Boiler blowdown

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Boiler blowdown is water intentionally wasted from a boiler to avoid concentration of impurities during continuing evaporation of steam. The water is blown out of the boiler with some force by steam pressure within the boiler. Bottom blowdown used with early boilers caused abrupt downward adjustment of boiler water level and was customarily expelled downward to avoid the safety hazard of showering hot water on nearby individuals.

Surface blowdown is removed from the steam drum at the top of the boiler and Bottom blowdown is removed from the mud drum at the bottom of the boiler.

Contents

 [hide] 

• 1 Background
• 2 Surface blowdown
• 3 Bottom blowdown
• 4 Maintenance
• 5 Sources
• 6 Notes

Background[edit]

A steam boiler evaporates liquid water to form steam, or gaseous water; and requires frequent replenishment of boiler feedwater for the continuous production of steam required by most boiler applications. Water is a capable solvent, and will dissolve small amounts of solids from piping and containers including the boiler. Continuing evaporation of steam concentrates dissolved impurities until they reach levels potentially damaging to steam production within the boiler. Without blowdown, impurities would reach saturation levels and begin to precipitate within the boiler. Impurity concentrations are highest where steam is being produced near heat exchange surfaces. Precipitation would be expected to occur in the form of scale deposits on those heat exchange surfaces. Scale deposits thermally insulate heat exchange surfaces initially decreasing the rate of steam generation, and potentially causing boiler metals to reach failure temperatures.^[1]

Surface blowdown[edit]

Surface blowdown continuously bleeds off a low volume of water from within the boiler as a means of ridding the boiler of dissolved impurities. It is most effective to remove water with the highest level of impurities; and such water is found where steam separates in the steam drum at the top of the boiler. There are two types of surface blowdown fittings. The simpler is a pipe entering the steam drum at the normal water level. A more sophisticated skimmer arrangement attaches a swivel joint to the pipe for a short length of pipe suspended by a float.^[2] The skimmer may be more effective at removing floating oil which might otherwise cause foaming. Surface blowdown is normally fed to a flash tank and heat exchanger for heat recovery. The flashed steam can be used in the feedwater heater. These energy economies are seldom practical with infrequent bottom blowdown. Surface blowdown offers the additional advantage of steady-state operating conditions.^[3]

Bottom blowdown[edit]

Some boiler water treatments cause precipitation of impurities as insoluble particles anticipating those particles will settle to the bottom of the boiler before they become entrained in water circulating past the heat exchange surfaces. These water treatments often include compounds forming a sludge to entrap such particles; and boilers intended for such water treatment include a structure called a mud drum at the lowest part of the boiler. Bottom blowdown involves periodically opening valves in the mud drum to allow boiler pressure to force accumulated sludge out of the boiler. Similar blowdown connections at the bottom of water wall headers are blown down less frequently.^[4] Several short blowdown events remove sludge more effectively than a single continuous blowdown. Shorter blowdown events cause less significant changes in boiler water level, and are safer during periods of high steam demand.^[5]

Bottom blowdown piping drains the lowest parts of the boiler so it can be used to drain the boiler for servicing. Bottom blowdown piping must be of a diameter large enough to minimize the risk of being plugged with baked sludge. Modern boilers discharge bottom blowdown to a blowoff tank where the blowdown can flash and vent steam upwards without entraining water which might cause burns. A pipe near the bottom of the blowoff tank maintains a water level below the blowdown entry point and allows cooler water remaining from earlier blowdown events to drain from the tank first. Two bottom blowdown valves are often used in series to minimize erosion. One valve serves as the sealing valve, and the other as the blowdown valve. The sealing valve is customarily opened first and closed last. Both are opened rapidly and fully to minimize erosion on the seat and disk faces. Care is taken to avoid trapping scale or rust particles within the valve by reopening a valve to flush the particles through if resistance is encountered when attempting to close it. Bottom blowdown valves are often rebuilt or replaced whenever the boiler is taken out of service for maintenance.^[2]

Maintenance[edit]

Boiler Maintaining tips -

Boiler Repair deals with numerous components keeping in mind the end goal to guarantee flawless working of boilers. A portion of the tips utilized by them are-

• An abnormal state and expert administration are given by the organizations to guarantee that each part of the kettle is working legitimately. On the off chance that there is anything amiss with the framework, just experienced individuals and experts can recognize the issue and think of suitable answers to correct the same.
• Giving a considerable measure regarding the notice signs transmitted by the machine. If these notice signs are recognized sooner than later, one can stay away from a great deal of dreadful issues. Some of these signs are uncommon sounds transmitted by the heater, wasteful warming, recognizing any breaks or openings, and so on. Getting these signs early can spare from a ton of inconvenience that may happen.
• It is essential that the heater is utilized all the time as though it is left along for quite a while, a considerable measure of coarseness and dust will get collected, bringing about negatively affecting its effectiveness.

Sources[edit]

• Betz Laboratories Handbook of Industrial Water Conditioning (7th Edition) Betz Laboratories (1976)
• Kemmer, Frank N. The NALCO Water Handbook McGraw-Hill (1979)
• Perry, Robert H., Chilton, Cecil H. and Kirkpatrick, Sidney D. Chemical Engineers' Handbook (4th Edition) McGraw-Hill (1963)
• Woodruff, Everett B., Lammers, Herbert B. and Lammers, Thomas F. Steam-Plant Operation (5th Edition) McGraw-Hill (1984) ISBN 0-07-071732-X

Notes[edit]

1. Jump up ^ Kemmer p.39-2
2. ^ Jump up to: ^{a b} Woodruff, Lammers&Lammers pp.230-234
3. Jump up ^ Woodruff, Lammers&Lammers pp.269&270
4. Jump up ^ Betz pp.106&107
5. Jump up ^ Woodruff, Lammers&Lammers p.270

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Boilers.

[hide] v t e Wastewater
Sources of wastewater	Acid mine drainage Ballast water Blackwater (coal) Blackwater (waste) Boiler blowdown Brine Combined sewer Cooling tower Cooling water Fecal sludge Greywater Infiltration/Inflow Industrial effluent Ion exchange Leachate Manure Papermaking Produced water Return flow Reverse osmosis Sanitary sewer Septage Sewage Sewage sludge Storm drain Urban runoff
Wastewater quality indicators	Biochemical oxygen demand Chemical oxygen demand Coliform index Dissolved oxygen Heavy metals pH Salinity Temperature Total dissolved solids Total suspended solids Turbidity
Wastewater treatment processes	Activated sludge Aerated lagoon Agricultural wastewater treatment API oil-water separator Carbon filtration Chlorination Clarifier Constructed wetland Extended aeration Facultative lagoon Fecal sludge management Filtration Imhoff tank Industrial wastewater treatment Ion exchange Membrane bioreactor Reverse osmosis Rotating biological contactor Secondary treatment Sedimentation Septic tank Settling basin Sewage sludge treatment Sewage treatment Stabilization pond Trickling filter Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation UASB Wastewater treatment plant
Wastewater disposal options	Combined sewer Evaporation pond Groundwater recharge Infiltration basin Injection well Irrigation Marine dumping Marine outfall Sanitary sewer Septic drain field Sewerage Stabilization pond Storm drain Surface runoff Water reclamation

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