<p># P10 The vicious circle did not stop there. As anti-black stigmas grew stronger, they were translated into a system of 'Jim Crow' laws and norms that were meant to safeguard the racial order in the South. Blacks were forbidden to vote in elections, to study in white schools, to buy in white stores, to eat in white restaurants, to sleep in white hotels. The justifications for all of this was that blacks were foul, slothful(나태한) and vicious(잔인한/사악한), so whites had to be protected from them. Whites did not want to sleep in the same hotel as blacks or to eat in the same restaurant, for fear for diseases. They did not want their children learning in the same school as black children, for fear of brutality and bad influences. They did not want blacks voting in elections, since blacks were ignorant and immoral. These fears were substantiated(입증된) by scientific studies that 'proved' that blacks were indeed less educated, that various diseases were more common among them, and that their crime rate was far higher (the studies ignored the fact that these 'facts' resulted from discrimination against blacks). </p><p> </p><p>#13 With time, the racism spread to more and more cultural arenas. American aesthetic culture was built around white standards of beauty. The physical attributes of the white race - for example light skin, fair and straight hair, a small upturned nose - came to be identified as beautiful. Typical black featuers - dark skin, dark and bushy(숱이많은) hair, a flattened nose - were deemed ugly. These preconceptions(선입견) ingrained(뿌리깊은/깊이몸에밴) the imagined hierarchy at an even deeper level of human consciousness. </p><p> </p><p>#15 Most sociopolitical hierarchies lack a logical or biological basis - they are nothing but the perpetuation(영구) of chance events supported by myths. That is one good reason to study history. If the division into blacks and whites or Brahmins and Shudras was grounded in biological realities - that is, if Brahmins really had better brains than Shudras - biology would be sufficient for understanding human society. Since the biological distinctions between different groups of Homo sapiens are, in fact, negligible, biology can't explain the intricacies of Indian society or American racial dynamics. We can only understand those phenomena by studying the events, circumstances, and power relations that transformed figments(허구) of imagination into cruel- and very real - social structures. </p>
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