATION : 다음 문장에 적절한 관계사를 올바른 위치에 넣으세요.

(1) Those tell lies habitually need to remember what they said.

answer : tell의 앞에 who.

36. 관계대명사의 계속적 용법과 비제한적 용법.

□ She introduced me to her husband, whom I hadn't met before.

□ Peter, who had been driving all day, suggested stopping at the next town.

advice : who와 which는 계속적 용법(Continuous Use)과 비제한적 용법(Non-Restrictive Use)을 가진다.

◆ 계속적 용법 : 관계대명사가 뒤에 오는 절을 이끄는 경우이다. 이 용법으로 쓰이는 which는 앞선 절의 일부나 전부의 내용을 선행사로 가질 수 있다.

(1) I met the fruit-pickers, several of whom were students. (= and several of them)

(2) I congratulated Mrs. Jones, whose son had won the high jump. (= because her son)

(3) He ate fungus, which made him ill. (= and it)

(4) The clock struck thirteen, which made everyone laugh. (= and it)

◆ 비제한적 용법 : 관계대명사가 삽입절을 이끄는 경우를 말한다.

(5) My neighbor, who is very pessimistic, says there will be no apples this year.

(6) Peter, whom everybody suspected, turned out to be innocent.

(7) Her brothers, both of whom work in Scotland, ring her up every week.

(8) Ashdown Forest, through which we'll be driving, isn't a forest any longer.

APPLICATION : 올바른 표현을 고르세요.

(1) Pablo Picasso, born in Spain, lived most of his life in France. His father, (he/who) was an art teacher, quickly recognized young Pablo's talent for painting.

(2) But when a robot scans a room, it sees nothing but a vast collection of straight and curved lines, (which/what) it converts to pixels. (2009.4 경기교육청연합)

answer : (1)who  (2)which

(3) Armed only with his intelligence, a book on electricity, and some plastic pipes, Kamkwamba built his first windmill, (where/which) generated enough power to run a light in his room.(2008.10 서울교육청연합)

answer : which

(4) Currently, scientists have identified over 12,000 of these phytochemicals, many of (which / them) are thought to interfere with the processes that cause cancer and heart disease.

answer : which

37. 관계대명사 what

□ That is what we want to know.

□ The house is too old, and, what is more, it is too expensive.

advice : 관계대명사 what은「～하는 것, ～하는 모든 것」등의 의미로, 문맥에 따라 that, which, the thing(s) which, all that 등으로 바꾸어 쓸 수 있다.

◆ 명사절을 이끄는 what : what은 자신이 포함된 절 안에서 주어, 목적어, 또는 보어의 기능을 한다. 한편 what이 이끄는 절은 명사절로서, 문장 전체의 주어, 목적어, 또는 보어의 기능을 한다.

(1) What is done cannot be undone.<주어절 안에서 what은 is의 주어>

(2) What you read is laid up in your mind.

   <주어절 안에서 what은 read의 목적어>

(3) He always does what he thinks to be right.

                 <목적절 안에서 what은 thinks의 목적어>

(4) She pointed to what looked like a bird.

                  <목적절 안에서 what은 looked의 주어>

(5) This is just what I want. <보어절 안에서 what은 want의 목적어>

◆ what으로 시작하는 관용적 표현 : 주로 < what is+형용사의 비교급/최상급>으로 이루어지는데, 원래 그 뒤에 is that이 생략된 형태이다.

(6) Bill is a fine athlete; what is more important (is that), he is good musician.

(7) He's good-looking, clever, and what is the best of all (is that he is), rich.

APPLICATION : 올바른 표현을 고르세요.

(1) One of the most important ways to reduce garbage is to recycle it. About eighty-four percent of (which/what) you throw away at home can be recycled.

(2) They discovered that people who were given popularity rankings were more likely to select (that/what) the website claimed were favorite choices.(2007.6평가원학력평가) 

answer： what, what

(3) If you need to buy food, there is probably a shop or a department store close to your home that sells just (which/what) you want. (2008.9 평가원학력평가)

answer : what

38. 관계부사

□ The town where I was born has beautiful mountains around it.

□ I don't know the reason why Sue can't come with us.

advice : <전치사+which>가 장소, 시간, 이유, 방법 등을 나타낼 때는 관계부사 where, when, why, how 등으로 바꾸어 쓸 수 있다.

◆ 관계부사와 <전치사+관계대명사>

(1) Is there a shop near here? / I can buy postcards in the shop(there).

   → Is there a shop near here where(in which) / I can buy postcards?

(2) The day is Friday. / I am least busy on the day (then).

   → The day when(on which) / I am least busy is Friday.

(3) I don't know the reason. / Jane looks very sad for the reason.

   → I don't know the reason why(for which) / Jane looks very sad.

(4) This is the way. / We came to know each other in the way.

   → This is how (the way(in which))we came to know each other.

◆ 관계부사의 계속적 용법 : where와 when은 계속적 용법으로도 쓰인다.

(5) We went to the park, where I lost my wallet. (=and I lost my wallet there)

(6) I played tennis until noon, when I had lunch. (=and then I had lunch.)

APPLICATION : 빈칸에 적절한 관계사를 쓰세요.

(1) In Northern Europe, Russia, and other areas   (A)  forests are plentiful, people usually construct their homes out of wood. In the islands of the South Pacific,   (B)  there is a plentiful supply of palm trees, people use these tough plants to build their homes.

answer : (A),(B) where

(2) And that fact is directly related to the question of (what/why) we study philosophy.(2007.6 평가원학력평가)

answer : why

(3) Most people can see (what/how) powerfully such an approach would affect their opportunities for employment or advancement. (2007.9 평가원학력평가)

answer : how

(4) Some of the water comes from underground sources and some from rain, and it is hard to measure (where/what) the tree is getting it.(2009.6 평가원학력평가)

answer : where

(5) As she lived in a small house, (where/which) she could not practice without disturbing the rest of the family, she usually practiced her high notes outside. (2008.3 서울교육청연합)

answer : where

(6) (Whatever/Whether) you wear torn jeans or like to recite poetry, by doing so you make a statement of belonging to a group of people. (2009.9 평가원학력평가)

answer : Whether

39. 관계사 that

□ Jack is the best friend that I have.

□ I don't know the reason that Jane looks very sad.

advice : that은 관계대명사로도 쓰이고, 관계부사로도 쓰인다.

◆ 관계대명사 that : 선행사의 종류에 관계없이 who나 which의 대용으로 쓰이며, the only, the first, the very, the same, all, 최상급 등이 선행사를 수식할 때 흔히 쓰인다. 또한 all, who 등이 선행사일 때 쓰이고, 전치사와 나란히 놓일 수 없고, 계속적 용법으로는 쓰이지 않는다.

(1) That's the very thing that I want.

(2) All that I can do is to support you morally.

(3) Who that has common sense can believe such a thing?

◆ 관계부사 that : where를 제외하고, when, why, how 등을 대신하여 쓰인다.

(4) Philip earned $30 each Saturday that he worked. (= on which / when)

(5) There is no reason that I should be here all by myself. (= for which/ why)

(6) I don't like the way that he laughs. (= in which)

APPLICATION : 올바른 표현을 고르세요.

(1) He studied to be a doctor so that he could make sick people healthy. Africa was one place (where / that) had many sick people but few doctors. He went to Africa to help these sick people get well. answer : that

(2) I had twenty village girls to teach, some of them with such a strong country accent (that/what) I could hardly communicate with them.(2007.9 평가원학력평가) answer : that

40. 관계사의 생략

□The friend (whom(that)) I was traveling with could speak French.

□ I can't remember the exact time (when(that)) he visited my house.

advice : 관계대명사와 관계부사가 생략 될 수 있는 경우를 정리한다.

◆ 관계대명사의 생략 : 목적격 관계대명사는 타동사의 목적어일 때는 항상 생략할 수 있고, 전치사의 목적어일 때는 전치사와 분리되어 있을 때만 생략할 수 있다. 구어체에서 목적격 관계대명사는 선행사의 종류와 관계없이 who(m)이나 which보다는 that으로 표현되는 경우가 많다. 또, 전치사의 목적어일 때는 전치사와 분리된 경우에만 that으로 바꿀 수 있다. 결론적으로, that으로 바꿀 수 있는 목적격 관계대명사는 항상 생략할 수 있다.

(1) The photos at which you are looking were taken by my sister.

   = The photos (which(that)) you are looking at were ...

◆ 관계부사의 생략 : 관계부사 중에서 where을 제외한 나머지는 that으로 바꾸어 쓸 수 있으며, 또한 생략할 수도 있다.

(2) The time (at which(when, that)) the chairman will arrive is not clear yet.

(3) The reason (for which(why, that)) I am going is that I want to.

(4) This is the way in which(that) we can deal with the situation.

   = This is how (the way) we can deal with the situation.

APPLICATION : 올바른 표현을 고르세요.

(1) All sources of energy upon (that / which) industry depends are wasted when they are employed, and industry is expanding them at continually increasing rate.

(2) You still owe us $1,591. Is there some reason (that / which) you have not paid?

answer : (1) which (2) that

(3) Number one was: "I was born," and you could put (however/whatever) you liked after that.(2008.6 평가원학력평가)

answer : whatever

41. 가정법현재

□ He suggested that the house be sold.

□ The doctor advised that I quit smoking.

advice : 가정법현재에는 동사원형이 쓰이는 경우가 있다.

◆ 가정법 현재형이 쓰이는 경우 : 다음 동사들의 목적어인 that절에는 시제나 수에 관계없이 동사원형을 쓴다. 영국 영어에서는 동사원형 대신에 <should+동사원형>이 쓰인다.

- 제안, 주장 : suggest, propose, move, insist

- 요구, 소망, 결심 : demand, desire, determine

- 명령, 권유 : order, command, urge, advise, recommend

(1) John suggested that he go alone.

(2) She demanded that the house be searched.

(3) I desire that the motion not be adopted.

◆ suggest와 insist : suggest와 insist는 의미에 따라 that절의 동사의 형태가 달라진다.

(4) She suggested that she go there alone. <가정법현재: ~할 것을 제안하다>

(5) She suggested that she had gone there alone. <직설법: ~라고 넌지시 말하다, 암시하다>

(6) He insisted that his daughter come back home by nine. <가정법현재: ~할 것을 고집하다>

(7) He insisted that his daughter had come back home at nine. <직설법: ～라고 우기다>

APPLICATION : 올바른 표현을 고르세요.

(1) In 1893, U.S. President Grover Cleveland was operated on for cancer. The president insisted that the operation (be / had been) kept secret. He was afraid that worries about his health might make worse the difficult economic problems of the country.

answer : be

42. I wish / as if + 가정법

□ I wish he were here with me.

□ The child talked as if he were a man.

advice : I wish ... 와 as if 다음에는 가정법과거형이나 가정법과거완료형이 쓰인다. 가정법과거형은 주절과 같은 시제에 대한 반대를, 가정법과거완료형은 주절보다 앞선 시제에 대한 반대를 표현한다. 첫째 예문의 were는 현재에 대한 반대, 둘째 예문의 were는 과거에 대한 반대를 표현한다.

◆ I wish+가정법 : 목적절에 가정법 과거형, 과거완료형, 혹은 would가 쓰인다.

(1) I wish I could buy a motorcycle. <현재에 대한 반대>

(2) I wish you had told me the truth then. <과거에 대한 반대>

(3) I wish you would keep quiet. <미래에 대한 소망>

◆ as if+가정법 : as if(as though)는「마치～하는 것처럼」이라는 의미로, 그 내용이 현실성 있을 때는 직설법을 사용하고, 현실성이 없는 가상적인 내용일 때는 가정법을 사용한다.

(4) It seems as if you are the first one here. <직설법현재: 현실적 상황>

(5) He is walking as if he was drunk. <직설법과거: 현실적 상황>

(6) She looks as if she were an angel. <가정법과거: 현재에 대한 반대>

(7) He looks as if he had seen a ghost. <가정법과거완료: 과거에 대한 반대>

APPLICATION : 올바른 표현을 고르세요.

(1) I'm getting depressed. If I can't get out of this mood, I think I'll go crazy. I wish there (is / were) someone I could talk with in my own language.

answer : were

43. 조건문

□ If he had fair warning, he has nothing to complain of.

□ If I were in your place, I would not do so.

  advice : 조건절(IF절)과 주절로 이루어진 문장을 조건문(Conditional)이라고 한다. 조건문의 동사는 직설법일 때와 가정법일 때가 있다.

◆ 직설법이 사용된 조건문 : 첫째 예문처럼 직설법 현재나 과거형이 사용되면, 그 조건문은 ‘그럴 수도 있고 그러지 않을 수도 있지만 만약 그렇다면’ 이라는 개방적 조건 (Open condition)의 의미이다.

(1) I'll help you if come.

(2) If you have finished, click on one of the checkout buttons.

◆ 가정법이 사용된 조건문 : 가정법과거(과거완료)형이 사용되면, 그 조건문은 ‘사실은 그렇지 않지만, 만약 그렇다면’이라는 가설적 조건(Hypothetical condition)의 의미이다.

(3) If I lived near my office, I should be in time for work. <가정법과거형의 조건문>

(4) If we had found him earlier, we could have saved his life. <가정법과거완료형의 조건문>

(5) If he had worked harder then, he would be more successful now. <혼합조건문> <IF절: 가정법과거완료형, 주절:조동사의 과거형+동사원형>

APPLICATION : 올바른 표현을 고르세요.

(1) Poverty and hunger are man's greatest enemies; the world would be an infinitely better place if the powerful nations (devote / devoted) half as much money and effort to these problem as they do to military buildup.

(2) He was a man of the Alps. He knew all about wild animals and all about how to kill them. If every other human being (disappeared / had disappeared), he could have gone on, living a Robinson Crusoe life the mountains.

answer : (1) devoted (2) had disappeared

44. 미래에 대한 조건

□ If it rains tomorrow, we will put off the game.

□ If you left his bicycle outside, someone might steal it.

advice : 미래에 일어날 일은 항상 불확실하지만, 정도의 차이는 있기 마련이다. 따라서 미래에 대한 조건을 표현하는 방법도 불확실성의 정도에 따라 다양하게 발달하였다.

◆ 직설법 현재형 : 미래에 있을 수도 있고 그렇지 않을 수도 있는 경우에는, 조건절에 직설법 현재형, 주절에는 will(shall)을 쓴다.

(1) If he runs, he'll get there in time.

◆ 가정법 과거형 : 미래에 일어날 가능성이 거의 없다고 생각되는 경우에는 조건절에 가정법 과거형, 주절에 <조동사의 과거형+원형>을 사용한다.

(2) If I dyed my hair blue, everyone would laugh at me.

(3) If someone tried to blackmail me, I would tell the police.

◆ should : 논리적인 가능성은 있으나, 실제적인 가능성은 없다고 생각하는 경우, 조건절에 should를 쓴다. 주절은 명령문이나 의문문일 경우가 많으며, 안내문이나 설명서 등에 자주 쓰인다.

(4) If you should have any difficulty in getting spare parts, ring this number.

(5) If these crackers should arrive in a damaged condition, inform the factory at once.

APPLICATION : 올바른 표현을 고르세요.

(1) Domestic animals have been forced by men to live in artificial conditions. If they were to return to the wild, they (will / would) be unable to survive.

answer： would

45. 강조

□ This is far better than that.

□ It was Jane that told me about it.

advice : 문장의 일부를 강조하기 위하여 강조어구나 강조구문을 사용한다.

◆ 강조어구 : 첫 예문에서 far는 비교급을 강조한다. 그 외에 비교급을 강조할 수 있는 어구는 much, even, still, a lot, a great, deal 등이다.

(1) John is by far the tallest boy in his class. <최상급의 강조: much, by far>

(2) Where ever did you go? <의문사의 강조: ever, on earth, in the world>

(3) Do stop that noise! <명령문의 강조: 조동사 do>

(4) He did it himself. (= He himself did it) <주어나 목적어의 강조: 재귀대명사>

◆ 강조구문 : <It is…that> 구문은 주어, 목적어, 보어, 부사, 부사구등을 강조할 수 있다. 강조되는 어구가 사람이면, that 대신에 who를, 사물이면 which를 쓰기도 한다.

(5) It was I that am to blame. <주어 강조>

(6) It was Jessica that I truly loved. <목적어 강조>

(7) It was because of her apprehension that she abruptly changed her plans. <부사구 강조>

(8) You don't realize the value of your health until you lose it.

   → It is not until you lose your health that you realize its value.

APPLICATION : 잘못된 표현을 고르세요.

Our society places restrictions on individual behavior. The restrictions protect us from ①each other and also from ②ourselves. The underlying principle is simple: we cannot allow people to do ③whatever they like if those actions are likely to cause serious harm. You should allow others to enjoy freedom as ④you do. It is ⑤this reason that there are speed limits on roads. 

answer : ⑤this reason의 앞에 for를 넣어야 올바른 표현.

46. 도치

□ I must be going. / So must I. (= I must be going, too.)

□ Never before have I seen such a big diamond.

advice : 문장의 균형과 어구의 강조를 위하여 도치하는 여러 가지 경우를 정리한다.

◆ So와 Neither : 각각 긍정문과 부정문을 간결하게 반복할 때 사용한다.

․<So+조동사/be/do+주어>: ~도 역시 그렇다 <긍정문의 반복>

․<Neither+조동사/be/do+주어>: ~도 역시 그렇지 않다 <부정문의 반복>

(1) I was tired, and so were the others. (= the others were tired, too)

cf. "Jack like music very much." "So he does." (정말 그렇다.)

(2) "I am not tired." "Neither am I." (= I'm not tired, either)

(3) If you don't go, neither will I. (= I won't, either)

◆ 어구의 전치 : 주어가 아닌 부정어나 부정어가 포함된 어구, 또는 only등으로 강조된 어구가 문장의 앞에서 강조되면, 주어와 조동사(do, be)가 도치된다.

(4) He didn't say a word. → Not a word did he say.

(5) I little dreamed that Mary would marry him.

   → Little did I dream that Mary would marry him.

(6) I realized my mistake only then. → Only then did I realize my mistake.

APPLICATION : 올바른 표현을 고르세요.

(1) While we enjoy law and order, we hardly notice their presence. Only when they are removed (we / do we) come to realize how much we relied on them.

(2) White people believed the tomato to be poisonous for a long time. Not until the mid-nineteenth century (did / was) it reach the American table.

answer : (1) do we (2) did

(3) (Few / Little) did he know that he was fueling his son with a passion that would last for a lifetime. (2007.수능문제)

answer : Little

47. 수의 일치

□ It was John and Jane that were awarded gold medals.

□ Nearly one-third of the students were absent yesterday.

advice : 주어와 서술어의 수를 일치시키는 것은 영문 구성의 기초이다.

◆ 구와 절이 주어인 경우 : 준동사가 이끄는 구나 명사절이 주어일 때는 단수로 취급한다, 또, 동격을 표현하는 <명사+that절>이 주어로 쓰일 때, 동사는 명사에 일치한다.

(1) Reading good mysteries is fun.

(2) How she raised her twelve children to be solid citizens is really amazing.

(3) The news that they were all saved was a great relief to her.

◆ 관계절과 강조구문의 수 : 관계대명사의 수는 선행사에 의해 결정된다. 또, 강조구문에서 that의 바로 뒤에 이어지는 동사는 that 앞의 명사와 일치한다.

(4) We need a person who speaks both English and Korean. (cf. some people who speak)

(5) It was John that was in the car. (cf. John and his father that were)

◆ 부분사의 수 : 분수나 부분을 표현하는 말의 수는 이어지는 명사의 수에 의해 결정된다.

(6) Half of the apple is rotten. (cf. Half of the apples are rotten.)

(7) Most of the students were French. (cf. Most of his time was spent traveling.)

APPLICATION : 올바른 표현을 고르세요.

(1) The average life of a  street tree surrounded by concrete and asphalt (is/are) seven to fifteen years. (2009.4 경기도교육청학력평가)

answer : is

(2) The best way to store fresh bunches (is/are) to compartment, which will give them the right balance of humidity and air, and help preserve the vitamin C content.(2009.3 서울교육청학력평가)

answer : is

(3) Don't wash the broccoli before storing it since moisture on its surface (encourages/to encourage) the growth of mold.(2009.3 서울교육청학력평가)

answer : encourages

(4) This high concentration of cats (was/were) probably due to the laws protecting the animal.(2008.4 경기도교육청연합)

answer : was

(5) In addition, the mentally ill are faced with a unique set of challenges, and (its/their) interests will bot be adequately represented if they cannot vote. (2009.10.서울교육청연합)

answer : their

(6) The perfume of wildflowers (fill / fills) the air as the grass dances upon a gentle breeze. (2008.수능문제)

answer : fills

48. 병치법

□ There is a time to sow and a time for reaping. (×)

   → There is a time to sow and a time to reap.

advice : 두 개 이상의 어구가 접속사에 의해 병렬되거나 비교구문에 의해 비교될 때는, 가능한 한 비슷한 문법적 형태를 가져야 한다. 이런 원칙을 병치법(Parallelism)이라 한다.

◆ 상관어구 및 등위접속사에 의한 병치

(1) He enjoyed not only the movie but also watching the play. (→the play.)

(2) He wanted the roof repaired and to paint the fence. (→the fence painted)

(3) He is a good singer and he speaks English fluently. (→a fluent English speaker)

(4) Evelyn is young, enthusiastic, and she has talents. (→talented)

(5) Eating well, exercising regularly, and enough sleep are essential. (→sleeping enough)

◆ 비교구문에 의한 병치

(6) I like skating better than to ski.(→skiing)

(7) Playing tennis is more interesting than to ride a bike.(→riding a bike)

(8) John decided to go to university rather than a job.(→to get a job)

(9) The climate of Seoul is quite different from Tokyo.(→that of Tokyo)

APPLICATION : 밑줄 친 부분을 바르게 고치세요.

(1) His next goal is to provide enough energy for his entire village and eventually (go/goes) to collage. (2008.10 서울교육청연합)

answer： go

(2) In the Metro, you have to open the doors yourself by pushing a button, depressing a lever ot (slide / sliding) them. (2006.수능문제)

answer : sliding

(3) The first thing I notice upon entering this garden is that the ankle-high grass is greener than (that / those) on the other side of the fence. (2008.수능문제)

answer : that

(4) Dozens of wildflowers of countless varieties cover the ground to (both / either) sides of the path. (2008.수능문제)

answer : both