총칭용법

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총칭용법.hwp

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  Matthew 15:14  18:06  19:05     Mark 06:56   John 03:27 04:44  08:35    

총칭용법 

󰂛 ① 총칭용법㉮ 총칭단수[Generic singular] a dog a cow : 개나 소가 한 마리인지 총칭 대표단수인지 분명하지 않으므로 문맥[의 상황] 속에서 파악할 수 밖에 없다.

A dog is ɑ faithful animal. 개는 충실한 동물이다. A cowis a useful animal. 소는 유용한 동물이다.

A good treecannot bear bad fruit,｜and a bad treecannot bear good fruit.

좋은 나무가 나쁜 열매를 맺을 수 없고 / 나쁜 나무가 좋은 열매를 맺을 수 없다.

★ 복수구문이라도 some, any는 쓰지 않음

㉯ the dog문장체 대표단수[Representative singular] : • The dog is ɑ faithful animal.

The cowis a useful animal. 그 개나 그 소인지 또는 총칭을 나타내는 대표 단수인지 분명하지 않으므로 문맥 속에서 뜻을 파악.

• lock the stable door after thehorse has bolted 〔is stolen〕 소 잃고 외양간 고치다.

㉰ 회화체 총칭 복수[Generic plural] : • Dogs are ɑ faithful animal.

Cowsare a useful animal. 복수로 총칭을 나타내므로 a dog나 a cow에 비해 뜻이 무난하다.

Menmust work, and womenmust weep" 남자는 억세어서 일해야만 하고 여자는 마음고와 애정으로 살아야지. https://blog.naver.com/pechenegs2/221722172156

② man 이나 woman 등도 the 없이 총칭적으로 사용한다. 옛날에는 보통명사도 고유명사처럼 관사를 붙이지 않음에서 유래한다.

man: ⦗단수, 관사 없이 집합적⦘ 인간, 사람, 인류(mankind) • Mɑn is mortal. =All men must die. 인간은 죽게 마련이다. = Menare mortal.

Manproposes, God disposes. 계획은 사람이 성패는 신이 결정한다 모사재인 성패재천

Manwith the head, womanwith the heart 남자는 머리[지혜]로, 여자는 마음[애정]으로

woman: ⦗관사없이, 단수취급⦘ 여성《남성에 대한》

• Womɑnis not always weaker than man. 여자는 남자보다 반드시 약한 것은 아니다

A mancannot whistles and drinks at a time. 사람은 동시에 휘파람불고 술마시고 할 수는 없다.

③ the + 집합[복수]명사 : 어떤 범위 안에서 전체

The cowsin the stable have gone dry. 우리 안에 있는 소는 말랐다.

The policeof the box are on his track. 그 파출소 경찰관 전원이 그를 추적중이다.

Themendislike him and the womendespise him. 모든 남자들이 그를 싫어하고 그리고 모든 여자들이 그를 멸시한다.

④ ㉮ 셀 수 있는 명사 - 복수형 >부정관사 >정관사 >정관사 복수형, 특별한 일이 없는 경우 복수형이 가장 일반적임. 예문 1) Lions are a dangerous animal. 사자는 위험한 동물이다.

A lionis adangerous animal. <단수 명사 앞에 쓰여 그 부류를 통칭함>

The lionis adangerous animal.

㉯ 정관사>복수형 >부정관사 >정관사 복수형‘기계’나 ‘기술’의 경우 정관사가 총칭에 가장 많이 사용된다. 물론 복수형, 부정관사도 사용될 수 있습니다.The Smartphoneis very popular these days.Smartphonesare very popular these days.A smartphoneis very popular these days. 스마트폰이요사이아주대중적이다.

㉰ 악기의 총칭은 정관사 ‘the’ : He can play thepiano. 그는 피아노를 연주할 수 있다.

이 문장에서의 피아노는 ‘피아노의 총칭’입니다. ‘피아노라는 악기’

㉱ 정관사 + 형용사가 총칭을 나타냄:

The richare not always happy. 부자라고 늘 행복한 것은 아니다.The goodbeats the bad. 선은 악을 이긴다. The rich와 The good은 ‘부자’와 ‘선’을 총칭한다.

㉲ the 복수형 총칭: The Koreanslive on rice. 한국사람들은 밥을 주식으로 한다= Koreanslive on rice. 국적은 ‘정관사 복수형’과 ‘복수형’ 모두 사용될 수 있습니다. 다만, 복수형에 The가 붙으면, '어떤 국가의 국민'이라는 의미가 좀 강해집니다.

④ ㉮ [한컴] a : ⦗any의 뜻으로 총칭적⦘ …라는 것은, …은 모두

• A dogis ɑ faithful animal. 개는 충실한 동물이다. ★복수구문이라도 some, any는 쓰지 않음

• Dogs are faithful.

㉯ [한컴] the : ⦗총칭 용법⦘ …라는 것.

㉠ ⦗사람·동식물의 종류⦘: • The dog is a quadruped. 개는 네발짐승이다.

★man과 woman은 child, boy, girl 등과 대조적으로 쓰이는 경우 외에는 관사 없이 인간 일반을 의미함

• Mɑn is mortal. 사람은 언젠가는 죽는다.

㉡ ⦗the+복수 고유명사⦘ : • ~ Koreans 〔British, Americans〕 한국인〔영국인, 미국인〕

《민족 전체; 단수형 the Americɑn은 특정의 한 미국인, 또는 ‘미국 사람이란 것’이라는 총칭적인 표현》

• ~ Kims 김씨 가문《전원》.

㉢ ⦗종류·유형의 대표⦘ : • Did you listen to ~ radio last night? 어젯밤에 라디오를 들었는가.

㉣ ⦗기계·발명품·악기명 앞에⦘ : • play ~ piano 피아노를 치다

• The gramophone was invented by Thomas Edison. 축음기는 토머스 에디슨에 의해 발명되었다.

㉤ (the ~s) ⦗애타는 기분⦘ : • ~ blues 우울 • ~ jitters 안달.

㉥ ⦗어떤 종류의 병명⦘ 《현재는 흔히 생략》 : • (~) measles 홍역.

㉦ ⦗집합명사에 붙여⦘ : • ~ multitude 대중 • ~ elite 엘리트족(族).

㉧ ⦗the+직업 이름⦘: • ~ bench 법관의 직, 법관 전부 • ~ bar 법조계《변호사들의》 • ~ pulpit 종교계.

Matthew 12:22       Mark 06:56   

󰂜 대명사 인칭 : 1인칭 we 2인칭 you 3인칭 he, they 및 one[문장체] 등이 인칭의 구별을 초월하여 널리 “일반 사람들”을 지니고 있을 때 이를 총칭 인칭[Generic Person]이라고 부른다.

① we: Weoften fail to see our ownmistakes. 우리는 흔히 종종 자신의 허물을 못 본다.

[Ox](일반적인 사람들을 가리켜) 우리 Weshould take more care of ourhistoric buildings. 우리는 우리의 역사적인 건물들을 더 잘 보살펴야 한다

[동아교학] [부정대명사적] 우리들 (인간) Weare not naturally bad. 사람은 천성이 악한 것은 아니다.

[시사슈프림] [일반인을 가리켜 총칭적으로] 사람. Weshould respect the old. 노인을 공경해야 한다.

[다음] (격식) (일반적으로 인간을 가리켜서) 우리 인간(은, 이)

We are all brothers and sisters. 인류는 모두 형제다

[참고] We에는 다음과 같은 특별 용법이 있다.

㉮ Royal “we”: [Plural of Majesty] 《국왕의 공식 문서 등에서의 자칭》군주가 자기를 가르킬 때. 짐(朕)

royal we : [Noun] The first-person plural pronoun ''we'' as traditionally used by a sovereign in formal speech to refer to themselves in their role as the monarch.

Fair and noble Hostess, weare your guest tonight. 고귀한 여주인이셔, 내가 오늘밤은 댁의 손님이오.

[주] fair =gracious we = I 그래서 guest가 단수다.

I am about to weep; but thinking that weare a queen.... 경이시여, 나는 막 울려고 했오. 내가 여왕이라는 것을 생각하면서 .... we = a queen

Queen Victoria said, "We are not amused ."

Emperor Alexander I begins: "By the Grace of God, We, Alexander I, Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russias ...."

㉯ 겸손의 복수[Plural of Modesty]: 주필의[Editorial] “we”:《신문·잡지의 편집자가 자기를 가리켜》 우리 회사, 우리들 as wehave already reported 본보(本報)가 이미 보도한 바와 같이

We make it ourobject to guide the public opinion. 우리는 여론의 지도를 목적으로 하고 있다.

㉰ 어버이 정[]의 we [Paternal ‘we’] : [상대방에게 공감적인 기분을 나타내어 you 대신으로 씀]

어버이가 자녀에게, 스승이 제자에게, 의사가 환자에게 쓰는 "we"로서 상대자와 자기가 같은 처지임을 생각하는 의 표시

How are we(=you)this morning, child? 아가, 오늘 아침은 기분이 좀 어떠냐? 잘 잤니, 우리 애야?

상대방에게 동정을 나타내어 you 대신에 쓴다

Are we downhearted today? 오늘은 기운이 없어 보이는구나? (이것을 Paternal “we”라 부른다).

[상대방에 대한 공감을 나타내어 you 대신에 씀]

Are we[=you] downhearted today? 오늘은 기운이 없어 보이는구나?

② you : Gather roses while youmay. 기회있을 때 장미를 짜라.

= • Strike while the iron is hot. 《속담》 쇠는 뜨거울 때 쳐라

[한컴] ⦗일반 사람을 가리킴⦘• You never can tell. 아무도 모른다.

[영영] In spoken English and informal written English, youis sometimes used to refer to people in general.

[Ox] <일반 사람들을 가리킴> : Youlearn a language better if youvisit the country where it is spoken. 언어가 사용되는 국가를 방문하면 그 언어를 더 잘 배운다.

[동아][부정대명사] ((일반적으로)) 사람(은 누구나) Younever can tell. (앞일 등은) 아무도 예측할 수 없는 거야.

[시사] [부정(不定)대명사로서] (총체적으로) 사람, 누구나.

Youpush this button to get a light. (누구든) 이 단추를 누르면 불이 켜집니다.

[교학사] (일반적으로)사람(은 누구나)(one) You never can tell (앞일 따위) 아무도 예측할 수 없다

[슈프림] (일반적으로) 사람(은 누구나)(one, any one). Youoften find that just when youwant something youhaven't got it by you. 아쉬울 때에 그것이 수중에 없는 일은 흔히 누구나 경험하는 바다.

[다음] (총칭 용법) (일반적으로) 사람, 누구든지 일반적인 사람. one보다 부드러운 용법. 보통 번역하지 않음.

Younever can tell. (앞일 등) 누구도 예측할 수 없다

③ they : What language do they speak in Brazil? 브라질에서는 어떤 언어를 사용합니까?

[한컴] ⦗막연하게⦘ (세상) 사람들(people); 《구어》 관계자들, 당국자

• Theysell dear at that shop. 저 가게는 비싸다

• Theysay (that) .... 《수동형 =It is said (that) ....》 …이라는 이야기〔소문〕이다, …라고들 한다.

⦗관계대명사 who, that의 선행사⦘ …하는 사람들 : • Theydo least who talk most. 말이 많은 사람은 실행이 적다. ★오늘날에는 They who ... 대신에 Those who ...가 보통임.

[영영] You use theyin expressions such as `theysay' or `theycall it' to refer to people in general when you are making general statemen...

[Ox] (일반) 사람들 :The rest, as theysay, is history. 그 나머지는, 사람들이 말하는 대로, 역사이다.

[동아] [총칭적으로 일반 사람을 가리켜] 사람들, 세상 사람들, 세인

[관계사 who, that의 선행사로서] …하는 사람들 : Theydo least who talk most. 말 많은 사람은 실행이 적다.

[시사] 사람들, 세상 사람들, 세인. Theysay he is a liar. 사람들은 그가 거짓말쟁이라고 말한다.

[고어, 관계대명사의 선행사로] …하는 사람들. Theywho know such things would call them masterpieces.

그러한 것을 알고 있는 사람들은 그것을 걸작이라고 말할 것이다(*현재는 those who…가 일반적).

[교학] 세상 사람, 사람들 : They say(=It is said) that Mr. Smith has taken a doctor's degree

스미스 씨가 박사 학위를 받았다고 한다

theywho[that] …하는 사람들

[슈프림] (세상) 사람들(people). Theysay (that) the government is going to resign.

내각은 사직한다고들 (이야기) 한다.

④ he : [한컴] he who 〔that〕 ... 《문어》 …하는 자는 (누구나) ∘ He who hesitates is lost. 주저하는〔망설이는〕 자는 패한다〔이길 수 없다〕.

[영영] In written English, heis sometimes used to refer to a person without saying whether that person is a man or a woman. Some people dislike this u...

[Ox] 구식이 되어감 : (성별이 알려지지 않은) 사람[자신](특히 앞에 언급되었거나 일반적인 사람을 가리킬 때)

Every child needs to know that heis loved. 모든 아동들은 자신이 사랑받는다는 것을 알 필요가 있다.

[동아] [관계대명사의 선행사로] …하는 사람은 누구든지(anyone who …)

Hewho hesitates is lost. 주저하는 자는 잃는다.

[시사] (…하는) 사람(은 누구든지)(anyone who). Hewho sows little reaps little.

속담 애쓰는 바 적은 자는 얻는 바도 적다.

[참고] he, they가 관계대명사의 선행사[Antecedent]fh 쓰이는 것은 옛 문체이다.

He who loves not his country can love nothing. (One, A man)

자기 나라를 사랑하지 않은 자는 아무 것도 사랑하지 않은 사람이다.

Theythat sing on Friday will weep on Saturday. [=Those day]

즐거운 날[일]이 다하면 슬픈 날[일]이 온다.

⑤ one : One may do what one likes with one's own. 제 것을 가지고 제멋대로 하겠다는데 막을 도리가 없지.

[한컴] ⦗총칭적 인칭으로서⦘ (일반적인) 사람, 세상 사람, 누구든지

•One should always be careful in talking about ~’s 〔《미국》 his〕 finances.

자신의 경제사정을 이야기할 때에는 항상 조심하여야 한다

• Onemust not neglect ~’s duty. 사람은 자기 의무를 소홀히 해서는 안 된다.

[영영] You use ones to refer to people in general. We are the only ones who know

[Ox] 격식 (일반적인) 사람[사람들]; 나 One should never criticize if one is not sure of one’s facts.

사람은 사실을 확실히 모르면 결코 비난을 해서는 안 된다.

[동아] [총칭 인칭으로서; 복수형 없음] ((일반적으로)) 사람, 세상 사람, 누구나

Onemust obey one's[his] parents. 사람은 (누구나) 부모의 말에 따라야 한다.

[시사] (부정(不定)·임의의) 사람(은 누구든지), 우리. as good as one would desire 누구나 탐낼 만큼 좋은

[교학사] 사람, 세상 사람, 누구나 Oone must observe the rules 사람은 (누구나) 규칙을 지키지 않으면 안 된다.

[슈프림] [부정대명사로서] (일반적으로) 사람, 세상 사람, 누구나.

[다음](격식) (일반적으로) 사람, 누구나 as much as one could hope for 사람이 바랄 수 있는 만큼 많은

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(1) 화자·필자를 포함시켜 말할 경우는 one을, 포함시키지 않을 경우...

(1) 화자·필자를 포함시켜 말할 경우는 one을, 포함시키지 않을 경우는 people, they를 씀. (2) 총칭하여 one을 쓸 경우는 격식적인 표현이고, (비격식)에서는 we, you, they 등이나 people 등을 씀. 특히 (미)에서는 '누구나'의 뜻으로 one보다는 (비격식)으로 you를 많이 씀 ◇ You[(영)(격식) One] can't always get what you [(영)(격식) one] want(s). 누구나 자신이 원하는 것을 항상 가질 수는 없다. (3) one이 주어질 경우, one에 호응하는 대명사는 one 및 그 변화형(one's, oneself)을 쓰는 일도 있으나, (미)에서는 he, she로, 남녀 모두 일 경우 they 및 그 변화형을 쓰는 것이 관용임 ◇ One does not like to have his word doubted. 사람은 자기가 한 말을 의심받고 싶지 않은 법이다. (4) 구어적인 부가 의문문에서는 one을 쓰면 딱딱한 느낌을 주기 때문에, 대신 you, we를 쓰는 일이 있음 ◇ One can't be too careful, can you? 사람이 아무리 주의해도 지나치는 일은 없겠지? (5) 동물·신과 구별하여 「인간」을 나타내는 때는 man을 씀 ◇ Man is mortal. 사람은 죽는다.

The Princess (part 5) http://cafe.daum.net/archiplaza/D1cC/108

by Lord Alfred Tennyson

Now, scarce three paces measured from the mound, We stumbled on a stationary voice, And 'Stand, who goes?' 'Two from the palace' I. 'The second two: they wait,' he said, 'pass on; His Highness wakes:' and one, that clashed in arms, By glimmering lanes and walls of canvas led Threading the soldier-city, till we heard The drowsy folds of our great ensign shake From blazoned lions o'er the imperial tent Whispers of war. Entering, the sudden light Dazed me half-blind: I stood and seemed to hear, As in a poplar grove when a light wind wakes A lisping of the innumerous leaf and dies, Each hissing in his neighbour's ear; and then A strangled titter, out of which there brake On all sides, clamouring etiquette to death, Unmeasured mirth; while now the two old kings Began to wag their baldness up and down, The fresh young captains flashed their glittering teeth, The huge bush-bearded Barons heaved and blew, And slain with laughter rolled the gilded Squire. At length my Sire, his rough cheek wet with tears, Panted from weary sides 'King, you are free! We did but keep you surety for our son, If this be he,--or a dragged mawkin, thou, That tends to her bristled grunters in the sludge:' For I was drenched with ooze, and torn with briers, More crumpled than a poppy from the sheath, And all one rag, disprinced from head to heel. Then some one sent beneath his vaulted palm A whispered jest to some one near him, 'Look, He has been among his shadows.' 'Satan take The old women and their shadows! (thus the King Roared) make yourself a man to fight with men. Go: Cyril told us all.' As boys that slink From ferule and the trespass-chiding eye, Away we stole, and transient in a trice From what was left of faded woman-slough To sheathing splendours and the golden scale Of harness, issued in the sun, that now Leapt from the dewy shoulders of the Earth, And hit the Northern hills. Here Cyril met us. A little shy at first, but by and by We twain, with mutual pardon asked and given For stroke and song, resoldered peace, whereon Followed his tale. Amazed he fled away Through the dark land, and later in the night Had come on Psyche weeping: 'then we fell Into your father's hand, and there she lies, But will not speak, or stir.' He showed a tent A stone-shot off: we entered in, and there Among piled arms and rough accoutrements, Pitiful sight, wrapped in a soldier's cloak, Like some sweet sculpture draped from head to foot, And pushed by rude hands from its pedestal, All her fair length upon the ground she lay: And at her head a follower of the camp, A charred and wrinkled piece of womanhood, Sat watching like the watcher by the dead. Then Florian knelt, and 'Come' he whispered to her, 'Lift up your head, sweet sister: lie not thus. What have you done but right? you could not slay Me, nor your prince: look up: be comforted: Sweet is it to have done the thing one ought, When fallen in darker ways.' And likewise I: 'Be comforted: have I not lost her too, In whose least act abides the nameless charm That none has else for me?' She heard, she moved, She moaned, a folded voice; and up she sat, And raised the cloak from brows as pale and smooth As those that mourn half-shrouded over death In deathless marble. 'Her,' she said, 'my friend-- Parted from her--betrayed her cause and mine-- Where shall I breathe? why kept ye not your faith? O base and bad! what comfort? none for me!' To whom remorseful Cyril, 'Yet I pray Take comfort: live, dear lady, for your child!' At which she lifted up her voice and cried. 'Ah me, my babe, my blossom, ah, my child, My one sweet child, whom I shall see no more! For now will cruel Ida keep her back; And either she will die from want of care, Or sicken with ill-usage, when they say The child is hers--for every little fault, The child is hers; and they will beat my girl Remembering her mother: O my flower! Or they will take her, they will make her hard, And she will pass me by in after-life With some cold reverence worse than were she dead. Ill mother that I was to leave her there, To lag behind, scared by the cry they made, The horror of the shame among them all: But I will go and sit beside the doors, And make a wild petition night and day, Until they hate to hear me like a wind Wailing for ever, till they open to me, And lay my little blossom at my feet, My babe, my sweet Aglaïa, my one child: And I will take her up and go my way, And satisfy my soul with kissing her: Ah! what might that man not deserve of me Who gave me back my child?' 'Be comforted,' Said Cyril, 'you shall have it:' but again She veiled her brows, and prone she sank, and so Like tender things that being caught feign death, Spoke not, nor stirred. By this a murmur ran Through all the camp and inward raced the scouts With rumour of Prince Arab hard at hand. We left her by the woman, and without Found the gray kings at parle: and 'Look you' cried My father 'that our compact be fulfilled: You have spoilt this child; she laughs at you and man: She wrongs herself, her sex, and me, and him: But red-faced war has rods of steel and fire; She yields, or war.' Then Gama turned to me: 'We fear, indeed, you spent a stormy time With our strange girl: and yet they say that still You love her. Give us, then, your mind at large: How say you, war or not?' 'Not war, if possible, O king,' I said, 'lest from the abuse of war, The desecrated shrine, the trampled year, The smouldering homestead, and the household flower Torn from the lintel--all the common wrong-- A smoke go up through which I loom to her Three times a monster: now she lightens scorn At him that mars her plan, but then would hate (And every voice she talked with ratify it, And every face she looked on justify it) The general foe. More soluble is this knot, By gentleness than war. I want her love. What were I nigher this although we dashed Your cities into shards with catapults, She would not love;--or brought her chained, a slave, The lifting of whose eyelash is my lord, Not ever would she love; but brooding turn The book of scorn, till all my flitting chance Were caught within the record of her wrongs, And crushed to death: and rather, Sire, than this I would the old God of war himself were dead, Forgotten, rusting on his iron hills, Rotting on some wild shore with ribs of wreck, Or like an old-world mammoth bulked in ice, Not to be molten out.' And roughly spake My father, 'Tut, you know them not, the girls. Boy, when I hear you prate I almost think That idiot legend credible. Look you, Sir! Man is the hunter; woman is his game: The sleek and shining creatures of the chase, We hunt them for the beauty of their skins; They love us for it, and we ride them down. Wheedling and siding with them! Out! for shame! Boy, there's no rose that's half so dear to them As he that does the thing they dare not do, Breathing and sounding beauteous battle, comes With the air of the trumpet round him, and leaps in Among the women, snares them by the score Flattered and flustered, wins, though dashed with death He reddens what he kisses: thus I won You mother, a good mother, a good wife, Worth winning; but this firebrand--gentleness To such as her! if Cyril spake her true, To catch a dragon in a cherry net, To trip a tigress with a gossamer Were wisdom to it.' 'Yea but Sire,' I cried, 'Wild natures need wise curbs. The soldier? No: What dares not Ida do that she should prize The soldier? I beheld her, when she rose The yesternight, and storming in extremes, Stood for her cause, and flung defiance down Gagelike to man, and had not shunned the death, No, not the soldier's: yet I hold her, king, True woman: you clash them all in one, That have as many differences as we. The violet varies from the lily as far As oak from elm: one loves the soldier, one The silken priest of peace, one this, one that, And some unworthily; their sinless faith, A maiden moon that sparkles on a sty, Glorifying clown and satyr; whence they need More breadth of culture: is not Ida right? They worth it? truer to the law within? Severer in the logic of a life? Twice as magnetic to sweet influences Of earth and heaven? and she of whom you speak, My mother, looks as whole as some serene Creation minted in the golden moods Of sovereign artists; not a thought, a touch, But pure as lines of green that streak the white Of the first snowdrop's inner leaves; I say, Not like the piebald miscellany, man, Bursts of great heart and slips in sensual mire, But whole and one: and take them all-in-all, Were we ourselves but half as good, as kind, As truthful, much that Ida claims as right Had ne'er been mooted, but as frankly theirs As dues of Nature. To our point: not war: Lest I lose all.' 'Nay, nay, you spake but sense' Said Gama. 'We remember love ourself In our sweet youth; we did not rate him then This red-hot iron to be shaped with blows. You talk almost like Ida: ~she~ can talk; And there is something in it as you say: But you talk kindlier: we esteem you for it.-- He seems a gracious and a gallant Prince, I would he had our daughter: for the rest, Our own detention, why, the causes weighed, Fatherly fears--you used us courteously-- We would do much to gratify your Prince-- We pardon it; and for your ingress here Upon the skirt and fringe of our fair land, you did but come as goblins in the night, Nor in the furrow broke the ploughman's head, Nor burnt the grange, nor bussed the milking-maid, Nor robbed the farmer of his bowl of cream: But let your Prince (our royal word upon it, He comes back safe) ride with us to our lines, And speak with Arac: Arac's word is thrice As ours with Ida: something may be done-- I know not what--and ours shall see us friends. You, likewise, our late guests, if so you will, Follow us: who knows? we four may build some plan Foursquare to opposition.' Here he reached White hands of farewell to my sire, who growled An answer which, half-muffled in his beard, Let so much out as gave us leave to go. Then rode we with the old king across the lawns Beneath huge trees, a thousand rings of Spring In every bole, a song on every spray Of birds that piped their Valentines, and woke Desire in me to infuse my tale of love In the old king's ears, who promised help, and oozed All o'er with honeyed answer as we rode And blossom-fragrant slipt the heavy dews Gathered by night and peace, with each light air On our mailed heads: but other thoughts than Peace Burnt in us, when we saw the embattled squares, And squadrons of the Prince, trampling the flowers With clamour: for among them rose a cry As if to greet the king; they made a halt; The horses yelled; they clashed their arms; the drum Beat; merrily-blowing shrilled the martial fife; And in the blast and bray of the long horn And serpent-throated bugle, undulated The banner: anon to meet us lightly pranced Three captains out; nor ever had I seen Such thews of men: the midmost and the highest Was Arac: all about his motion clung The shadow of his sister, as the beam Of the East, that played upon them, made them glance Like those three stars of the airy Giant's zone, That glitter burnished by the frosty dark; And as the fiery Sirius alters hue, And bickers into red and emerald, shone Their morions, washed with morning, as they came. And I that prated peace, when first I heard War-music, felt the blind wildbeast of force, Whose home is in the sinews of a man, Stir in me as to strike: then took the king His three broad sons; with now a wandering hand And now a pointed finger, told them all: A common light of smiles at our disguise Broke from their lips, and, ere the windy jest Had laboured down within his ample lungs, The genial giant, Arac, rolled himself Thrice in the saddle, then burst out in words. 'Our land invaded, 'sdeath! and he himself Your captive, yet my father wills not war: And, 'sdeath! myself, what care I, war or no? but then this question of your troth remains: And there's a downright honest meaning in her; She flies too high, she flies too high! and yet She asked but space and fairplay for her scheme; She prest and prest it on me--I myself, What know I of these things? but, life and soul! I thought her half-right talking of her wrongs; I say she flies too high, 'sdeath! what of that? I take her for the flower of womankind, And so I often told her, right or wrong, And, Prince, she can be sweet to those she loves, And, right or wrong, I care not: this is all, I stand upon her side: she made me swear it-- 'Sdeath--and with solemn rites by candle-light-- Swear by St something--I forget her name-- Her that talked down the fifty wisest men; ~She~ was a princess too; and so I swore. Come, this is all; she will not: waive your claim: If not, the foughten field, what else, at once Decides it, 'sdeath! against my father's will.' I lagged in answer loth to render up My precontract, and loth by brainless war To cleave the rift of difference deeper yet; Till one of those two brothers, half aside And fingering at the hair about his lip, To prick us on to combat 'Like to like! The woman's garment hid the woman's heart.' A taunt that clenched his purpose like a blow! For fiery-short was Cyril's counter-scoff, And sharp I answered, touched upon the point Where idle boys are cowards to their shame, 'Decide it here: why not? we are three to three.' Then spake the third 'But three to three? no more? No more, and in our noble sister's cause? More, more, for honour: every captain waits Hungry for honour, angry for his king. More, more some fifty on a side, that each May breathe himself, and quick! by overthrow Of these or those, the question settled die.' 'Yea,' answered I, 'for this wreath of air, This flake of rainbow flying on the highest Foam of men's deeds--this honour, if ye will. It needs must be for honour if at all: Since, what decision? if we fail, we fail, And if we win, we fail: she would not keep Her compact.' ''Sdeath! but we will send to her,' Said Arac, 'worthy reasons why she should Bide by this issue: let our missive through, And you shall have her answer by the word.' 'Boys!' shrieked the old king, but vainlier than a hen To her false daughters in the pool; for none Regarded; neither seemed there more to say: Back rode we to my father's camp, and found He thrice had sent a herald to the gates, To learn if Ida yet would cede our claim, Or by denial flush her babbling wells With her own people's life: three times he went: The first, he blew and blew, but none appeared: He battered at the doors; none came: the next, An awful voice within had warned him thence: The third, and those eight daughters of the plough Came sallying through the gates, and caught his hair, And so belaboured him on rib and cheek They made him wild: not less one glance he caught Through open doors of Ida stationed there Unshaken, clinging to her purpose, firm Though compassed by two armies and the noise Of arms; and standing like a stately Pine Set in a cataract on an island-crag, When storm is on the heights, and right and left Sucked from the dark heart of the long hills roll The torrents, dashed to the vale: and yet her will Bred will in me to overcome it or fall. But when I told the king that I was pledged To fight in tourney for my bride, he clashed His iron palms together with a cry; Himself would tilt it out among the lads: But overborne by all his bearded lords With reasons drawn from age and state, perforce He yielded, wroth and red, with fierce demur: And many a bold knight started up in heat, And sware to combat for my claim till death. All on this side the palace ran the field Flat to the garden-wall: and likewise here, Above the garden's glowing blossom-belts, A columned entry shone and marble stairs, And great bronze valves, embossed with Tomyris And what she did to Cyrus after fight, But now fast barred: so here upon the flat All that long morn the lists were hammered up, And all that morn the heralds to and fro, With message and defiance, went and came; Last, Ida's answer, in a royal hand, But shaken here and there, and rolling words Oration-like. I kissed it and I read. 'O brother, you have known the pangs we felt, What heats of indignation when we heard Of those that iron-cramped their women's feet; Of lands in which at the altar the poor bride Gives her harsh groom for bridal-gift a scourge; Of living hearts that crack within the fire Where smoulder their dead despots; and of those,-- Mothers,--that, with all prophetic pity, fling Their pretty maids in the running flood, and swoops The vulture, beak and talon, at the heart Made for all noble motion: and I saw That equal baseness lived in sleeker times With smoother men: the old leaven leavened all: Millions of throats would bawl for civil rights, No woman named: therefore I set my face Against all men, and lived but for mine own. Far off from men I built a fold for them: I stored it full of rich memorial: I fenced it round with gallant institutes, And biting laws to scare the beasts of prey And prospered; till a rout of saucy boys Brake on us at our books, and marred our peace, Masked like our maids, blustering I know not what Of insolence and love, some pretext held Of baby troth, invalid, since my will Sealed not the bond--the striplings! for their sport!-- I tamed my leopards: shall I not tame these? Or you? or I? for since you think me touched In honour--what, I would not aught of false-- Is not our case pure? and whereas I know Your prowess, Arac, and what mother's blood You draw from, fight; you failing, I abide What end soever: fail you will not. Still Take not his life: he risked it for my own; His mother lives: yet whatsoe'er you do, Fight and fight well; strike and strike him. O dear Brothers, the woman's Angel guards you, you The sole men to be mingled with our cause, The sole men we shall prize in the after-time, Your very armour hallowed, and your statues Reared, sung to, when, this gad-fly brushed aside, We plant a solid foot into the Time, And mould a generation strong to move With claim on claim from right to right, till she Whose name is yoked with children's, know herself; And Knowledge in our own land make her free, And, ever following those two crownèd twins, Commerce and conquest, shower the fiery grain Of freedom broadcast over all the orbs Between the Northern and the Southern morn.' Then came a postscript dashed across the rest. See that there be no traitors in your camp: We seem a nest of traitors--none to trust Since our arms failed--this Egypt-plague of men! Almost our maids were better at their homes, Than thus man-girdled here: indeed I think Our chiefest comfort is the little child Of one unworthy mother; which she left: She shall not have it back: the child shall grow To prize the authentic mother of her mind. I took it for an hour in mine own bed This morning: there the tender orphan hands Felt at my heart, and seemed to charm from thence The wrath I nursed against the world: farewell.' I ceased; he said, 'Stubborn, but she may sit Upon a king's right hand in thunder-storms, And breed up warriors! See now, though yourself Be dazzled by the wildfire Love to sloughs That swallow common sense, the spindling king, This Gama swamped in lazy tolerance. When the man wants weight, the woman takes it up, And topples down the scales; but this is fixt As are the roots of earth and base of all; Man for the field and woman for the hearth: Man for the sword and for the needle she: Man with the head and woman with the heart: Man to command and woman to obey; All else confusion. Look you! the gray mare Is ill to live with, when her whinny shrills From tile to scullery, and her small goodman Shrinks in his arm-chair while the fires of Hell Mix with his hearth: but you--she's yet a colt-- Take, break her: strongly groomed and straitly curbed She might not rank with those detestable That let the bantling scald at home, and brawl Their rights and wrongs like potherbs in the street. They say she's comely; there's the fairer chance: ~I~ like her none the less for rating at her! Besides, the woman wed is not as we, But suffers change of frame. A lusty brace Of twins may weed her of her folly. Boy, The bearing and the training of a child Is woman's wisdom.' Thus the hard old king: I took my leave, for it was nearly noon: I pored upon her letter which I held, And on the little clause 'take not his life:' I mused on that wild morning in the woods, And on the 'Follow, follow, thou shalt win:' I thought on all the wrathful king had said, And how the strange betrothment was to end: Then I remembered that burnt sorcerer's curse That one should fight with shadows and should fall; And like a flash the weird affection came: King, camp and college turned to hollow shows; I seemed to move in old memorial tilts, And doing battle with forgotten ghosts, To dream myself the shadow of a dream: And ere I woke it was the point of noon, The lists were ready. Empanoplied and plumed We entered in, and waited, fifty there Opposed to fifty, till the trumpet blared At the barrier like a wild horn in a land Of echoes, and a moment, and once more The trumpet, and again: at which the storm Of galloping hoofs bare on the ridge of spears And riders front to front, until they closed In conflict with the crash of shivering points, And thunder. Yet it seemed a dream, I dreamed Of fighting. On his haunches rose the steed, And into fiery splinters leapt the lance, And out of stricken helmets sprang the fire. Part sat like rocks: part reeled but kept their seats: Part rolled on the earth and rose again and drew: Part stumbled mixt with floundering horses. Down From those two bulks at Arac's side, and down From Arac's arm, as from a giant's flail, The large blows rained, as here and everywhere He rode the mellay, lord of the ringing lists, And all the plain,--brand, mace, and shaft, and shield-- Shocked, like an iron-clanging anvil banged With hammers; till I thought, can this be he From Gama's dwarfish loins? if this be so, The mother makes us most--and in my dream I glanced aside, and saw the palace-front Alive with fluttering scarfs and ladies' eyes, And highest, among the statues, statuelike, Between a cymballed Miriam and a Jael, With Psyche's babe, was Ida watching us, A single band of gold about her hair, Like a Saint's glory up in heaven: but she No saint--inexorable--no tenderness-- Too hard, too cruel: yet she sees me fight, Yea, let her see me fall! and with that I drave Among the thickest and bore down a Prince, And Cyril, one. Yea, let me make my dream All that I would. But that large-moulded man, His visage all agrin as at a wake, Made at me through the press, and, staggering back With stroke on stroke the horse and horseman, came As comes a pillar of electric cloud, Flaying the roofs and sucking up the drains, And shadowing down the champaign till it strikes On a wood, and takes, and breaks, and cracks, and splits, And twists the grain with such a roar that Earth Reels, and the herdsmen cry; for everything Game way before him: only Florian, he That loved me closer than his own right eye, Thrust in between; but Arac rode him down: And Cyril seeing it, pushed against the Prince, With Psyche's colour round his helmet, tough, Strong, supple, sinew-corded, apt at arms; But tougher, heavier, stronger, he that smote And threw him: last I spurred; I felt my veins Stretch with fierce heat; a moment hand to hand, And sword to sword, and horse to horse we hung, Till I struck out and shouted; the blade glanced, I did but shear a feather, and dream and truth Flowed from me; darkness closed me; and I fell. Home they brought her warrior dead: She nor swooned, nor uttered cry: All her maidens, watching, said, 'She must weep or she will die.' Then they praised him, soft and low, Called him worthy to be loved, Truest friend and noblest foe; Yet she neither spoke nor moved. Stole a maiden from her place, Lightly to the warrior stept, Took the face-cloth from the face; Yet she neither moved nor wept. Rose a nurse of ninety years, Set his child upon her knee-- Like summer tempest came her tears-- 'Sweet my child, I live for thee.'

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