2, 3인칭: 의지, 명령, 약속, 협박 등의 화자의 의지를 나타냄 1, 3인칭: 청자의 의지를 물음
경고: Anyone found guilty of robbery shall be shot at once.
약속: You shall have the book tomorrow.
청자의 의지: Shall I open the door?
명령: He refuses to go? I tell you he shall go.
금지: Thou shalt not steal.
1인칭 단수에서 청자의 의지를 물을 때 shall을 씀: Shall I/*Will I come at once? What shall/will we drink? Shall we go? (청자의 의지) Will I see it later? (단순미래)
목적, 희망을 나타냄
It has been decided that the second reading shall not be opposed.
Should
종속절에서 과거일 때 의지를 나타냄
He gave orders that the strangers should be hospitably entertained. He promised me that the message should be sent at once.
사실에 대한 기분이나 의견을 나타냄: 놀람, 후회
I am surprised that you should have been so foolish. It is strange that he should refuse to see her. It seemed incredible that he should be the same man I knew twenty years ago.
사실에 대한 반대: 가능, 개연성, 기대 등을 나타냄
It was impossible that this should continue for long. It was not to be expected that they should surrender without a struggle.
so that, lest 등에서 과거를 가리킴
I hid it lest he should see it.(in order not to, 부사절) cf. I trembled lest they should see us.(명사절)
가능성
If you should see him, give him my regards. Should he ask for references, tell him apply to me.
관계절에서 가정법의 의미
Anyone who should wish to come will be welcome.
shall의 의미로 시제일치: 목적, 희망, 가능성
He promised to come back as soon as the war should be over.
수사의문문(rhetorical question): 의무, 희망
Why should he obey an order given him by a perfect stranger? I won't pay the fine. Why should yoy? Where is Mary? How should I know?