동사의 시제변화에 따른 의미변화 couldn't-can't help but

동사의 시제변화에 따른 의미변화 couldn't-can't help but https://forum.wordreference.com/threads/i-couldnt-cant-help-but-notice-you-look-looked.3081204/ 1. I couldn't help but notice you look a lot like my sister. 2. I couldn't help but notice you looked a lot like my sister.3. I can't help but notice you look a lot like my sister. 조동사 뒤에온 help/notice 는 원형만 되므로 시제변형은 불가나1과 2 처럼 주절이 과거면 could not but 절/종절에 나온 동사는 일반적으로 현제동사를 써서 주절의 시제에 준하여 이해하므로주절+과거 종절+현제라는 문법공식을 적용하는데 1. I couldn't help but notice you look a lot like my sister.   비슷해 보였다 인식했었는데 지금도 닮았다 보인다 의미는 과거에 look 본 동작이 현제도 유효하다는 의미가 되나 만약에 주절과거동사에 종절과거동사를 쓴다면; looked 과거의 동작은 과거로 끝이고 현제는 아니다는 암시가 나온다 한다 2. I couldn't help but notice you looked a lot like my sister.  닮아 보였다 인식했었는데 지금은 아니다 The noticing took place in the past. The two people still look alike (unless they don't). I couldn't help but notice that you looked a lot like my sister when you were wearing that blonde wig. Now that you're not wearing it, you don't look like her at all.You have already noticed what she looks like. This is an observation that you made in the past. You don't keep noticing it over and over in the present. 3번은 주절이 현제이기에 that절/종절도 현제로만 쓰여야 하는건과거동작을 현제에 할 수 없기 때문이다 3. I can't help but notice you look a lot like my sister.   닮아 보인다는 것을 인식하지 않을 수 없다 주절종절 아닌 단문일 경우 시제일치는 필요없으나 시제에 따른 의미는 달라진다 You could say "I went to New York last week. The traffic is so bad." In this case, you could say either. It was bad specifically when you were there (you went while the Pope was there), or it is bad all the time. Traffic is variable - it's different every hour of every day. The traffic is so bad. 현제동사 특성상 사실이 그렇다는 의미 The traffic is so bad. 과거동사 특성상 과거에 그랬으나 지금은 어떨지 모른다 Without more context (as I added in post 6), people who resemble each other always resemble each other. Resemblance is constant. If you use the past tense, you seem to be saying that their looks have changed.교통체증은 변할 수 있으나 닮은건 성형하기 전에는 변하지 않고 상시적이기에1번 처럼 주절+과거, 종절+현제가 쓰이는 이유다 I think the rules here are very similar to the rules governing tense-sequencing in reported speech. When the reporting verb moves into the past, the verb in the reported clause usually shifts also into the past, but needn't do so in three circumstances: 간접화법에서 일반적으로 주절이 과거면 종절도 과거로 하나 아래의 경우처럼 종절시제 변형으로 다른 의미를 줄 수 있다 1. When the reporting has urgent present force - he said the fire engine is on its way. 현제도 오고있음 2. When the item reported is a universal truth - he said that two and two make four. 일반진리 3. When the item reported remains the case and you wish to stress this fact - he said that he doesn't like curry.   싫어한다는 사실천명에 쓴 현제동사 A. I couldn't/can't help but notice: this is the normal issue of the past versus the present.   I don't see a problem there - did you notice then, or are you noticing now?   인식했었냐 아니면 인식하는가 하는 과거나 현제냐는 시제선택 문제 B. The tense of the verb in the clause. 종절시제 문제 With I can't help but notice it would be usual, but not obligatory, to use the present in the clause - I can't help but notice that you look like my sister. 주절현제 + 종절현제 However, if you were looking at old photographs, for instance, you might easily observe I can't help but notice that you looked/used to look like my sister.비록 현제에 하는 인식이라도 과거에 찍은 사진을 보며 하는 것이라면죽은 사람이 현제에도 그리 보일 수는 없고 과거의 모습이 그렇다는 의미로 과거를 쓴다 With I couldn't help but notice one might easily use either tense: I couldn't help but notice that you look like my sister - case 1. (above): you looked like her when I noticed and you still look like her.과거에도 그랬고 현제도 그렇다 I couldn't help but notice that you looked like my sister - normal tense shifting, not stressing that you still look like her, though you may do, in the speaker's opinion. that절/종절 과거동사는 과거에 그랬다이고 지금도 그렇다는 강조는 없다 I couldn't ... you look - I noticed in the past, and you still look like my sister과거에 그랬고 지금도 그렇다 I can't ... you look - I didn't notice until right now that you look like my sister지금 인식하는 현제상황이다 I couldn't ... you looked - I noticed in the past and you looked like my sister when I noticed. Choosing this option suggests that you no longer look like my sister, but it is not conclusive.과거에 그랬었다이나 현제는 어떨지 모르지만 지금은 아닐 수도 있다는 제안이 될 수도 있지만 과거 얘기라 현제상태는 확실히 모르므로 추가설명이 필요하다 이상에서 주절과 종절 동사의 시제관계를 살펴보았는데문법을 공식적으로 외우려 들면 헛갈리게 되어 있으나위에 설명한것 처럼 상황을 연상하며 배운다면 자연스레 이해가 될 것이고이해가 되면 헛갈릴 일 없을 것이다