The List of the Nobel Prize in Literature

[김진호]

노벨문학상은 매년 전 세계에서 오직 한 명만이 받을 수 있는 상이다. 그래서 그만큼 영광도 크다.

오늘 문득, 그 위대한 상을 받은 작가의 작품 중에 내가 읽은 책은 과연 몇 권이나 될까?

하는 생각이 들었다. 그래서 역대 노벨상 수상자와 그들의 주요 작품들을 검토해 보았다.
※ 배경 음악 : 시인과 나

이름	연도	주요 작품
모옌(중국)	2012	열 세 걸음, 개구리, 홍까오량 가족, 풀먹는 가족, 술의 나라 등
토마스 트란스트뢰메르	2011	기억이 나를 본다(시집)
마리오 바르가스 요사	2010	판탈레온과 특별봉사대, 도시와 개들, 녹색의 집, 염소의 축제
헤르타 뮐러	2009	숨그네, 저지대, 우울한 탱고
르 클레지오	2008	사막, 조서
도리스 레싱	2007	풀잎은 노래한다, 런던 스케치, 마사 퀘스트, 다섯째 아이, 다섯
오르한 파묵	2006	내 이름은 빨강, 하얀성, 새로운 인생
해럴드 핀터	2005	축가, 과거일들의 회상
엘프레데 옐리네크	2004	피아노 치는 여자, 욕망
존 쿳시	2003	추락
임레 케르테스	2002	운명, 소르슈탈란사그-비운
비디아다르 나이폴	2001	미겔 스트리트, 당혹스러운 도착
가오싱젠(중국)	2000	영산(靈山)
귄터 그라스	1999	양철북, 넙치
주제 사라마구	1998	수도원의 비망록, 눈먼자들의도시
다리오 포	1997	어느 무정부주의자의 우연한 죽음(어느무정부주의)
비슬라바 쉼보르스카	1996	끝과 시작
셰이머스 히니	1995	어느 자연주의자의 죽음(어느 자연주의)
오에 겐자부로(일본)	1994	개인적 체험
토니 모리슨	1993	재즈, 빌러비드
데렉 월코트	1992	또 다른 삶
나딘 고디머	1991	보호주의자
옥타비오 파스	1990	태양의 돌
카밀로 호세 세라	1989	파스쿠알 두아르테 일가
나집 마흐프즈(이집트)	1988	도적과 개들, 우리 동네 아이들
요세프 브로드스키	1987	소리 없는 동네
월레 소잉카	1986	사자와 보석해설자들, 늪 지대 사람들
클로드 시몽	1985	사기꾼
야로슬라프 세이페르트	1984	프라하의 봄
윌리엄 골딩	1983	파리대왕
가브리엘 가르시아 마르케스	1982	백년의 고독, 벚꽃동산
엘리아스 카네티	1981	현혹
체스와프 밀로즈	1980	한 낮의 밝음
오디세우스 엘리티스	1979	방향
아이작 싱어	1978	고레이의 사탄
비센테 알레이산드레스	1977	마음의 역사
솔 벨로	1976	희생자, 오늘을 잡아라, 오기 마치의 모험
에우제니오 몬탈레	1975	기회
H.마르틴손	1974	아니 아라
E.욘손	1974	해변의 파도
패트릭 화이트	1973	아주머니 이야기
하인리히 뵐	1972	기차는 늦지 않았다, 카타리나 블룸의 잃어버린 명예
파블로 네루다	1971	지상의 주소 , 황혼의 세계
알렉산드로 솔제니친	1970	수용소 군도, 이반 데니소비치의 하루
사뮈엘 베케트	1969	고도를 기다리며
가와바타 야스나리(일본)	1968	설국
미겔 앙헬 아스투리아스	1967	과테말라의 전설집
S.요세프 아그논	1966	출가
렐리 사크스	1966	엘리
미하일 솔로호프	1965	고요한 돈강
장 폴 사르트르	1964	구토, 말
게오르게 세페리스	1963	연습장
존 스타인벡	1962	에덴의 동쪽, 분노의 포도
이보 안드리치	1961	드리나강의 다리
생 종 페르스	1960	원정, 연대기 찬가
살바토레 콰지모도	1959	시인과 정치
보리스 파스테르나크	1958	닥터 지바고
알베르 카뮈	1957	이방인
J.R.히메네스	1956	프라테로와 나
할도르 락스네스	1955	독립된 백성
어니스트 헤밍웨이	1954	무기여 잘 있거라, 누구를 위하여 종은 울리나, 노인과 바다
윈스턴 처칠	1953	제2차대전 회고록
프랑수아 모리악	1952	테레즈 데케르
페르 라게르크 비스트	1951	바라바
버트런드 러셀	1950	권위와 개인
윌리엄 포크너	1949	성역, 음향과 분노, 내가 죽어 누워 있을 때
T.S.엘리엇	1948	황무지
앙드레 지드	1947	좁은 문, 위폐범들, 지상의 양식
헤르만 헤세	1946	데미안, 유리알 유희, 수레바퀴 아래서, 나르치스와 골드문트(지와 사랑)
가브리엘라 미스트랄	1945	비수
요하네스 빌헬름 옌센	1944	긴 여행
프란스 에밀 실란페	1939	경건한 고뇌, 인간의 미와 비참
펄 벅	1938	대지, 동풍, 서풍
로제 마르탱 뒤 가르	1937	1914년 여름, 티보가의 사람들
유진 오닐	1936	밤으로의 긴 여로, 지평선 너머
루이지 피란델로	1934	나체에 입히다, 작자를 찾는 6명의 등장인물
이반 A. 부닌	1933	낙엽, 마을, 울보 이오안
존 골즈워디	1932	은상자, 투쟁, 정의, 포사이트가의이야기
에리크 A. 칼펠트	1931	프리톨린의 노래
싱클레어 루이스	1930	배빗, 에로스미스, 엘머 갠트리, 도즈워스
토마스 만	1929	부덴브로크 가의 사람들, 토니오 크뢰거, 트리스탄, 베니스에서의 죽음, 마의 산, 선택받은 사람
시그리 운세트	1928	라브란스가의 딸 크리스틴
앙리 베르그송	1927	의식의 직접 소여에 관한 시론, 물질과 기억
그라치아 델레다	1926	악의 길, 바람에 흔들리는 갈대
조지 버나드 쇼	1925	피그말리온, 인관과 초인
부아디수아프 레이몬트	1924	농민
윌리엄 B. 예이츠	1923	환상 A Vision
쟈싱토 B. 마르티네스	1922	타인의 보금자리
아나톨 프랑스	1921	실베스트르 보나르의 죄
크누트 함순	1920	흙의 혜택
카를 슈피텔러	1919	이마고
카를 기엘레루프	1917	이상주의자, 깨달은자의 아내. Minna
헨릭 폰토피단	1917	행복한 페르
칼 G. V. V. 헤이덴스탐	1916	순례와 방랑의 세월
로맹 롤랑	1915	장 크리스토프
라빈드라나드 타고르(인도)	1913	기탄잘리
게르하르트 하우프트만	1912	아트리덴 사부극
모리스 메테를링크	1911	발렌 왕녀, 파랑새
파울 폰 하이제	1910	아라비아타, 가르다호 단편집
셀마 라게를뢰프	1909	예루살렘
루돌프 C. 오이켄	1908	대사상가의 인생관, 정신적 생활 내용을 위한 투쟁, 삶의 의미와 가치
러디어드 키플링	1907	정글 북
조수에 카르두치	1906	레비아 그라비아
헨릭 시엔키에비치	1905	쿠오 바디스
프레데리크 미스트랄	1904	미레유,
호세 에체가라이 이 에이자기레	1904	광인인가 성인인가
비욘스제른 비외른손	1903	행운아, 파산
테오도어 몸젠	1902	로마 연대학, 로마화폐제도사
르네 쉴리 프뤼돔	1901	정의, 행복

이토록 많은 작품 중에 내가 읽은 것은 겨우 10여 권에 불과하다는 사실에 실망했다.  

그러나 이 리스트에 있는 책들을 한 권씩 한 권씩 가능하면 원서로 읽어가는 것을 목표로 삼으리라! 

 

바라건대 언젠가는 이 리스트에 우리나라 작가의 이름도 등재되는 날이 왔으면 좋겠다.  

우리 문학이 담고 있는 한글의 맛을, 그 감성을, 그 섬세함을 과연 번역이 얼마나 커버해 줄 수 있을지?  

영문학도로서 그 점을 생각하면 정말 안타깝기 그지 없지만 말이다. 

※ 112명 가운데 동양인은 고작 6명이고, 대부분 유럽인과 북미 쪽 사람이군요.
터키 작가 한 사람이 있는데, 그는 동양인이 아니라 유럽인으로 판단하였습니다. 

The Nobel Prize in Literature 2013

Alice Munro

"master of the contemporary short story"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 2012

Mo Yan

"who with hallucinatory realism merges folk tales, history and the contemporary"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 2011

Tomas Tranströmer

"because, through his condensed, translucent images, he gives us fresh access to reality"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 2010

Mario Vargas Llosa

"for his cartography of structures of power and his trenchant images of the individual's resistance, revolt, and defeat"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 2009

Herta Müller

"who, with the concentration of poetry and the frankness of prose, depicts the landscape of the dispossessed"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 2008

Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio

"author of new departures, poetic adventure and sensual ecstasy, explorer of a humanity beyond and below the reigning civilization"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 2007

Doris Lessing

"that epicist of the female experience, who with scepticism, fire and visionary power has subjected a divided civilisation to scrutiny"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 2006

Orhan Pamuk

"who in the quest for the melancholic soul of his native city has discovered new symbols for the clash and interlacing of cultures"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 2005

Harold Pinter

"who in his plays uncovers the precipice under everyday prattle and forces entry into oppression's closed rooms"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 2004

Elfriede Jelinek

"for her musical flow of voices and counter-voices in novels and plays that with extraordinary linguistic zeal reveal the absurdity of society's clichés and their subjugating power"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 2003

John M. Coetzee

"who in innumerable guises portrays the surprising involvement of the outsider"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 2002

Imre Kertész

"for writing that upholds the fragile experience of the individual against the barbaric arbitrariness of history"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 2001

Sir Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul

"for having united perceptive narrative and incorruptible scrutiny in works that compel us to see the presence of suppressed histories"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 2000

Gao Xingjian

"for an æuvre of universal validity, bitter insights and linguistic ingenuity, which has opened new paths for the Chinese novel and drama"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1999

Günter Grass

"whose frolicsome black fables portray the forgotten face of history"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1998

José Saramago

"who with parables sustained by imagination, compassion and irony continually enables us once again to apprehend an elusory reality"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1997

Dario Fo

"who emulates the jesters of the Middle Ages in scourging authority and upholding the dignity of the downtrodden"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1996

Wislawa Szymborska

"for poetry that with ironic precision allows the historical and biological context to come to light in fragments of human reality"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1995

Seamus Heaney

"for works of lyrical beauty and ethical depth, which exalt everyday miracles and the living past"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1994

Kenzaburo Oe

"who with poetic force creates an imagined world, where life and myth condense to form a disconcerting picture of the human predicament today"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1993

Toni Morrison

"who in novels characterized by visionary force and poetic import, gives life to an essential aspect of American reality"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1992

Derek Walcott

"for a poetic oeuvre of great luminosity, sustained by a historical vision, the outcome of a multicultural commitment"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1991

Nadine Gordimer

"who through her magnificent epic writing has - in the words of Alfred Nobel - been of very great benefit to humanity"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1990

Octavio Paz

"for impassioned writing with wide horizons, characterized by sensuous intelligence and humanistic integrity"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1989

Camilo José Cela

"for a rich and intensive prose, which with restrained compassion forms a challenging vision of man's vulnerability"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1988

Naguib Mahfouz

"who, through works rich in nuance - now clear-sightedly realistic, now evocatively ambiguous - has formed an Arabian narrative art that applies to all mankind"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1987

Joseph Brodsky

"for an all-embracing authorship, imbued with clarity of thought and poetic intensity"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1986

Wole Soyinka

"who in a wide cultural perspective and with poetic overtones fashions the drama of existence"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1985

Claude Simon

"who in his novel combines the poet's and the painter's creativeness with a deepened awareness of time in the depiction of the human condition"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1984

Jaroslav Seifert

"for his poetry which endowed with freshness, sensuality and rich inventiveness provides a liberating image of the indomitable spirit and versatility of man"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1983

William Golding

"for his novels which, with the perspicuity of realistic narrative art and the diversity and universality of myth, illuminate the human condition in the world of today"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1982

Gabriel García Márquez

"for his novels and short stories, in which the fantastic and the realistic are combined in a richly composed world of imagination, reflecting a continent's life and conflicts"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1981

Elias Canetti

"for writings marked by a broad outlook, a wealth of ideas and artistic power"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1980

Czeslaw Milosz

"who with uncompromising clear-sightedness voices man's exposed condition in a world of severe conflicts"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1979

Odysseus Elytis

"for his poetry, which, against the background of Greek tradition, depicts with sensuous strength and intellectual clear-sightedness modern man's struggle for freedom and creativeness"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1978

Isaac Bashevis Singer

"for his impassioned narrative art which, with roots in a Polish-Jewish cultural tradition, brings universal human conditions to life"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1977

Vicente Aleixandre

"for a creative poetic writing which illuminates man's condition in the cosmos and in present-day society, at the same time representing the great renewal of the traditions of Spanish poetry between the wars"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1976

Saul Bellow

"for the human understanding and subtle analysis of contemporary culture that are combined in his work"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1975

Eugenio Montale

"for his distinctive poetry which, with great artistic sensitivity, has interpreted human values under the sign of an outlook on life with no illusions"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1974

Eyvind Johnson

"for a narrative art, far-seeing in lands and ages, in the service of freedom"

Harry Martinson

"for writings that catch the dewdrop and reflect the cosmos"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1973

Patrick White

"for an epic and psychological narrative art which has introduced a new continent into literature"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1972

Heinrich Böll

"for his writing which through its combination of a broad perspective on his time and a sensitive skill in characterization has contributed to a renewal of German literature"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1971

Pablo Neruda

"for a poetry that with the action of an elemental force brings alive a continent's destiny and dreams"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1970

Aleksandr Isayevich Solzhenitsyn

"for the ethical force with which he has pursued the indispensable traditions of Russian literature"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1969

Samuel Beckett

"for his writing, which - in new forms for the novel and drama - in the destitution of modern man acquires its elevation"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1968

Yasunari Kawabata

"for his narrative mastery, which with great sensibility expresses the essence of the Japanese mind"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1967

Miguel Angel Asturias

"for his vivid literary achievement, deep-rooted in the national traits and traditions of Indian peoples of Latin America"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1966

Shmuel Yosef Agnon

"for his profoundly characteristic narrative art with motifs from the life of the Jewish people"

Nelly Sachs

"for her outstanding lyrical and dramatic writing, which interprets Israel's destiny with touching strength"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1965

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

"for the artistic power and integrity with which, in his epic of the Don, he has given expression‎ to a historic phase in the life of the Russian people"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1964

Jean-Paul Sartre

"for his work which, rich in ideas and filled with the spirit of freedom and the quest for truth, has exerted a far-reaching influence on our age"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1963

Giorgos Seferis

"for his eminent lyrical writing, inspired by a deep feeling for the Hellenic world of culture"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1962

John Steinbeck

"for his realistic and imaginative writings, combining as they do sympathetic humour and keen social perception"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1961

Ivo Andric

"for the epic force with which he has traced themes and depicted human destinies drawn from the history of his country"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1960

Saint-John Perse

"for the soaring flight and the evocative imagery of his poetry which in a visionary fashion reflects the conditions of our time"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1959

Salvatore Quasimodo

"for his lyrical poetry, which with classical fire expresses the tragic experience of life in our own times"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1958

Boris Leonidovich Pasternak

"for his important achievement both in contemporary lyrical poetry and in the field of the great Russian epic tradition"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1957

Albert Camus

"for his important literary production, which with clear-sighted earnestness illuminates the problems of the human conscience in our times"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1956

Juan Ramón Jiménez

"for his lyrical poetry, which in Spanish language constitutes an example of high spirit and artistical purity"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1955

Halldór Kiljan Laxness

"for his vivid epic power which has renewed the great narrative art of Iceland"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1954

Ernest Miller Hemingway

"for his mastery of the art of narrative, most recently demonstrated in The Old Man and the Sea, and for the influence that he has exerted on contemporary style"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1953

Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill

"for his mastery of historical and biographical description as well as for brilliant oratory in defending exalted human values"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1952

François Mauriac

"for the deep spiritual insight and the artistic intensity with which he has in his novels penetrated the drama of human life"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1951

Pär Fabian Lagerkvist

"for the artistic vigour and true independence of mind with which he endeavours in his poetry to find answers to the eternal questions confronting mankind"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1950

Earl (Bertrand Arthur William) Russell

"in recognition of his varied and significant writings in which he champions humanitarian ideals and freedom of thought"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1949

William Faulkner

"for his powerful and artistically unique contribution to the modern American novel"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1948

Thomas Stearns Eliot

"for his outstanding, pioneer contribution to present-day poetry"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1947

André Paul Guillaume Gide

"for his comprehensive and artistically significant writings, in which human problems and conditions have been presented with a fearless love of truth and keen psychological insight"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1946

Hermann Hesse

"for his inspired writings which, while growing in boldness and penetration, exemplify the classical humanitarian ideals and high qualities of style"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1945

Gabriela Mistral

"for her lyric poetry which, inspired by powerful emotions, has made her name a symbol of the idealistic aspirations of the entire Latin American world"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1944

Johannes Vilhelm Jensen

"for the rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination with which is combined an intellectual curiosity of wide scope and a bold, freshly creative style"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1943

No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1942

No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1941

No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1940

No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1939

Frans Eemil Sillanpää

"for his deep understanding of his country's peasantry and the exquisite art with which he has portrayed their way of life and their relationship with Nature"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1938

Pearl Buck

"for her rich and truly epic descriptions of peasant life in China and for her biographical masterpieces"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1937

Roger Martin du Gard

"for the artistic power and truth with which he has depicted human conflict as well as some fundamental aspects of contemporary life in his novel-cycle Les Thibault"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1936

Eugene Gladstone O'Neill

"for the power, honesty and deep-felt emotions of his dramatic works, which embody an original concept of tragedy"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1935

No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1934

Luigi Pirandello

"for his bold and ingenious revival of dramatic and scenic art"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1933

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

"for the strict artistry with which he has carried on the classical Russian traditions in prose writing"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1932

John Galsworthy

"for his distinguished art of narration which takes its highest form in The Forsyte Saga"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1931

Erik Axel Karlfeldt

"The poetry of Erik Axel Karlfeldt"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1930

Sinclair Lewis

"for his vigorous and graphic art of description and his ability to create, with wit and humour, new types of characters"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1929

Thomas Mann

"principally for his great novel, Buddenbrooks, which has won steadily increased recognition as one of the classic works of contemporary literature"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1928

Sigrid Undset

"principally for her powerful descriptions of Northern life during the Middle Ages"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1927

Henri Bergson

"in recognition of his rich and vitalizing ideas and the brilliant skill with which they have been presented"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1926

Grazia Deledda

"for her idealistically inspired writings which with plastic clarity picture the life on her native island and with depth and sympathy deal with human problems in general"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1925

George Bernard Shaw

"for his work which is marked by both idealism and humanity, its stimulating satire often being infused with a singular poetic beauty"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1924

Wladyslaw Stanislaw Reymont

"for his great national epic, The Peasants"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1923

William Butler Yeats

"for his always inspired poetry, which in a highly artistic form gives expression‎ to the spirit of a whole nation"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1922

Jacinto Benavente

"for the happy manner in which he has continued the illustrious traditions of the Spanish drama"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1921

Anatole France

"in recognition of his brilliant literary achievements, characterized as they are by a nobility of style, a profound human sympathy, grace, and a true Gallic temperament"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1920

Knut Pedersen Hamsun

"for his monumental work, Growth of the Soil"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1919

Carl Friedrich Georg Spitteler

"in special appreciation of his epic, Olympian Spring"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1918

No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1917

Karl Adolph Gjellerup

"for his varied and rich poetry, which is inspired by lofty ideals"

Henrik Pontoppidan

"for his authentic descriptions of present-day life in Denmark"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1916

Carl Gustaf Verner von Heidenstam

"in recognition of his significance as the leading representative of a new era in our literature"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1915

Romain Rolland

"as a tribute to the lofty idealism of his literary production and to the sympathy and love of truth with which he has described different types of human beings"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1914

No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1913

Rabindranath Tagore

"because of his profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful verse, by which, with consummate skill, he has made his poetic thought, expressed in his own English words, a part of the literature of the West"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1912

Gerhart Johann Robert Hauptmann

"primarily in recognition of his fruitful, varied and outstanding production in the realm of dramatic art"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1911

Count Maurice (Mooris) Polidore Marie Bernhard Maeterlinck

"in appreciation of his many-sided literary activities, and especially of his dramatic works, which are distinguished by a wealth of imagination and by a poetic fancy, which reveals, sometimes in the guise of a fairy tale, a deep inspiration, while in a mysterious way they appeal to the readers' own feelings and stimulate their imaginations"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1910

Paul Johann Ludwig Heyse

"as a tribute to the consummate artistry, permeated with idealism, which he has demonstrated during his long productive career as a lyric poet, dramatist, novelist and writer of world-renowned short stories"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1909

Selma Ottilia Lovisa Lagerlöf

"in appreciation of the lofty idealism, vivid imagination and spiritual perception that characterize her writings"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1908

Rudolf Christoph Eucken

"in recognition of his earnest search for truth, his penetrating power of thought, his wide range of vision, and the warmth and strength in presentation with which in his numerous works he has vindicated and developed an idealistic philosophy of life"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1907

Rudyard Kipling

"in consideration of the power of observation, originality of imagination, virility of ideas and remarkable talent for narration which characterize the creations of this world-famous author"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1906

Giosuè Carducci

"not only in consideration of his deep learning and critical research, but above all as a tribute to the creative energy, freshness of style, and lyrical force which characterize his poetic masterpieces"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1905

Henryk Sienkiewicz

"because of his outstanding merits as an epic writer"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1904

Frédéric Mistral

"in recognition of the fresh originality and true inspiration of his poetic production, which faithfully reflects the natural scenery and native spirit of his people, and, in addition, his significant work as a Provençal philologist"

José Echegaray y Eizaguirre

"in recognition of the numerous and brilliant compositions which, in an individual and original manner, have revived the great traditions of the Spanish drama"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1903

Bjørnstjerne Martinus Bjørnson

"as a tribute to his noble, magnificent and versatile poetry, which has always been distinguished by both the freshness of its inspiration and the rare purity of its spirit"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1902

Christian Matthias Theodor Mommsen

"the greatest living master of the art of historical writing, with special reference to his monumental work, A history of Rome"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1901

Sully Prudhomme

"in special recognition of his poetic composition, which gives evidence of lofty idealism, artistic perfection and a rare combination of the qualities of both heart and intellect"

한국방송통신대학교 영어영문학과 4학년