출석수업보충자료

[동그라미]

**영어는 형식언어=> 기본순서를 올바로 익히기

문장(Sentence) => Subject + Tense + Verb + Object + (Location) + (Time) + Purpose(reason) +(Manner) +조건/양보.

문장의 첫 단어 첫 글자는 대문자로 시작되며 문장의 전체 의미 전달의 완료를 표시하는 방법으로 마침표와 물음표 등이 있다.

평서문=> 주어 +시제 +동사 ...(period). 의 순서 / 의문문 => 시제 + 주어 + 동사 ...(question mark)?

예) He usually works out every morning. Does he work out a lot?

시제 앞에 놓이는 명사기능을 가진 표현을 주어라 말하며 동사 뒤에 나타나는 명사기능을 가진 표현을 목적어 혹은 보어라 말한다.

주어는 보통 명사구(noun phrase)와 동일하게 보며 목적어도 이와 같다.

시제(tense)=> 단순시제: DO(does/do/did) + V(원형) => 반복되는 일이나 일반적인 사실을 나타낼 때

진행시제: BE(am/is/are/was/were) + V-ing =>일시적인 일이거나 끝나지 않은 일을 나타낼 때

BE( 수동조동사) + V-ed

완료시제: HAVE(has/have/had) + V-ed => 경험, 계속, 완료, 결과의 의미를 나타낼 때

법조동사: Modal(will/would/can/could....) => 가능, 능력, 의무, 추측, 소망, 유감 등을 나타낼 때

시제요소 즉 현재나 과거를 나타내는 조동사 다음에 본동사가 나타날 때 본동사의 형태는 이미 결정되어 있슴에 유의

하나씩 나타날 수 있지만 최대 4개까지 가능 단, 단순시제와 법조동사가 동시에 나타날 수 없슴; *He will do work for the company.

He will have been cleaning the room. => The room will have been being cleaned by him.

본동사의 형태가 조동사에 의해 결정되면 본동사는 뒤에 오는 요소를 결정하는데 동사의 특성에 따라 완전자동사, 불완전 자동사, 타동사, 수여동사, 불완전 타동사 등으로 구분된다. 여기까지 각 나타나는 표현은 의무적으로 나타나며 방법, 장소, 시간, 목적, 조건, 양보 등은 선택적으로 나타나며 이들은 보통 부사구(전치사구)의 기능을 갖게 되며 문장의 필수요소가 아님에 주목. 특히 전치사구와 접속사 유형을 함께 공부하여야 이러한 의미를 충분히 나타낼 수 있다.

동사의 중요성

raise(/rear) the baby

the money

the right hand

the riot/ the problem

동사는 뒤에 나타나는 명사의 의미와 결합해야 올바른 의미를 알 수 있다. 동사 와 목적어는 한 단어처럼 외우는 연습이 중요합니다.

** 본문내용정리

a number of(=many) + N-s

go through

In Moulmein, in Lower Burma, I /was hated by large numbers of people(a (large) number of=many)

- the only time in my life(all my life) that I/ have been important enough for this to happen to me.

반드시 정관사사 요구되는 경우

the same that

the very man that

He was watching a movie when his father came in.(시제일치(was-came)

I was sub-divisional police officer of the town, and in an aimless, petty kind of way anti-European feeling was very bitter. No one had the guts(nerve) to raise(=cause) 일으키다/야기하다) a riot(폭동), but if a European woman went through the bazaars alone somebody would probably spit betel juice over her dress.(과거의 조건이나 상상으로 해석해도 무방)

would probably= might

would=would often=used to V

all through the town 마을 곳곳에

=throughout the town =everywhere in the town

As a police officer(=When I was a police officer) I was an obvious target and was baited whenever it seemed safe to do so.

I work as (=am) a police officer.

When a nimble(재빠른) Burman tripped(발을 걸다) me up on the football field and the referee (another Burman) looked the other way(반대편을), the crowd yelled with hideous(음흉한/비열한) laughter. This happened more than(at least;적어도) once. In the end(=finally/at last)the sneering yellow faces (조롱하는 노란 얼굴들) of young men that met me everywhere, the insults hooted after me when I was at a safe distance(안전한 거리에서/멀리 떨어져 있는(의역)), got badly on my nerves (심하게 신경이 쓰이게 하다). The young Buddhist priests were the worst of all. There were several thousands(수 천명) of them in the town and none of them seemed to have anything to do (할 일이 있는) except(제외하고) stand on street corners and jeer at Europeans.

hoot the insults= give the insults

수 많은/수 천명 사람들 thousands of people

laugh at 조롱하다/비웃다(=sneer at/jeer at)

yell at 사람 (shout at/ swear at +사람; 욕을 퍼붓다)

seem to =appear to= may= (will) probably

~인 것 같다

All this was perplexing(형용사) and upsetting(형용사).

upset/ perplex/confuse + 사람

For at that time I had already made up my mind that imperialism was an evil thing and the sooner I chucked up(gave up) my job and got out of it the better.

make up my mind= decide

the + 비교급(두개의 비교가 분명한 경우)

of two classmates, John is the smarter.

the +비교급, the +비교급=> ~하면 할수록 더욱더 ~하다.

the sooner the better 빠르면 빠를수록 더 좋다.

Theoretically and secretly, of course I was all for the Burmese(버마에 전적으로 찬성하다) and all against their oppressors, the British(압제자인 영국에 전적으로 반대하다).

=> I agree with(동의하다.찬성하다) the Burmese

I object to(반대하다) their oppressors

As for the job I was doing, I hated it more bitterly than I can perhaps make clear (분명하게 밝힐 수 있는 것보다).

~대해서(as for):about/of/as to/ concerning/regarding/considering/when it comes to N)

In a job like that you see the dirty work of Empire at close quarters.

at safe distance(안전한 거리에서)/at a distance(멀리서)

The wretched(형:비참한) prisoners huddling in the stinking cages of the lock-ups, the grey, cowed faces(겁먹은 얼굴들) of the long-term (장기의)convicts, the scarred buttocks(흉터진 엉덩이들) of the men who had been flogged with bamboos - all these oppressed me with an intolerable sense of guilt. But I could get nothing into perspective( 아무것도 이해할 수 없었다). I was young and ill-educated and I had had to think out(=solve) my problems in the utter silence that is imposed on every Englishman in the East.

have a problem

문제를 다루다/해결하다

think out

deal with(=cope with) a problem

address

solve(=resolve) a problem

I did not even know that the British Empire is dying, still less(게다가/더우기~하지 않다) did I know that it is a great deal(=much/far/even; 훨씬, 더더욱) better than the younger empires that are going to supplant(=take the place of/replace; 대체하다) it.

도치의 유형

(1) 부정어가 문두에 나타나는 경우

I never met her before

Never did I meet her before.

=부정어(not/hardly) +시제 +주어

(2) 어떤 특정 표현이 생략이 되더라도 충분히 예측가능한 경우

If I should meet her, => Should I meet her, (생략)

(3) 장소표현 특히 덩어리도 된 표현이 나타나는 경우

장소 + 시제 +주어 (=Here is your ticket.)

All I knew was that I was stuck between my hatred(증오) of the empire (that/which) I served and my rage(분노) against the evil-spirited little beasts who tried to make my job impossible.

He is stuck in mud. 진흙탕에서 꼼짝못하다

He is stuck in traffic. 교통체증에 걸리다

With one part of my mind(마음 한편으로) I thought of the British Raj as(같은) an unbreakable tyranny, as something clamped down, in saecula saeculorum, upon the will of prostrate peoples(굴복한 민족들);

(however/still/nevertheless(하지만)/also(또한) 해석이 둘 다 가능하지만 also와 another의 유사성으로 “또한”의 해석이 나음)with another part(또 다른 마음 한편으로) I thought that the greatest joy in the world would be to drive a bayonet into a Buddhist priest's guts(용기나 배짱이 아닌 신체부의의 배를 의미). Feelings like these are the normal by-products of imperialism; (또한) ask any Anglo-Indian official, if you can catch him off duty.

think of(regard/adopt/view/see) A as B

take a time off(a vacation)=take off a time 휴가 갖다

take off a day 하루 휴가를 갖다.

=take a day off

;(semi-colon) 하지만(however)/또한(also)

:(colon) for example, 예를 들어

-(dash) : by definition, 설명하면, 앞의 내용을 정의하면

One day something happened which in a roundabout way(돌려말해서, 간접적으로) was enlightening. It was a tiny(아주 작은) incident in itself, but it gave me a better glimpse (than I had had before) of the real nature of imperialism - the real motives for which despotic governments act.

발생하다/일어나다 happen =occur=take place

회의가 be held=take place

보다

glance at<look at<stare/gaze at=study

understand(이해하다);figure out, make sense of, give 사람 a good glimpse(view)of

nature 본질 => motives=reasons

the reason for=the motive(동기/이유) for(전치사 for에 유의)

Early one morning the sub-inspector at a police station the other end (반대편의 끝에) of the town rang me up on the phone and said that an elephant was ravaging the bazaar.

ravage; devastate/ damage(피해를 입히다)

ruin/destroyinjure + 사람

Would I (please) come and do something about it? I did not know what I could do, but I wanted to see what was happening and I got on to a pony and started out.

I don’t know what to do.(what I should do)

start out 출발하다; leave, take off, depart, set out,

got on to a pony 조랑말에 가서 올라타다

I took my rifle, an old .44 Winchester and much too small(너무나도 위력이 약해)to kill an elephant, but I thought the noise might be useful in terrorem.

too ~ to 너무나 ~해서 ~하지 못하다

Various(a variety of) Burmans stopped me on the way(= Burmans stopped me from going ) and told me about the elephant's doings. It was not, of course, a wild elephant, but a tame one which had gone 'must'. It had been chained up(쇠사슬에 묶여), as(~하듯이) tame elephants always are (chained up) when their attack of 'must' is due(발정기의 발작이 예정되어 있을 때 기들인 코끼리기 언제나 그러하듯), but on the previous(=other) night it had broken its chain and escaped(flee/fled). Its mahout, the only person who could manage it when it was in that state, had set out in pursuit(to chase/follow it), but had taken the wrong direction and was now twelve hours' journey away, and in the morning the elephant had suddenly reappeared in the town.

(appear(나타나다); SHOW UP/TURN UIP)

The Burmese population had no weapons and were quite helpless against it. It had already destroyed somebody's bamboo hut, killed a cow and raided some fruit-stalls and devoured(=ate) the stock; also it had met(BUMPED INTO/RUN INTO) municipal rubbish van and, when the driver jumped out and took to his heels, had turned the van over and inflicted (did) violences upon it.

inflict ~ on 에게 ~을 가하다

The Burmese sub-inspector and some Indian constables were waiting for me (to come) in the quarter where the elephant had been seen. It was a very poor quarter, a labyrinth of squalid bamboo huts, thatched with palmleaf, winding all over(through) a steep hillside. I remember that it was a cloudy, stuffy morning at the beginning of the rains. We began questioning the people as to (about) where the elephant had gone and, as usual, failed to(did not) get any definite(clear/evident) information. That is invariably(always) the case in the East; a story always sounds clear enough at a distance(away), but the nearer you get to the scene of events the vaguer it becomes. (사건현장에 가까이 가면 갈수록 그 내용은 더욱 모호해진다) Some of the people(부분 of the/소유격 + 명사) said that the elephant had gone in one direction, some said that he had gone in another, some professed(=said) not even to have heard of any elephant. I had almost made up my mind(decided)that the whole story was a pack of lies, when we heard yells((명) 고함소리들) a little distance away(좀 떨어진 곳에서). There was a loud, scandalized cry(=sound) of 'Go away, child! Go away this instant(=right now/right away)!' and an old woman with a switch in her hand came round the corner of a hut, violently(사납게/격렬하게/거칠게) shooing away(회초리가 휙휙소리가 날 정도로 휘두르며 쫒아내다) a crowd of naked children. Some more women followed, clicking their tongues and exclaiming; evidently(clearly/apparently= It was evident that) there was something that the children ought not to have seen. I rounded(=went round) the hut and saw a man's dead body sprawling(lying) in the mud. He was an Indian, a black Dravidian coolie, almost naked, and he could not have been dead many minutes(좀 전에 죽은 사체일수 없을 텐데). The people said that the elephant had come suddenly upon(갑자기 덮치다) him round the corner of the hut, caught him with its trunk, put its foot on his back and ground him into the earth.

조동사와 부정어의 위치

ought to V => ought NOT to V

had better V => had better NOT V

used to V=> did not use to V

This was the rainy season and the ground was soft, and his face had scored a trench(고랑을 내다) a foot deep and a couple of yards long. He was lying on his belly with arms crucified and head sharply twisted(완전히 꺽인) to one side. His face was coated(=covered) with mud, the eyes wide open, the teeth bared and grinning with an (facial) expression‎(얼굴표정) of unendurable agony. (Never tell me, by the way, that the dead look peaceful. Most of the corpses I have seen looked devilish.) The friction of the great beast's foot had stripped the skin from his back as neatly as one skins(피부를 벗겨내다) a rabbit. As soon as I saw the dead man I sent an orderly to a friend's house nearby(가까이에 있는) to borrow an elephant rifle. I had already sent back the pony, not wanting it(=the pony) to go mad with fright(무서워 발작하다/미치다) and throw me if it smelt the elephant.

The orderly came back in a few minutes with a rifle and five cartridges, and meanwhile(그러는 동안/ 그사이에) some Burmans had arrived and told us that the elephant was in the paddy fields below, only a few hundred yards away. As I started forward practically the whole population of the quarter flocked (GATHER/GET TOGETHER)out of the houses and followed me. They had seen the rifle and were all shouting excitedly that I was going to shoot the elephant. They had not shown much interest in the elephant (when he was merely ravaging their homes), but it was different now that(because/now는 현재의 지금을 의미하는 것이 아님. was라는 과거시제에 유의) he was going to be shot. It was a bit of fun to them, as(~이 듯이) it would be to an English crowd; besides(=also) they wanted the meat. It made me vaguely uneasy. I had no intention of(did not intend to V) shooting the elephant I had merely sent for the rifle to defend myself if necessary and it(가주어) is always unnerving(위축시키는 (일) 용기를 잃게하는) to have a crowd following you. I marched down the hill, looking and feeling a fool, with the rifle over my shoulder and an ever-growing army of people jostling at my heels. At the bottom, when you got away from the huts, there was a metalled road and beyond that a miry waste(진흙탕의 버려진 땅) of paddy fields a thousand yards across, not yet ploughed(경작되지 않고) but soggy from the first rains(첫 우기로 땅이 물로 흠뻑 젖은) and dotted with coarse grass(잡초가 듬성듬성 나있는). The elephant was standing eight yards from the road, his left side towards us. He took not the slightest notice of (알아차리지 못했다) the crowd's approach.

take a notice of: 유의하다/눈치채다

on <-> beneath  (완전접촉)

over <-> under (부분접촉)

above <-> below (완전분리)

He was tearing(발음에 유의) up bunches of grass, beating them against his knees to clean them and stuffing(putting) them into his mouth.

I had halted(=stopped) on the road. As soon as I saw the elephant I knew with perfect certainty that I ought not to shoot him. It is a serious matter to shoot a working elephant it is comparable to(비유되는/와 같은 것) destroying a huge and costly (=expensive) piece of machinery and obviously one ought not to do it if it can possibly be avoided. And at that distance, peacefully eating, the elephant looked no more dangerous than a cow. I thought then and I think now that his attack of 'must' was already passing off; in which case(앞 문장 전체/그런 경우에) he would merely wander harmlessly about(이리저리) until the mahout came back and caught him. Moreover, I did not in the least want to shoot him. I decided that I would watch him for a little while to make sure(확인하다) that he did not turn savage(=go mad/wild) again, and then go home.

But at that moment I glanced round at (주위를 슬쩍 둘러보다) the crowd that had followed me. It was an immense crowd, two thousand at the least (at least(=more than) two thousand)and growing every minute. It blocked the road for a long distance on either side(양쪽에). I looked at the sea of yellow faces above the garish clothes-faces all happy and excited over this bit of fun, all certain that the elephant was going to be shot. They were watching me as they would watch a conjurer(=magician) about to(be about to= 막 ~하려하다) perform a trick(do a trick;기교를 부리다/술책을 부리다). They did not like me, but with the magical rifle in my hands I was momentarily(at the moment) worth watching. And suddenly I realized(found out/discovered) that I should have to shoot the elephant after all. The people expected it of me and I had got to do it; I could feel their two thousand wills pressing me forward, irresistibly. And it was at this moment, as I stood there with the rifle in my hands, that I first grasped(figure out;파악하다) the hollowness, the futility of the white man's dominion in the East. Here was I, the white man with his gun, standing in front of the unarmed native crowd, seemingly the leading actor of the piece; but in reality(=to be honest/actually; but 의미를 보완하는 역할) I was only an absurd puppet pushed to and fro(이리저리)by the will of those yellow faces behind. I perceived in this moment that when the white man turns tyrant it is his own freedom that he destroys. He becomes a sort of hollow, posing dummy(=puppet), the conventionalized figure of a sahib. For it is the condition of his rule that he shall spend his life in trying to impress(인상을 남기다+ 사람) the 'natives', and so in every crisis he has got to(=have to) do what the 'natives' expect of him. He wears a mask, and his face grows to fit it. I had got to shoot the elephant. I had committed myself to (전념하다/마음을 다 바치다)doing(동명사에 유의) it when I sent for the rifle. A sahib has got to act like a sahib; he has got to appear resolute, to know his own mind and do definite things. To come all that way(끝까지 그 지경까지 오게 된 것), rifle in hand, with two thousand people marching at my heels, and then to trail feebly away(무기력하게 물러나는 것), having done nothing no, that was impossible. The crowd would laugh at me. And my whole life, every white man's life in the East, was one long struggle not to be laughed at.

But I did not want to shoot the elephant. I watched(지각동사) him beating his bunch of grass against his knees, with that preoccupied(몰두하는) grandmotherly air that elephants have. It seemed to me that it would be murder to shoot him. At that age I was not squeamish about killing animals, but I had never shot an elephant and never wanted to. (Somehow it always seems worse to kill a large animal.) Besides(=also), there was the beast's owner to be considered. Alive(살아있다면), the elephant was worth at least a hundred pounds; (however=하지만의 의미 첨가 가능) dead(죽은 상태라면), he would only be worth the value of his tusks, five pounds, possibly. But I had got to act quickly. I turned to some experienced-looking Burmans (경험 많아 보이는 버마사람들) who had been there when we arrived, and asked them how the elephant had been behaving. They all said the same thing: he took no notice of you if you left him alone, but he might charge(달려들다/돌진하다;자동사임에 유의)) if you went too close to him.

It was perfectly clear(너무나 분명한) to me what I ought to do. I ought to walk up to within, say, twenty-five yards of the elephant and test his behavior. If he charged, I could shoot; if he took no notice of me, it would be safe to leave him until the mahout came back. But also I knew that I was going to do no such thing. I was a poor shot with a rifle and the ground was soft mud into which(진흙속에) one would sink at every step. If the elephant charged and I missed him, I should have about as much chance as(대략 ~같은 가능성을) a toad under a steam-roller. But even then I was not thinking particularly of my own skin, only of the watchful yellow faces behind. For at that moment, with the crowd watching me, I was not afraid in the ordinary sense, as I would have been if I had been alone. A white man mustn't be frightened(fright(공포/두려움) + en(동사형접미사) in front of 'natives' and so, in general, he isn't frightened. The sole thought in my mind was that if anything went wrong those two thousand Burmans would see me pursued, caught, trampled on and reduced to a grinning corpse like that Indian up the hill. And if that happened it was quite probable that some of them would laugh. That would never do.

There was only one alternative. I shoved the cartridges into the magazine and lay down on the road to get a better aim. The crowd grew very still, and a deep, low, happy sigh, as of people who see the theatre curtain go up at last, breathed from innumerable throats. They were going to have their bit of fun after all. The rifle was a beautiful German thing with cross-hair sights. I did not then know that in shooting an elephant one would shoot to cut an imaginary bar running from ear-hole to ear-hole. I ought, therefore, as the elephant was sideways on, to have aimed straight at his ear-hole, actually I aimed several inches in front of this, thinking the brain would be further forward.

When I pulled the trigger I did not hear the bang or feel the kick one never does when a shot goes home but I heard the devilish roar of glee that went up from the crowd. In that instant, in too short a time, one would have thought, even for the bullet to get there, a mysterious, terrible change had come over the elephant. He neither stirred nor fell, but every line of his body had altered. He looked suddenly stricken, shrunken, immensely old, as though the frightful impact of the bullet had paralysed him without knocking him down. At last, after what seemed a long time it might have been five seconds, I dare say he sagged flabbily to his knees. His mouth slobbered. An enormous senility seemed to have settled upon him. One could have imagined him thousands of years old. I fired again into the same spot. At the second shot he did not collapse but climbed with desperate slowness to his feet and stood weakly upright, with legs sagging and head drooping. I fired a third time. That was the shot that did for him. You could see the agony of it jolt his whole body and knock the last remnant of strength from his legs. But in falling he seemed for a moment to rise, for as his hind legs collapsed beneath him he seemed to tower upward like a huge rock toppling, his trunk reaching skyward like a tree. He trumpeted, for the first and only time. And then down he came, his belly towards me, with a crash that seemed to shake the ground even where I lay.

I got up. The Burmans were already racing past me across the mud. It was obvious that the elephant would never rise again, but he was not dead. He was breathing very rhythmically with long rattling gasps, his great mound of a side painfully rising and falling. His mouth was wide open I could see far down into caverns of pale pink throat. I waited a long time for him to die, but his breathing did not weaken. Finally I fired my two remaining shots into the spot where I thought his heart must be. The thick blood welled out of him like red velvet, but still he did not die. His body did not even jerk when the shots hit him, the tortured breathing continued without a pause. He was dying, very slowly and in great agony, but in some world remote from me where not even a bullet could damage him further. I felt that I had got to put an end to that dreadful noise. It seemed dreadful to see the great beast Lying there, powerless to move and yet powerless to die, and not even to be able to finish him. I sent back for my small rifle and poured shot after shot into his heart and down his throat. They seemed to make no impression. The tortured gasps continued as steadily as the ticking of a clock.

In the end I could not stand it any longer and went away. I heard later that it took him half an hour to die. Burmans were bringing dash and baskets even before I left, and I was told they had stripped his body almost to the bones by the afternoon.

Afterwards, of course, there were endless discussions about the shooting of the elephant. The owner was furious, but he was only an Indian and could do nothing. Besides, legally I had done the right thing, for a mad elephant has to be killed, like a mad dog, if its owner fails to control it. Among the Europeans opinion was divided. The older men said I was right, the younger men said it was a damn shame to shoot an elephant for killing a coolie, because an elephant was worth more than any damn Coringhee coolie. And afterwards I was very glad that the coolie had been killed; it put me legally in the right and it gave me a sufficient pretext for shooting the elephant. I often wondered whether any of the others grasped that I had done it solely to avoid looking a fool.