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■ 조동사의 종류
현 재 |
과 거 |
과거 분사 |
현 재 |
과 거 |
과거 분사 |
have [has] |
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may |
might |
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1. May, Might의 용법
①허락.
* May I go home?
Yes, you may. / No, you must not. / No, you may not.
(집에 가도 돼요? 응, 가도 좋아(허가).
아니, 가선 안돼.(금지), 아니, 가지 마라)
* May I smoke here?
- Yes, you may.
- No, you may (must) not.
②추측.
* That may, or may not, be true.(현재의 추측, may + 원형)
(그것은 사실인지도 모르고 사실이 아닌지도 모른다.)
* He may have gone there. (과거의 추측, may have + p.p)
(그가 거기에 갔는지도 모른다.)
* He may be rich.
= It is possible that he is rich. (현재의 추측, may + 원형)
* He may have been rich.
= It is possible that he was rich. (과거의 추측, may have + p.p)
*가정법 과거완료 = might have + p.p.
* He may meet her. (= It is possible that he meets her.)
(그는 그를 만날지도 모른다; 현재의 추측)
He may have meet her. (= It is possible that he met her.)
(그는 그녀를 과거에 만났을지도 모른다; 과거의 추측)
He might have met her.
= He might have met her, if he had not been busy. (가정법 과거완료)
= He did not meet her, as he was busy. (직설법 과거)
③능력.
* Gather roses while you may. (시기를 놓치지 마라)
* A man may be known by his friends.
④ 목적의 뜻을 나타내는 so that ~ may 구문에서 쓰인다.
* He studied hard so that he might pass the examination.
(그는 시험에 합격하려고 열심히 공부하였다.)
⑤기타용법.
* Whatever he may do, he will not succeed. (양보)
= No matter what he may do ,
= Do what he will ,
Whatever you may say, I don't believe it.
(당신이 무어라 하든 난 그것을 믿지 못한다.)
* He may be called a poet, but he cannot be called a scholar.
* May be rest in peace ! (편히 잠드소서!, 기원문)
* Might I ask your mane? (공손)
* He may well say so. (∼하는 것은 당연하다)
= He says so, and well he may.
= He has good reason to say so.
= It is natural that he should say so.
= I take it for granted that he says so.
◇ may + well + 원형동사: ∼하는 것은 당연하다.
* You may as well begin at once.
◇ may (might) as well A as B: B하느니 차라리 A하는게 낫다.
실현가능 : may ∼
실현불가능: might ∼
△You may as well not know a thing at all as know it imperfectly.
(그것을 불완전하게 아느니, 차라리 전혀 모르는 것이 낫다.)
You might as well reason with the wolf as try to persuade him.
(그를 설득하려고 시도하는 것은 이리를 설득하려는 것과 같다.)
2. Can
①능력. 가능
* He can speak English, but he cannot speak French. (능력)
(그는 영어는 할 줄 아나 불어는 못한다.)
* It can snow in fall. (가을에 눈이 올 수도 있다.) (가능)
* I can speak English. (현재시제 = be able to)
과거 : I was able to speak English.
미래 : I will be able to speak English.
현재완료: I have been able to speak English.
과거완료: I had been able to speak English.
미래완료: I will have been able to speak English.
◇ can의 과거: was able to.
be able to∼의 부정: be unable to∼
②추측, 강한 의혹.
* Who can he be? (도대체 누구일까?) (강한 부정적 추측)
* Can it be true? (도대체 그게 사실일까?) (강한 부정적 추측)
◇ can, cannot 등의 의문, 부정문에서 "도대체 ∼일까, ∼일리가 없다" 의 뜻을
나타내어 강한 의혹이나 부정적인 추측을 표현하는데 쓰임.
* He cannot be honest. (현재의 추측, 그는 정직할 리가 없다)
= It is impossible that he is honest.
* He cannot have been honest. (과거의 추측)
= It is impossible that he was honest.
◇ cannot이 추측을 나타낼 땐 과거형에 could not을 사용치 않고,
반드시 cannot + have + p.p. 형태를 사용할 것.
③ 허가, 가벼운 명령.
* Can I go for a swim, Mother? -No, you can't (허가)
(엄마 제가 수영하러 가도 돼요? - 아니, 안된다.)
* You can go home now. (허가)
* Joe, you can go back now. (명령)
(죠야, 이제 가야 해, →이제 가거라.)
④ 강한 부정이나 의심
The news cannot be true. (그 뉴스는 사실일 리 없다.)
He cannot have said so. (그가 그런 말을 했을 리 없다.)
Can the news be true? (그 뉴스가 사실일까?)
⑤ could의 특별 용법
can보다 더 정중한 요구. 부탁의 뜻을 나타낸다.
* Could you come and see me tomorrow?
(내일 저를 만나러 와 주시겠습니까?)
* Could you show me the way to the station? (공손)
⑥ 기타
* We cannot be too careful of our health.
* We cannot praise him too much. (아무리 ∼해도 지나치지 않다)
3. Must
①필요, 의무 (must + 의지동사)
* You must brush your teeth three times a day. (=have to)
(너는 하루에 세 번 이를 닦아야 한다.)
* You must go there.
= It is necessary that you should go there.
= It is necessary for you to go there.
◇ must의 부정어는 need not, do not need to, do not have to,
have not to 등이 있음.
* You must go there.
의문: Do you have to go there?
과거: You had to go there.
미래: You will have to go there.
* You have only to do your duty. (∼하기만하면 된다)
②추측 (must + 무의지동사)
* The news must be true. (≠has to)
(그 뉴스는 사실임에 틀림없다.)
* He must have known the fact. (≠had to)
(그는 사실을 알았음에 틀림없다.)
* He must be honest. (현재의 추측)
= I am sure that he is honest.
= It is impossible that he is honest.
≠ He cannot be honest.
* He must have been honest. (과거의 추측)
= I am sure that he was honest.
= It is impossible that he was honest.
≠ He cannot have been honest.
③기타.
* He must needs come. (꼭 ∼한다고 고집하다)
* Sooner or later, death must come to us all!
(필연; 반드시 ∼하다. 조만간 죽음은 우리 모두에게 다가온다)
* You must not tell a lie. (금지; ∼해서는 안된다)
≠ You may tell a lie. (허가; ∼해도 좋다)
* I think that I must go.
과거: I thought that I must go.
4. Will, Would
① Will : 현재의 불규칙적 습관. (∼하곤 하다)
Would: 과거의 불규칙적 습관. (∼하곤 했다)
* He would sit for hours doing nothing.
(그는 몇 시간 씩 아무 일도 안하며 앉아있곤 했다.)
* He will often sit up reading all night.
* He would often come home drunk, and beat his wife.
②소망 (wish to, want to)
* I would like to see that movie again.
(그 영화를 또 한 번 보고 싶다.)
* He who would search for pearls, must dive deep.
* Would that I were young again!
③거절, 고집.
* The door will not open. (현재의 고집)
* He would not help me. (과거의 고집)
He would not go there instead of me.
(그는 내 대신 거기에 가려고 하지 않았다.)
④습관, 경향 (He'll과 같이 생략형을 쓸 수가 없다)
* Accident will happen.
* Dogs will bark when they see a stranger.
⑤기타.
* This vessel will hold 2 gallons of water. (포용력)
* Would you pass me the salt? (공손)
Would you open the door? (문 좀 열어 주시겠어요?)
* He would be about twenty, when he met her. (추측)
* He was a strong will. (그는 강한 의지를 갖고 있다)
* He made his will before his death.
◇ will이 명사로 쓰이면 "의지, 뜻, 의사, 유언" 등으로 쓰임.
* I would rather die (than) live in dishonor.
= I would choose death before life in dishonor.
= I prefer dying to living in dishonor. (전치사 + 명사,동명사)
= I prefer to die rather than (to) live in dishonor.
= 불명예스럽게 사느니 죽는 것이 낫다.
5. Should [Ⅰ ]
①의무 (should + 원형동사: ∼해야 한다)
* The young should respect the old.
* I should do my best.
◇ "should + 동사원형"은 "ought to + 동사원형"과 마찬가지로 의무
"∼해야 한다"의 뜻.
②과거의 비난, 유감, 후회 (should + have + p.p.; ∼했어야 했는데)
* You should have seen it. (=ought to have seen)
(당신이 그것을 보았어야 했다. -「(실제로는) 보지 않았다」는 뜻 내포)
* You should have worked harder.
= I am sorry (that) you didn't work harder.
= I wish you had worked harder.
= You had to work harder, but you didn't.
③강한 의문, 놀람, 당연 (의문사 + should)
* Why should you stay in Seoul in this hot weather?
◇ should가 why, how, who 등의 의문문에서 강한 의문, 놀람, 당연
등으로 쓰이면 "도대체 ∼인가?"의 뜻.
* How should I know it? (수사의문문)
= I don't know it at all.
◇ Who should A but b? : 도대체 누가 A하는가 했더니 다름 아닌
바로 B이더라.
④이성적 판단의 should.
: It is + 형 + that∼ 구문에서 형용사 necessary, important,
natural, good, well, right, wrong, rational 등이 오면 that절
에 should를 사용한다. (해석할 필요는 없음)
* It is natural that he should get angry.
= It is natural for him to get angry.
= He may well get angry.
* It is natural that he should get angry with them.
(그가 그들에게 화를 내는 것은 당연하다.)
⑤감정적 판단의 should.
: It is 다음에 a pity, surprising, odd, strange, curious 등이
쓰이면 that∼에 should를 사용하며, "∼하다니"로 해석한다.
should + 동사원형 → 현재의 일.
should + have + p.p. → 과거의 일.
* It is strange that he should dislike it.
(그가 그것을 싫어하다니 이상하기도 하다.)
* I am surprised that you should say so. (당신이 그렇게 말하다니 놀랍다.)
* It is strange that she should cry all day long.
⑥기타.
* He should arrive by the 6:15 train. (추측)
* I should like to go to America once more. (완곡한 표현)
* He worked hard lest(=for fear that) he should fail.
(실패하지 않도록 열심히 일했다.)
* Write it down in your notebook lest you should forget it.
* He lowered his voice for fear that he should be heard.
→ "∼하지 않도록", 자체 속에 부정의 뜻 포함. should 다음에 not
을 쓰지 않도록 주의할 것.
6. Should [Ⅱ ]
충고: advice, advisable.
주장: insist, demand. + that + 주어 + should + 동사원형
소망: desire, expect.
요구: require, request.
제안: propose, move, suggest.
명령: order.
* He insisted that he (should) go to the party.
= He insisted on (또는 upon) going to the party.
* I ordered that he (should) do it himself.
7. Ought to
①당연, 의무.
* You ought to start at once. (∼해야 한다, should와 거의 같은 뜻)
* You ought not to say such things. (부정; ought not to∼)
②과거의 유감, 후회, 비난.
* You ought to have seen it. (=You should have seen it.)
(당신이 그것을 보았어야 했는데. - 안 보았다는 뜻)
* You ought to have told me that matter yesterday.
= You should have told me that matter yesterday.
= I am sorry (that) you did not tell me that matter yesterday.
= I wish you had told me that matter yesterday.
(너는 어제 그 일을 나에게 말했어야 했는데...)
◇ought to + have + p.p는 과거에 실행되지 못한 일에 대해 유감, 비난,
후회를 나타내며 "∼했어야 했는데" 의 뜻을 갖는다.
* He ought to have arrived at Seoul Station by now.
(그는 지금쯤 마땅히 서울역에 도착해있을거야; 당연한 추측)
③미래의 추측.
* It ought to be rainy tomorrow. (당연히 ∼일 것이다)
④ ought to의 의문문, 부정문
* Ought she to come here, too? (그 여자도 이곳에 와야 합니까?)
* She ought not to go there. (그 여자는 거기에 가서는 안된다.)
8. Dare
* I dare not to go there.
* How are you say such a thing to my face?
(내 면전에서 네가 감히 나에게 그런 말을 할 수 있겠는가?)
◇부정문, 의문문에서 조동사로 쓰여 감히 ∼하다
* He does not dare to tell us.
◇ dare to do : 본동사로서 감히 ∼하다
* I dare say = probably = perhaps = maybe = 아마.
9. Need
① 조동사 need는 긍정평서문에는 쓰지 않는다.
* He need go at once. (X)
→He needs to go at once.
(needs는 본동사 need의 3인칭 단수 현재형)
* He need not go at once.
② need + 현재완료
He need not have gone at once.
(그는 즉시 갈 필요가 없었다. - 그런데 갔다는 뜻)
* daily needs: 일용품.
* immediate needs: 당장 필요한 것들.
* The house is in need of repair. (명사로 필요, 소용, 결핍의 뜻)
◇ in need of∼: ∼에 필요한. ◇in need: 곤경에 빠져있는.
* He needs your help. (본동사, 그는 너의 도움을 필요로 한다)
* He need not go there. (조동사)
= He does not need to go there. (본동사)
* He need not have written to her again.
(그는 그녀에게 편지를 다시 쓸 필요가 없었는데...(그런데도 썼다))
He did not need to write to her again.
(그는 그녀에게 편지를 다시 쓸 필요가 없었다.(썼는지의 여부는 모름))
◇need not have + p.p.: ∼할 필요가 없었는데 ∼를 했다.
did not need to∼ : ∼할 필요가 없었다, 그래서 ∼하지 않았다.
① use가 명사, 동사로 쓰일 때.
* You use your legs when you walk. (동사, [ju:z])
* The telephone is of no use in this town. (명사, [ju:s])
* use up = exhaust: 다 써 버리다.
of no use = useless: 소용이 없는.
② used to + 동사원형.
* I used to get up early. ([ju:st], 과거의 규칙적 습관)
= I was in the habit of getting up early.
= I made it a rule to get up early.
= I made a point of getting up early.
= I made it a point to get up early.
* There used to be a big tree here. (과거의 상태)
③ be used to + 명사, 동명사.
* He is used to driving a car.
= He is accustomed to drive a car.
driving a car.
◇ be used to 다음에 반드시 명사 또는 동명사가 오며 "∼에 익숙하다" 의 뜻.
그러나 be accustomed to 다음엔 동사원형 또는 명사나 동명사가 모두 쓰임.
11. do
① 술어가 일반동사인 문장의 의문문과 부정문을 만든다.
Do you know her?
He does not know how to drive a car. (그는 운전할 줄 모른다.)
② 술어가 일반동사일 때 술어를 강조하기 위해 쓰인다.
I do believe it. (나는 그것을 진정 믿는다.)
③ 도치문에 쓰인다.
I never think that he will come.
(나는 그가 오리라고는 전혀 생각하지 않는다.)
→Never do I think that he will come.
He never dreamed that she would come.
(그는 그녀가 오리라고는 꿈도 못꾸었다.)
→Never did he dream that she would come.