Chapter 20 Adjectives 발표자료 -20095020 김서인

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ADJECTIVES

INTRODUCTION

• describe a quality of a noun

• invariant in form

             ex) The moon is full tonight.

                The full moon shone brightly.

• Many adjectives can occupy more than one position, but depending on where they are placed, they may convey different meanings.

- some adjectives can occur only before a noun; others only after a copular verb.

• More than one adjective is used, and they often must be sequenced in a particular way.

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THE FORM OF ADJECTIVES

• derivational affixes: -al, -able/-ible, -ar, -ful/-less, -ic, -ive, -ous, -y

• comparative(-er) and superlative(-est)

• two basic positions for adjectives in a sentence:

  1. attributive position(adj+noun)

    ex) a pretty woman

2. predicative position(be copular and other copular or linking verbs+adj)

  ex) You look tired.

     The movie I saw yesterday was interesting.

Symptoms of Love –by Robert Graves

Love is a universal migraine, 사랑은 온몸으로 퍼지는 편두통

A bright stain on the vision 이성을 흐리게 하며

Blotting our reason. 시야를 가리는 찬란한 얼룩

Symptoms of true love 진정한 사랑의 증세는

Are leanness, jealousy, 몸이 여위고, 질투를 하고,

laggard dawns; 늦은 새벽을 맞이하는 것.

Are omens and nightmares, 예감과 악몽 또한 사랑의 증상,

listening for a knock, 노크 소리에 귀기울이고

waiting for a sign… 무언가 징표를 기다리는…

Take courage, lover! 용기를 가져라, 사랑에 빠진 이여!

Could you endure such grief 그녀의 손이 아니라면

At any hand but hers? 어찌 그 비통함을 견딜 수 있으리?

▶ Sometimes the copular verb is deleted, here in its infinitive form, so that the

adjective follows a noun directly

ex) I think it (to be) true

▶ predicative adjective in postnominal position can also result from a reduced

relative clause

ex) The lady (who is) reading a book is my girlfriend.

Copular Verbs  (불완전 자동사, 불완전 타동사)

보통 동작 (action)이 아닌 상태나 감정 등을 나타내는 동사들로 뒤에 형용사를 보어로 취할 수 있다.  상태나 감정은 동작이 일어나지 않으므로 동작의 목적이 되는 목적어는 올 수 없다.  대표적인 copular verb는 Be 동사이고 be 동사는 특별히 보어로 명사도 취할 수도 있다.  (appear, feel, look, seem, smell, sound, taste, become, get, go, grow, prove, turn, go, come 등등.) [출처] 십이일째 - 일반동사 (달리아쌤의 쉽고 잼난 영어) |작성자 달리아샘

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ATTRIBUTIVE ADJECTIVES

Ⅰ.Reference adjectives(must occur pronominally)

1. adjectives that show the reference of the head noun has already been determined.

ex) the   very           man I was seeking

             particular

             same

             self-same

             exact

2. adjectives that show us the importance or rank of the head noun:

ex) their    main        faults

                  prime

                  principal

                  chief

3. adjectives that show the head noun is recognized by law or custom:

ex) the     lawful           heir

                rightful

                legal

                true

4. adjectives that identify the reference of the noun itself-that is, they, tell us(in part) what the noun means-and that may not occur after the copula be:

ex) a medical doctor = a doctor is medical

   an atomic physicist = a physicist is atomic

   a reserve officer = an officer is reserve

5. adjectives that qualify the time reference of the noun:

ex) the future king                      the previous occupant

   the present monarch             the former chairperson

6. adjectives that qualify the geographical reference of the noun:

ex) a Southern gentle man         the urban crisis

   a rural mail carrier

7. adjectives that intensify or emphasize the head noun:

ex) a total stranger                      a mere child

   sheer fraud                             utter nonsense

8. adjectives that show the uniqueness of the head noun:

ex) the sole survivor                   the only nominee

   a single individual

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PREDICATIVE ADJECTIVE

 – adjectives can only be predicative

1. Adjectives that begin with an a-prefix:

ex) The boy is asleep = the asleep boy

   The boat is adrift = the adrift boat

2. Health adjectives

ex) Larry feels faint.

   He is not well.

3. Adjectives that must be followed by prepositional phrases or infinitives

ex) He’s bound for China.

   Debbie seems inclined to agree.

4. predicative adjectives can also occur directly after a noun when the copular verb has been deleted.

① postnominal adjective consists of adjectives modifying object nouns:

1) verbs showing mental assessments or personal preferences

       ex) consider, like, think, prefer, declare, report, believe, imagine, hold, want, call..

 ex) I want everything ready by noon.

               ex) I believe him honest.

       2) certain causative verbs

       ex) make, turn, get, keep

                            ex) He made her happy

                            ex) The frost turned the leaves brown.

*** No deleted infinitive copula is posited for such sentences. Notice, however, that these sentences can be paraphrased by inserting the verb cause and a copula infinitive: ***

                ex) He causes her to be happy

                ex) The frost causes the leaves to turn brown.

② postnominal adjectives can be said to be derived from relative clauses. Suffice it to say here that they follow the noun directly, having lost the relative pronoun and the be verb of the relative clause.

ex) Half of the training sessions (that are) arranged for the athletes have been cancelled due to bad weather.

ex) The man (who is) wearing a tuxedo is actor.

5. Adjectives in phrases of measurement

ex) The ruler is twelve inches long.

     = It is a twelve-inch-long ruler.

6. Adjectives in certain fixed expressions(mostly borrowed from French)

ex) attorney general                               ex) heir apparent

ex) president-elect                                 ex) notary public

7. Adjectives following indefinite pronouns, where the adjective derives from a reduced relative clause

ex) I can’t stand everything (that is) boring to do.

PARTICIPLES  

Ⅰ.

- present participle: -ing (used verbally and adjectivally)

- past participle: -en(used verbally and adjectivally)

Attributive: He has led an interesting life. (adj+noun)

Predicative: His life has been interesting. (be copular verb+adj)

Predicative: Marshall has made life interesting. (causative verb+object+adj)

(post-nominal)

Attributive: A well-known painter is going to hold an exhibition. (adj+noun)

Predicative: He is the well-known painter. (be copular verb+adj)

Predicative: He, well-known painter all over the world, is going to hold an exhibition.

(post-nominal)

Ⅱ.

Both present and past participles can be modified by nouns or adverbs to create compound participial adjectives.

ex) noun+present participle – money-making

 noun+past participle – state-owned

   adverb+present participle – fast-rising

   adverb+(intensifier)+past participle – well-educated

Ⅲ. How to recognize-which one is used as a verb or an adjective?

add well(→verb) / very(→adj)

Ⅳ. OTHER STRUCTURAL FACTS

• adjective can be optionally preceded by one or more intensifier.(very, really)

• predicative or postnominal adjective can be followed by a prepositional phrase