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Multi-word verbs are verbs which consist of a verb and one or two particles or prepositions (e.g. up, over, in, down). There are three types of multi-word verbs: phrasal verbs, prepositional verbs and phrasal-prepositional verbs. Sometimes, the name ‘phrasal verb’ is used to refer to all three types.
Phrasal verbs 구동사
Phrasal verbs have two parts: a main verb and an adverb particle.
The most common adverb particles used to form phrasal verbs are around, at, away, down, in, off, on, out, over, round, up:
bring in go around look up put away take off
* adverb particle 부사소사는 간단히 부사, 전치사 또는 소사라고도 불리며 동사와 결합하여 구동사를 이루는 품사를 칭한다
Meaning 구동사 의미
Phrasal verbs often have meanings which we cannot easily guess from their individual parts. (The meanings are in brackets.)
구동사는 동사 본래의 의미와는 다른 의미를 지니기에
동사만 보고 의미를 추측하기가 쉽지 않다
The book first came out in 1997. (was published) 출판되다
The plane took off an hour late. (flew into the air) 이륙하다
The lecture went on till 6.30. (continued) 계속하다
It’s difficult to make out what she’s saying. (hear/understand) 이해하다
Formality 격식문제
Phrasal verbs are often, but not always, less formal than a single word with the same meaning.
일반적으로 구동사는 일상어로 쓰이기에
학문적인 격식체로 쓰는 에세이나 논문 등 학문/전문적인 기사에 쓰이지 않고 쓰면 교수가 지적하니 요주의
We need to sort the problem out.
The team only had an hour to put the stage up before the concert.
We need to solve/resolve the problem.
The team only had an hour to erect/construct the stage before the concert.
Phrasal verbs and objects 구동사의 목적 위치
Many
phrasal verbs take an object.
In most cases, the particle may come
before or after the object if the object is not a personal pronoun (me, you, him, us, etc.).
구동사의 목적이 대명사인 (또는 한단어로 된 일반명사) 경우 동사와 전치사/소사 사이에 목적인 대명사가 쓰이고
나머지는 구동사+목적으로 쓰인다
Compare 비교하기
She brought [P]up [O]three kids all alone.
Do you want me to take [P]off [O]my shoes?
I brought [O]my children [P]up to be polite.
Come in. Take [O]your coat [P]off.
If the object is a personal pronoun (me, you, him, us, etc.), we always put the pronoun before the particle:
I’ve made some copies. Would you like me to hand them out?
Not:
Would you like me to hand out them?
Oh, I can’t lift you up any more. You’re too big now!
Not:
I can’t lift up you any more.
We usually put longer objects (underlined) after the particle:
Many couples do not want to take on the responsibility of bringing up a large family of three or four children.
자동사로 쓰인 구동사; 동사 뒤에 목적이 없고 부사적인 수식어만 쓰임
We can use some phrasal verbs without an object:
break down, get back, move in/out, carry on, go off, run away
drop off, hang on, set off, eat out, join in, wake up
The taxi broke down on the way to the airport and I thought I nearly missed my flight.
We’d better set off before the rush-hour traffic starts.
What time did you wake up this morning?
A good learner’s dictionary will tell you if the phrasal verb needs an object or can be used without one.
Prepositional verbs 전구동사 (구동사+전치사)
Prepositional verbs have two parts: a verb and a preposition which cannot be separated from each other:
특정 동사와 특정 전치사가 결합하여 전구동사로 쓰이는데
자/타 둘 다 되는 구동사와 구조적으로는 같아도
get over (an illness)
listen to (him)
cope with (a difficult situation)
get on (a trip)
look after (a child)
deal with (a problem)
get off (my back)
look at (the car)
depend on (him)
go into (the Aemy)
look for (him)
do without (him)
lead to (him)
look forward to (meeting him)
"he went into bankruptcy law"
2. investigate or inquire into (something). 조사/요청하다
"there's no need to go into it now" 그걸 조사할 필요가 없다
Prepositional verbs and objects 전구동사와 목적
Prepositional
verbs always have an object, which comes immediately after the
preposition.
The object (underlined) can be a noun phrase, a pronoun or the -ing form of a verb:
전구동사는 전치사가 동사에 붙어 전구동사구로 타동사 역할을 한다
Somebody broke into his car and stole his radio.
I don’t like this CD. I don’t want to listen to it any more.
Getting to the final depends on winning the semi-final!
Some prepositional verbs take a direct object after the verb followed by the prepositional phrase.
전구동사가 타동사로 쓰이면 전치사 뒤에 온 명사가 전구동사의 목적이 되지만 전구동사+목적
구동사만 타동사구로 쓰이고 목적이 구동사 뒤에 쓰이는 경우; 구동사 + 목적
목적 뒤에 쓰인 전치사는 전치사 뒤에 쓰인 명사와 결합하여; 구동사 + 목적 + 전치사 + 명사
전치사+명사=전치사구로써 동사를 수식하는 부사역할로 된다; 구동사 + 목적 + 전치사구/부사역할
바로 이점이 전구동사에 붙는 전치사의 특성이 되나
구동사의 전치사는 동사의 일부가 되기에 뒤에 온 명사에 붙어 전치사구가 될 일은 없다
associate 목적 with+명사
remind 목적 of+명사
protect 목적 from+명사
rob 목적 of+명사
provide 목적 with+명사
thank 목적 for+명사
(do = direct object; po = object of preposition [both underlined])
Hannah reminds [DO]me of [PO]a girlfriend of mine.
How can we protect [DO]children from [PO]dangerous material on the Internet?
I’d like to thank [DO]everyone for [PO]their kindness.
Prepositional verbs or phrasal verbs? 전구동사냐 구동사냐?
Not all phrasal verbs need an object.
Prepositional verbs (e.g. listen to, depend on) always have an object after the preposition:
구동사는 자/타동사 둘 다 될 수 있으나
전구동사는 오직 타동사만 되므로 반드시 목적을 써 주어야 한다
I’ve got a great new CD. Shall we listen to it?
Not:
Shall we listen to?
With
phrasal verbs the object can come before or after the particle if the
object is not a pronoun.
With prepositional verbs, the object is always immediately after the preposition.(Objects are underlined.)
Do you always look every new word up /in a dictionary?
Phrasal-prepositional verbs; 복합 전구동사구(3단어 전구동사)
Phrasal-prepositional verbs have three parts: a verb, a particle and a preposition. The particle and the preposition cannot be separated. Many of these verbs are often used in informal contexts, and their meaning is difficult to guess from their individual parts.
3개 단어가 전구동사를 구성할 수도 있다
Verb + particle + preposition
get on with
look out for
come up against
listen out for
look up to
do away with
look down on
put up with
face up to
look forward to
watch out for
get away with
look in on
Ken’s just chatting to a friend. He’ll catch up with us in a minute. (reach, join)
Do you get on with your neighbours? (have a good relationship with)
We look forward to meeting you on the 22nd. (anticipate with pleasure)
Phrasal-prepositional verbs and objects 복합 전구동사의 목적
The object (underlined below) always comes immediately after the preposition, and not in any other position:
복합 전구동사는 분리가 불가능하다
She was a wonderful teacher. We all looked up to her. (respected)
Not:
We all looked her up to. orWe all looked up her to.
Some phrasal-prepositional verbs also take a direct object after the verb as well as an object of the preposition:
복합/3단어 전구동사는 2단어 전구동사 처럼
동사의 목적을 쓰고 전치사는 목적 뒤에 써서 전치사구로 역할 할 수도 있다; 동사+목적+전치사+명사
put 목적 down /to+명사
put 목적 up /to+명사
let 목적 in /on+명사
take 목적 out /on+명사
(do = direct object; po = object of preposition [both underlined])
She fixed [DO]us up with [PO]a violin teacher. We’re really grateful to her. (fixed us up with = arranged for us)
We just put [DO]the accident down to [PO]bad luck; there’s no other reason. (put down to = think the cause or reason is)