검을,흑 黑 한자발음 및 상고음 탐구

[나비우스]

자료에는 smek 밖에 안 나왔는데 s이전은 h 그 이전은 kh

khmek이라고 봐야 한다.

s발음은 가장 나중에 완성되어지는 발음이거든.

원시 인류나 아기에겐 이 발음은 힘들다.ㅅ발음이 종착역이지.

혀짧은 소리  ㄸ ㅌ 발음밖에 낼 수가 없지.

ㄸ ㅌ -->th번데기(ㄷㅅ 어두자음군)--->ㅆ 

당시의 h도 지금처럼 그 h가 아니다.가래끓는 소리 독일어 크~비슷한 소리.

몽골어나 러시아어의 X발음인 것이다.

그걸 바로 kh발음이라고 하는 것이다.

순수 h발음은 10세기를 넘어서야 나오는 것이다.

ㅂ-->ㅁ  발음변천과정을 거친다.ㅁ앞에는 ㅂ이 있어야 한다.

상고음은 끄벅-->끄먹 -->꺼멓

무슨 말이냐?

끄벘다 꾸벘다 굽었다 구웠다는 말이다.불로 태운다는 말이다.

하기사 이렇게 까지 어원학자들은 조사하기 힘들지.

하여간 러시아 스타로틴 박사님이 여기까지 자료를 제공해주시니 어원을 푸는 것이다.

bake

영어사전

bake 

1. (음식을) 굽다; (음식 등이) 구워지다   

2. (열로) 굽다; 굳어지다   

3. 매우 뜨겁다

kebap 터키어의 케밥이다.

어원은 끄버삐-->꾸버삐 burn 구워버려의 경상도사투리 

셩님<-->형님 h<-->s 호환

꺼멓다 까맣다 

우리말 ㅎ은 과거 kh발음

먹,묵 墨 역시 검다.

오징어 먹물 까맣다

kar- 라는 어근은 알타이어나 드라비다어나 어원이 같다.

어원은 크르 우리말 그을다 할때 글- 불에 탄 것을 뜻한다.

kh에서 k가 탈락하고 h만 남은 형태가 된다.

크르--> 카르 -->카라 -->하라 

크르-->크륵--->흐륵-->흑 (한국어 한자발음) 黑

ㅁ이 탈락된 형태를 보이기도 한다.

크벅-->크먹-->흐먹-->흐억-->흑 黑 한자발음 

月 월 발음과 moon은 이런 발음상의 관계에서 나오는 것으로 어원이

같은 것이다.그 앞의 w발음이다.w는 과거의 v발음이다.

월은 ㅇ은 ㅂ에서 나왔으며 moon의 m발음 역시 v발음의 변음이지.

Chinese: "黑" | Query method: Match substring

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *mɨ̄k

Meaning: dark

Chinese: 黑 *smǝ̄k black.

 

Character: 黑

Modern (Beijing) reading: hēi

Preclassic Old Chinese: smǝ̄k

Classic Old Chinese: m̥ǝ̄k

Western Han Chinese: m̥ǝ̄k

Eastern Han Chinese: m̥ǝ̄k

Early Postclassic Chinese: hwǝ̄k

Middle Postclassic Chinese: hwǝ̄k

Late Postclassic Chinese: hwǝ̄k

Middle Chinese: xʌk

English meaning : be black

Russian meaning[s]: 1) черный; темный; темнеть; 2) мрачный; темный; ночной; 3) скрытый; тайный, нелегальный; 4) преступный; злобный; 5) Хэй (фамилия)

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

 

Number: 1575

Chinese etymology: Chinese etymology

Character: 黑

MC description : 曾開一入德曉

ZIHUI: 7815 1178

Beijing: xei 11

Jinan: xei 11

Xi'an: xei 11

Taiyuan: xǝʔ 41

Hankou: xô 12

Chengdu: xe 12

Yangzhou: xǝʔ 4

Suzhou: hôʔ 41

Wenzhou: xe_ 41

Changsha: xô 4

Shuangfeng: xiɛ 12

Nanchang: hɛt 41

Meixian: hɛt 41

Guangzhou: hak 41

Xiamen: hîk 41

Chaozhou: hek 41

Fuzhou: xaiʔ 41

Shanghai: hôʔ 4

Zhongyuan yinyun: xei 42

Radical: 203

Four-angle index: 8528

Karlgren code: 0904 a-b

Vietnamese reading: hắc

Jianchuan Bai: xɨ6

Dali Bai: xɨ6

Bijiang Bai: xɨ6

Shijing occurrences: 41.3

Tibetan: mog, smag dark, smug cherry-brown, purple-brown.

Kachin: muʔ² be dark.

Lushai: mūk dull (in colour).

Kiranti: *mak (*mäk) black

 

Proto-Kiranti: *mak (*mäk)

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Meaning: black

Limbu: mak

 

Entry: mak

Kiranti etymology: Kiranti etymology

Grammar: adj.

Meaning: black

Comments: mak lɔʔ It looks black, it is black; cf. lɔʔmaʔ (2,6).\x

Yamphu: maik

 

Entry: maik

Kiranti etymology: Kiranti etymology

Grammar: adj.

Meaning: black.

Nepali: kālo

Proto-Dravidian : *kar-

Meaning : 1 black 2 to burn

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

 

Eurasiatic: *ḳarV

Meaning: black

Borean: Borean

 

Borean (approx.) : KVRV

Meaning : black

Eurasiatic : *ḳarV

Afroasiatic : *ḳVrh- (Omot. + Ar.)

Sino-Caucasian : *xḳărV́

Amerind (misc.) : *ḳara 'black' (R 64) [+ A K]

Reference : ND 1155; GE 82 *ḳara.

Indo-European: *kerǝs-

 

Proto-IE: *kerǝs-

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: black

Old Indian: krṣṇá- `black'

Old Greek: *karümnó- 'black': karümnón = mélan Hsch.

Slavic: *čьrnъ

Baltic: *ker̂š-a- adj., *kir[š]-n-a- adj.

Russ. meaning: черный

References: WP I 428 f

Altaic: *kàru ( ~ k`-)

 

Proto-Altaic: *kàru ( ~ k`-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: black

Russian meaning: черный

Turkic: *Kara

 

Proto-Turkic: *Kara

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: black

Russian meaning: черный

Old Turkic: qara (Orkh., Yen., OUygh.)

Karakhanid: qara (MK, KB)

Turkish: kara

Tatar: qara

Middle Turkic: qara (MA, IM, Pav. C., AH, Бор. Бад.)

Uzbek: qɔrɛ

Uighur: qara, dial. qare

Sary-Yughur: Gara

Azerbaidzhan: Gara

Turkmen: Gara

Khakassian: xara

Shor: qara

Oyrat: qara

Halaj: qara

Chuvash: xora

Yakut: xara

Dolgan: kara

Tuva: qara

Tofalar: qara

Kirghiz: qara

Kazakh: qara

Noghai: qara

Bashkir: qara

Balkar: qara

Gagauz: qara

Karaim: qara

Karakalpak: qara

Salar: Gara

Kumyk: qara

Comments: VEWT 235, TMN 3, 426-432, EDT 643-4, ЭСТЯ 5, 286-289, 299-100, Лексика 592-593, Stachowski 138, Федотов 2, 362.

Mongolian: *kara

 

Proto-Mongolian: *kara

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: black

Russian meaning: черный

Written Mongolian: qara (L 931)

Middle Mongolian: qara (HY 41, SH), qara (IM), qăra (MA)

Khalkha: xar

Buriat: xara

Kalmuck: xarъ

Ordos: xara

Dongxian: qara

Baoan: xera

Dagur: xara, xar (Тод. Даг. 174), hare (MD 157)

Shary-Yoghur: xara

Monguor: xara (SM 158)

Mogol: qarō; ZM qarā (13-8)

Comments: KW 168, MGCD 328. Mong. > Evk. karā, Man. qara etc. 'black (of horse)' (ТМС 1, 379, Doerfer MT 99, Rozycki 101, 133); > MKor. kara (măr), see Lee 1958, 119).

Japanese: *kùruà-

 

Proto-Japanese: *kùruà-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: black

Russian meaning: черный

Old Japanese: kurwo-

Middle Japanese: kùrò-

Tokyo: kuró-

Kyoto: kúrò-

Kagoshima: kuró-

Nase: k`ùrù-

Shuri: kúrú-

Hateruma: ffà-

Yonakuni: kùrá-sá-

Comments: JLTT 833.

Comments: EAS 107, Владимирцов 324, ОСНЯ 1, 338, АПиПЯЯ 54-55, 73, 103-104, 274. Despite TMN 3, 427, Щербак 1997, 134, there is no need to regard the Mong. word as borrowed from Turkic (although it is not excluded).

Dravidian: *kar-

Eskimo-Aleut: *(ǝ)qruɣ

References: МССНЯ 372, ОСНЯ 1, 337-338. ND 1155 *Ḳarh[ä] 'black'.

Proto-South Dravidian: *kar-

 

Proto-South Dravidian : *kar-

Meaning : black

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Tamil : karu

Tamil meaning : black

Tamil derivates : karukkal darkness, twilight, cloudiness, sunburnt paddy crop; karukku (karukki-) to darken by heat, burn, scorch, toast, fry; karuku (karuki-) to be scorched, blackened by fire or sun, become dark in evening; karukal charred rice; karumai blackness; karum pon_ iron; kari (-v-, -nt-) to be charred, scorched, become black; (-pp-, -tt-) to char; n. charcoal, charred wood, lampblack; kariccān_ king crow; kaŋkul darkness, night

Malayalam : kari, karu

Malayalam meaning : black; charcoal, coal

Malayalam derivates : karikkal, karukkal twilight, dusk, frying; karikka to char, burn black, fire (a jungle), scorch; karippu jungle cultivation; karima, karuma blackness; karukkuka to be dusk; kariuka to be scorched, singed; vb. n. karivu; karimpu dark colour, grey; kariśal that which is singed, scorched; kaŋŋal darkness; kaŋŋuka to be singed, burn in cooking

Kannada : kari

Kannada meaning : to be scorched, singed, charred; fry, roast; n. state of being scorched, frying, blackness, charcoal

Kannada derivates : karaku, kariku state of being scorched; karidu black; kar-, ka- id.; kargu to turn black (or with DEDR 1494); kare blackness; kabbiṇa iron; (PBh.) karipu blackness; (Hav.) karañcu to be scorched; karañcaṭe scorched; (Gowda) kǝrṇṭɨ to become charred

Kodagu : kari- (kariv-, kariñj-)

Kodagu meaning : to be singed

Kodagu derivates : (karip-, karic-) to singe; kari black

Tulu : kari

Tulu meaning : soot, charcoal

Tulu derivates : kariya black; karŋka state of being burnt or singed; karŋkāḍuni to burn (tr.); karñcuni to be burned to cinders; karñcāvuni to cause to burn to cinders; kardụ black; karba iron; karvāvuni to burn the down of a fowl by holding it over the fire; karṇṭuni to be scorched; karguḍe a very black man; fem. karguḍi, kargi

Proto-Nilgiri : *kar-

Miscellaneous : KOR (T) kardɨ black

Number in DED : 1278

Proto-Telugu : *kar-ŋ-

 

Proto-Telugu : *kar-ŋ-

Meaning : to fade

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Telugu : kaggu

Telugu (Krishnamurti) : kaggu

Additional forms : Also (K) kaŋgu to be scorched, be burnt, fade; (K) krā̃gu to be burned

Number in DED : 1278

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *kar-

 

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *kar-

Meaning : black; to burn

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Kinwat Kolami : kārī "black"

Naiki : karan, karen, kareyan "black"

Parji : ker-, (S) kerv- "to burn (intr.)"

Salur Gadba : karid- "to burn away as rice"

Additional forms : Also Parji kerip- (kerit-), (S) kervip- (kervit-) to burn (tr.); Salur (P) karv- to burn (intr.); karup- id. (tr.); karup din summer

Number in DED : 1278

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *kar-

 

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *kar-

Meaning : to burn

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Proto-Gondi : *karv-

 

Proto-Gondi : *karv-

Meaning : to burn (intr.)

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Betul Gondi : karw-

Mandla Gondi (Williamson) : karw-

Mandla Gondi (Phailbus) : karv-

Gommu Gondi : karv-

Muria Gondi : kar-, kaṛ-

Maria Gondi : karv-

Koya Gondi : karv-

Adilabad Gondi : karv- (SR)

Additional forms : Also Gondi_Ph karsahtānā, Gondi_Mu kaṛih- to burn (tr.); Gondi_Mu kaṛha field for burning cultivation; Grigson kare area set apart for penda cultivation when left fallow for a term

Number in DED : 1278

Number in CVOTGD : 536, 563

Proto-Dravidian : *kar_- (*-d_-)

Meaning : black

Proto-South Dravidian: *kar_-

 

Proto-South Dravidian : *kar_-

Meaning : black

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Tamil : kar_u (-pp-, -tt-)

Tamil meaning : to grow black, darken, become dirty, impure; to mature

Tamil derivates : kar_ukar_u (-pp-, -tt-) to become very black; kar_uppan_ black man, a demon; kar_uppi black woman; kar_uppu blackness, darkness, spot, taint, moral defect; kar_uval black person or animal; kar_ai spot, stain, rust, blemish, fault, blackness, darkness; kak_r_-en_al expr. signifying blackness; kār_u (kār_i-) to be blackened

Malayalam : kar_a

Malayalam meaning : blackness, spot, stain, rust

Malayalam derivates : kar_u black; kar_ukka to grow black; kar_uppu blackness; kār_u darkness, black, cloud

Kannada : kar_aŋgu

Kannada meaning : to turn black

Kannada derivates : kar_e, kar_i blackness, the colour black, stain, blot; kar_r_age, kar_r_ane blackly, blackness; karpu, kappu blackness, collyrium, ink

Kodagu : kara- (karap-, karat-)

Kodagu meaning : to become black

Kodagu derivates : karapɨ blackness; karatë black; kare stain

Tulu : kappu

Tulu meaning : blackness, darkness; black, dark

Tulu derivates : kade catamenial discharge; (B-K.) kaje stain on the teeth

Proto-Nilgiri : *kar_-

Number in DED : 1395

Proto-Telugu : *kar_-

 

Proto-Telugu : *kar_-

Meaning : blackness, a stain, blot; black

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Telugu : kar_a

Additional forms : Also kar_i black; kar_iya black colour; kar_r_i black

Number in DED : 1395

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *kar_- (*-d_-)

 

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *kar_- (*-d_-)

Meaning : black; rust

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Konda : kar_i

Notes : The root is to be distinguished from *kāṛ- and *kar-.

Proto-Dravidian : *kāḍ-

Meaning : burnt, charred; lampblack

Proto-South Dravidian: *kāḍ-

 

Proto-South Dravidian : *kāḍ-

Meaning : lampblack

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Kannada : kāḍige

Kannada meaning : lampblack, collyrium prepared from it

Tulu : kāḍigè

Tulu meaning : collyrium of lampblack and oil

Number in DED : 1437

Proto-Telugu : *kāṭ-

 

Proto-Telugu : *kāṭ-

Meaning : state of being singed or burned at the bottom of a vessel, as rice, etc. when boiled too much

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Telugu : kāṭu

Additional forms : Also kāṭuka lampblack, collyrium

Number in DED : 1437

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *kāḍ-

 

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *kāḍ-

Meaning : to be burnt

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Konda : kāḍ- (-it-)

 

Konda : kāḍ- (-it-)

Meaning: to be burnt, charred (BB)

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Number in DED : 1437

Proto-Pengo-Manda : *kāḍ-

 

Proto-Pengo-Manda : *kāḍ-

Meaning : to be burnt

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Pengo : kāḍ-

Manda : kāḍ-

Number in DED : 1437

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *kāḍ-

 

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *kāḍ-

Meaning : to be burnt

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Kuwi (Fitzgerald) : kadali "to be burnt as food"

Sunkarametta Kuwi : kāḍ- (-it-) "to be burnt (rice in cooking)"

Number in DED : 1437