10409심승민(안열려서다시올려요)

[seungmin10409]

2020한성고 영자신문

글제목은 학번 이름으로 통일!
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 ?HOW CAN WE USE CATALYSTS IN REAL LIFE ?

The biocatalysts we learned in the first semester were only talked about the cocatalysts that lower the activation energy and thus speed up the reaction, but on the contrary, wouldn't there be catalysts that raise the activation energy? That's the subcatalyst. In this article, we will learn about the history of catalysts and how they are used to help our daily lives. Generally speaking, anything that increases the speed of the reaction can be referred to as a "catalyst", which means "unfold ,The concept of catalyst was invented by chemist Elizabeth Flam and is based on his work on the oxidation-reduction experiment in a book in 1794.The term catalytic action was later used by Jöns Jakob Berzelius in 1835 to describe a reaction promoted by substances that do not change after the reaction. Before Berzelius, Fulham worked with water, not metal, in the reduction experiment. Other chemists in the 18th century who studied catalysis include Eilhard Mitscherlich, who called it a contact process, and Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner, who called it a contact reaction. He developed the lamp of Döbereiner, a lighter based on hydrogen and platinum sponges, which was commercially successful from 1820 to today. Humphry Davy found the use of sulgeum in catalysis. In 1880, Wilhelm Ostwald of the University of Leipzig systematically began investigating reactions catalyzed by the presence of acids and bases, and found that chemical reactions occurred at a finite rate and that these rates could be used to determine acid and base strength. For this work, Ostwald won the 1909 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. On the busy way to work, A(lets say there is a person) is driving, and takes a bite of the toast with margarine on it. Already in A's mouth, digestive enzymes in saliva break down kimbap and help digestion. Inside the exhaust vent of the car where A is driving, platinum is purifying the exhaust gas. I have to stand outside for a long time because it is a day to work outside, but I feel safe because I have a warm hot pack in my hand. When A shook the hot pack, the platinum catalyst worked with benzene and heated up in less than a minute.
How many catalysts have appeared in Mr. A's daily lives? Margarine, digestive enzymes, exhaust gas purifiers, and hot packs are commonly applied with catalytic technology. Catalyst technology is melted in everyday actions that we casually repeat. I wonder what is the catalyst that makes our lives convenient.Catalysts with many different types are divided into metal catalysts, photocatalysts, molecular catalysts, and biocatalysts according to their components or reaction principles. Catalysts also have various roles. As you can see from above, catalysts are at work throughout everyday life.
First, enzymes, a biocatalyst, are essential in the process of eating and digesting food. Not only amylases in saliva but also gastric juices contain digestive enzymes, which are catalysts for digesting food. Margarine, which becomes a crispy toast when thinly applied on bread, also contains a catalyst. In the process of hardening vegetable oil, nickel, a metal catalyst, is used. Nickel turns unsaturated molecules into saturation, which French scientist Paul Savartier won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1912. Platinum acts as a catalyst for a pouch stove that gets warm when shaken. This is the principle that heat is generated when a cloth containing benzene is oxidized in the air.Fertilizer development, which has revolutionized crop cultivation, is also an achievement of catalytic technology. In 1909, German chemists Fritz Harbour and Karl Boschga developed a technique to mass-produce ammonia, the main ingredient of nitrogen and hydrogen in the air. Although nitrogen is large enough to account for 70% of the air, it is difficult to make nitrogen into ammonia due to its low reactivity. After experimenting with ammonia production under high temperature and high pressure conditions using various catalysts, Harbor found that using catalysts composed of iron, aluminum oxide, and potassium oxide can turn nitrogen into ammonia. The use of catalysts at 550 degrees and 175 atmospheres increased ammonia's yield to 8 percent, when Harbor began to drop ammonia from the laboratory. It's a famous story about how he screamed, "It's. Harbour won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1918 for developing this technology called the Harbour-Bosch method.
Also, to find out about catalytic converters attached to cars, precious metals such as platinum and rhodium palladium are selected and coated accordingly.A device attached to the exhaust system of an internal combustion engine that catalyzes the conversion of harmful emissions to harmless components such as hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), and nitrogen oxides (NOx).The catalyst used here is called oxidation catalyst. This is the case with the previously mentioned platinum rhodium palladium. They are responsible for oxidizing and releasing harmful emissions from exhaust gases through the exhaust system. Catalytic converters are made of expensive platinum rhodium palladium, so they are expensive to sell. I heard that when a middle school technology teacher retires, he is willing to take off the catalytic converter and sell it. Scientists have sought ways to easily create carbon compounds even if they do not create high temperature and high pressure environments at cost. The answer came from the catalyst. It is to develop a catalyst that lowers the activation energy needed for the chemical reaction that researchers want. If excellent catalysts are found, carbon compounds with low reactivity can be reacted even at lower temperatures and pressures, which can greatly increase productivity using carbon compounds.
The research team of the Institute for Molecular Activation Catalytic Reaction (IBS) is studying technology to decompose hydrocarbon compounds using iridium, a metal catalyst. For example, the government has recently developed a technology to break down methane gas (CH4), which is a major cause of climate change and is a problem for mankind. If methane gas, which is generated more than 500 million tons every year and is increasingly generated, can be a breakthrough technology that can prevent climate change and protect the environment.
Methane gas is an organic compound composed of carbon and hydrogen, and it is difficult to break the bond because its structure is stable. If you break the carbon-hydrogen bond without using much energy and convert it into a carbon-nitrogen bond, it can be used as a medical material as well as decomposing methane. The researchers used iridium as a catalyst to activate inert carbon-hydrogen bonds and then produced carbon-nitrogen bonds directly.
Iridium catalysts have the advantage of being able to activate carbon-hydrogen bonds at room temperature because they are more reactive than conventional catalysts. Because it does not have to react at high temperatures, it also has the advantage of using various nitrogen raw materials such as organic azides that are unstable at high temperatures.
The research team is also working on developing new catalytic reactions and discovering mechanisms It is also using a computational chemical computer program to develop a system that can activate carbon-hydrogen bonding and synthesize various substances.
The catalyst, which serves as a hidden leading role in industrial sites as well as our daily lives, is recently called a modern alchemist and is blowing a new wave of change in organic chemistry. It is not long before plastic polymer compounds come out of hydrocarbons rich in the natural world, and methanol is made by adding water and catalysts to methane gas. It is expected how the end of scientists' research on catalysts will change our daily lives and shake the industry.In addition, petroleum refining technology intensively utilizes catalysts in processes such as alkylation, catalytic decomposition, naphtha modification and water vapor modification. Emissions from combustion of fossil fuels are also treated through catalytic action, typically using catalytic converters consisting of platinum and rhodium to decompose some of the harmful by-products of automotive exhaust gases. Fuel cell technology also uses catalysts for positive and negative reactions. Catalyst heaters generate flame-free heat from combustible fuel supplies. It is estimated that 90% of all currently commercially produced chemicals require catalysts in part of the manufacturing process. In 2005, this catalytic process generated approximately $900 billion in products worldwide. It is expected that the catalyst will be used indefinitely in businesses that will develop in the future.

특집기사

HOW TO PREDICT COLLAPSE??

What is the most powerful way to make people and people? Historically, if you track the answers to these questions, we can quickly see that before the Internet-based communication system is established today, it's either visiting or welcoming people. So naturally, the means of transportation, the development of vehicles, would have been a good medium for civilization like this.
Historically, you can say that the most brilliant moment of transportation development is the Industrial Revolution. Before and after this revolution, humans were able to drastically improve how they could get power, and they improved their existing vehicles, which were now powered by cars and ships that struggled to row in the sea, can also use steam to move forward. An example of this is our country's rapid growth.
As the generation of cars grew and urban civilization became more active, the roads they would take had to increase, but most of the country's land area was mountainous, so to build roads between them, some of the terrain had to be cut off and built on the ground. Therefore, this type of pardon can be easily found on the roads of our country, and we can often see the signs of falling rocks. Even when I was young, what if a falling stone accident happens when I pass these places?I used to imagine that.In fact, these accidents happen frequently. If such an accident occurs, the roads will be blocked, and in severe cases, the roads will be damaged and traffic will not be smooth. That's why it's really important to maintain and manage the slope so that it doesn't collapse.The concept here is the water ratio, which is a measure of how much water there is in the soil when it rains a lot. Maintaining a system where sensors respond according to the function ratio and inform the wide-area has been difficult due to technology so far. As an alternative, humans will be able to diagnose and monitor the collapse of objects in advance by using Iot, a product of the fourth industry, as well as alert.The SCS (STRAIN GAUGE) is a bar with a sensor about 3M 5M 8M long, which, when the SCS bends, changes the length of the conductor and eventually changes the returning voltage value, which can trigger the alarm. When the alarm goes off, it alerts the server in real time and sends a message to the administrator's cell phone, which has the advantage of being able to check at all times even if the administrator is not in the office.How is the SCS system created using the core technology of the IOT Internet of Things different from the existing slope collapse forecasting system? Existing sensors using the water ratio in the beginning have limitations that cannot be measured even if they are full of water. So I went to the site after hearing the alarm, and I had the disadvantage of not having a landslide. Complementing these shortcomings, the current slope collapse alarm system measures displacement. Measuring displacement allows us to measure how much land has changed, and the larger the displacement, the more dangerous the situation is. And it's the most important accuracy. If the slope collapses, the bow surface forms an activity surface from the surface and the soil on it collapses. It can be measured very accurately by approaching the activity surface as close as possible. It is also a compact device, which reduces the economic burden of maintenance installation and allows the IOT system to provide maximum efficiency for alerting. We looked closely at the shortcomings of existing systems and recognized the remarkable development of humans in today's slope collapse. Thank you.