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워즈워스 시 속 자연 그의 작품에 자연을 주제로 한 시가 많은 것은 당연하지만, 그중에도 「나는 구름처럼 외롭게 떠돌았었네」의 자연 묘사는 널리 회자(膾炙)되는 시이다. 필요 없는 일인 듯도 하지만, 이것을 번역해본다.
이 시는 단순하고 소박한 그리고 자명한 시라고 할 수 있다. 그러나 조금 달리 보면, 과장된 감도 없지 않다. 가령 물가에 핀 수선화가 만(萬) 포기쯤 된다는 것도 그렇고 “별들”과 같다는 것도 그렇다. (번역에서는 원문의 “만”을 “천 개 만 개”라고 했는데, 음조 때문이기도 하지만, 한문에서 ‘만[萬]’이 흔히 ‘수없이 많다’는 뜻을 갖기 때문이다.) 그러나 여기에서 과장은 그 나름으로 의미가 없지 아니하다. 수없이 많다는 것은 온 세계가 그러한 꽃으로 덮인 듯하다는 의미를 갖기도 하고, 그것을 다시 별에 비교한 것은 하늘의 별이 흔히 우주의 영원함을 상징한다는 것을 생각할 때, 수선화를 이에 연결하려는 것이라고 할 수도 있다. 이렇게 보면, 여기의 수선화는 우주 또는 세계가 간직하고 있는 아름다움의 상징이 된다. (이러한 상징화는—시인의 관점에서이든지 독자의 관점에서이든지—시의 직접적인 감흥을 감소시킨다. 그러나 이 시의 특징은 이러한 상징적 과정이 오히려 우리로 하여금 수선화의 싱싱한 아름다움을 더 강하게 느끼게 한다는 점이라 할 수 있다.) 이러한 상징적 함의에 비슷하게, 마지막 연이 말하고 있는 것도 이 시 또는 이야기된 경험으로 하여금 보다 확장된 의미를 가지게 한다. 수선화를 본 경험은 그것으로 그치지 않고 기억 속에 남아서 우울하거나 멍한 상태의 심정을 밝게 해준다고 시인은 말한다. 자연이 주는 기쁨의 순간은 사람의 삶에 있어서 지속적으로 마음을 밝게 해주는 원천이 된다. 자연의 아름다움은 사실 인간의 삶을 밝게 해주고 의미 있는 것이 되게 한다. 많은 방황이 있을 수밖에 없는 삶—구름처럼 외롭게 떠도는 삶에서도 자연의 아름다움은 인간에게 커다란, 변함없는 위로의 원천이 된다. 「나는 외롭게 구름처럼 떠돌았었네」라는 시의 큰 의미는 이렇다고 할 수 있다.
자연에 대한 사랑과 정신적 가치 워즈워스의 또 하나의 다른 시에 의하면, 자연에 대한 사랑은 사람으로 하여금 모든 정신적인 가치—“고요함과 아름다움을 마음에 각인(刻印)하고, 고귀한 생각들을 흡수하게 한다.” 그리하여 “험담과 지나치게 급한 판단과 이기적 인간의 비웃음, 친절한 마음이 결여된 인사, 나날의 삶의 지루한 인간관계”로부터 우리를 지켜준다. 그리고 그런 세상에서도 “우리가 보는 모든 것이 축복이라는 믿음”을 잃지 않게 한다. 그럼으로 “고독한 산보 길에서 달빛이 그대를 향해 빛나고/ 안개 낀 산들에서 불어오는 바람이 그대에게 불어 오게 하라.” 그러면 “그대의 마음은 아름다운 형상의 궁전이 되고/ 그대의 기억은 모든 고운 소리와 화음들의 거주처가 되리니……” 워즈워스는 그이 누이에게 그리고 모은 사람들에게 이렇게 충고한다.(「틴턴 사원에서 수 마일 떨어진 곳에서 작성한 시행[詩行]」) 아름다운 자연에서 나고 자라고 사는 사람에게는 자연의 영향은 특히 거대할 수밖에 없다. 자연의 의미에 대한 그의 생각들은 호수 지역의 풍부한 자연 속에서 자란 워즈워스 자신의 경험에서 나오는 것이다. 그의 자전(自傳) 시 「전주곡—시인의 마음의 성장」은 자연의 경험에 기초하여 성장하게 된 그의 마음을 길게 이야기하고 있는 서사시이다. 특히 그 첫 부분은 이러한 마음이 어떻게 어릴 때부터 생겨나게 되었는가를 여러 가지로 설명한다. 시는 자연이 주는 해방감을 높이 이야기함으로써 시작한다.
시인은 이렇게 자유인이 되었음을 말하고, 이제는 골짜기가 있고, 숲이 있고, 부드러운 냇물이 흐르는 곳이면 아무 데에나 자리를 정하겠다고 한다. 그에게 감옥과 같았던 도시는 런던이다. 런던은 산업화의 중심이었다. 그러나 그것은 워즈워스에게 그 외의 더 많은 것을 상징한다. 프랑스 혁명은 그에게 중요한 이념적 의미를 가지고 있었다. 대학을 졸업한 후 방문하고 체재한 프랑스에서 그는 프랑스 혁명에 깊은 공감을 느꼈다. 개인적으로도 일생의 회한의 원인이 되었던, 프랑스 여성과의 관계를 가졌다. 그리고 물론 이러한 방황과 탐색의 여정에서 그가 확인하게 된 것은 시인으로서의 사명감이었다. 「전주곡」의 첫 부분에서 그가 생각한 것은 일단 역사적으로 위대했던 영웅을 주인공으로 하는 서사시를 쓰겠다는 것이었다. 그러나 그것이 진정한 의미에서 그의 삶의 진실에서 나오는 것이 아님을 그는 안다. 그에게 핵심적인 것은 그의 성장의 배경이 되었던 자연의 체험과 가르침이다. 그것을 시로 말하는 것이야말로 그의 시적 사명을 수행하는 일이다. 위의 시구에서의 “도시”는, 위에 말한 바와 같이, 런던을 말하는 것이면서 동시에, 시의 자전적 서술들이 펼쳐 보이는바, 그의 젊음을 유혹했던 여러 사회적, 정치적, 이념적 생활의 모습들을 집약해서 말한 것이다. 그는 이제 이러한 것을 뒤에 버리고 고향으로 돌아온 것이다. 그리고 고향에서 성장할 때의 자연의 체험과 교훈을 이야기하기 시작한다. 이제 자유인이 되어, 완전한 토지의 인간이 되지는 않더라도, “적어도 초야(草野)의 물을 마시고, 푸른 푸성귀를 뽑고/ 열매를 직접 나무에서 따리라”고 한다. 그에 못지않게 중요한 것은 그러한 작은 일들에서 성스러운 기쁨을 얻는 것이다. 몸에 불어오는 바람은 그러한 기쁨을 가져오고, 동시에 마음 속에 큰 정신적 깨달음을 가져온다. 그리하여 마음속으로부터, “순순한 열정과, 덕성과 지식과 기쁨”이 어떤 것인가를 알게 된다. 이러한 것을 알게 되는 경위가 바로 자연 속에서 자란 그의 삶의 의미이다.
순진무구한 즐거움에 함께하는 두려움 그러나 워즈워스가 말하는 성장기의 삶은 단순히 즐겁기만 한 것은 아니었다. 그것은 순진무구한 즐거움과 함께 위험과 두려움 그리고 엄격하고 엄숙한 도덕적 교훈을 포함하는 것이었다. 다섯 살이 되었을 때, 그는 하루 내내 강물에 들어가 헤엄치고, 햇볕 쪼이고, 깊은 숲과 높은 산봉우리들이 청동색의 빛에 잠길 때, 하늘 아래 벌거벗은 “야만의 소년”으로서 홀로 서 있곤 했다. 아홉 살이 되었을 때는 높은 산골을 홀로 헤매고 가을 서리 속에 크로커스가 시들어 꺾이는 것을 보았다. 산골의 소년 그는 덫을 어깨에 메고 새 둥지를 뒤지고 다녔는데, 어떤 날에는 한밤중 남이 잡아놓은 새를 훔치기도 했다. 그때 그는 사람이 없는 깊은 산에서 숨소리가 나고 그 소리가 그를 좇아오는 것을 느꼈다. 어떤 때, 그는 높은 벼랑에 풀뿌리를 잡고 위태롭게 매달려 산새의 새끼들을 뒤져냈다. 그때도 약탈범 소년은 이상한 소리를 들었다. 이러한 경험 가운데 가장 길게 이야기되어 있는 것은 한밤중에 남의 보트를 훔쳐 타고 강물을 따라 내려간 일이었다. 강을 따라 배를 저어 가다가 그는 홀연 앞에 거대한 산머리가 보이고, 마치 살아 있는 존재처럼 그 산머리가 그를 따라오는 것을 본다. 그는 떨리는 손으로 배를 저어 배를 돌리고 버드나무 아래 원래의 자리로 배를 갖다 놓는다. 그의 마음에는 그때의 거대한 산봉우리의 모습이 계속 남아 있게 된다. 그는 세상에는 거대한 형상의 존재가 살아 있어서 그의 꿈을 어지럽게 한다고 느낀다. 그가 깨닫게 되는 것은 자연 속에 숨어 있는 우주의 원리이다. 워즈워스는 그것을 다음과 같이 말한다.
이것은 보다 일상적인 자연 경험에서도 느낄 수 있는 것이다. 골짜기로 안개가 내려오면서 대낮의 외로운 풍경이 한결 더 외로워지고, 여름밤의 정적 속에서 홀로 호숫가를 따라 집으로 돌아갈 때, 자연이 전해주는 것은 이러한 자연의 정신적 의미이다. 조금 앞 부분에서 워즈워스는 아름다움과 두려움이 섞인 자연—그리고 삶의 역정의 역학을 이렇게 요약한다. “사람의 마음은 음악의 숨결과/ 화음과 같다. 부조화의 요소들을 /하나가 되게 하여 같은 어울림에 있게 하는/ 보이지 않는 어두운 움직임이 마음에 있다.” 2
인공지능 로봇과 관조 그리고 향수 가령 어떤 사람이 어떤 곳에 출석하였는가는 알겠지만, 출석하지 않았다는 것을 알겠는가 하는 것을 질문하였다. 출석은 알아도 불출석ㆍ부재를 알겠는가 하는 것이었다. 명단이 있었다면, 명단으로 출석 여부를 점검할 수는 있을는지 모른다. 그러나 그러한 플러스의 정보가 없이 그것이 가능하겠는가? 내가 찾고 있는 사람이 집에 없어서, 다른 곳을 둘러보며 그것을 알아보려고 하는 경우 그 부재를 알 수 있을까? 여기에서 사람을 찾게 하는 동기가 어떤 사실에 관계된 것이 아니고 우정이나 친분이라고 할 때, 그러한 막연한 감정이 로봇에 일어나게 할 수 있을까? 또는 어떤 공간이 고요하기 짝이 없었다고 상정하자. 이 소리의 부재가 로봇에 의하여 인지될 수 있을까? 특히 그 고요함에 정서적인 요소가 첨가되었다고 할 때—가령, 그것이 도시의 소음(騷音)에 비하여, 안정과 평화, 먼 공간의 열림, 그리고 우주의 엄숙함을 느끼게 하는 것이라고 할 때, 로봇이 그러한 고요 그리고 고요함의 형이상학적 울림을 느낄 수 있을까? 사실적 기억에 있어서 로봇은 인간의 자연스러운 기억을 능가할 수 있을 것이다. 그러나 그 기억이 이 순간의 사실 인지를 다르게 하고 기억의 움직임 그리고 기억 소유자의 인간됨을 다르게 할 수 있을까? 여러 다른 경험의 요소들—서로 갈등하고 모순되는 요소들을 하나로 하여 인격적 종합을 수행하고 그것으로 스스로의 정체성을 수정하고 새롭게 하는 그러한 마음이 로봇에게 있을 것인가? 수선화를 보고 이것을 별들에 연결하고 또 잃어버린 시간 속에서 다시 의미 깊은 울림을 갖는 정신적 체험이 되게 하는 심성을 가진 로봇이 만들어질 수 있을 것인가? 어쩌면 이 모든 것이 이해타산의 인수(因數)로 환원될 때, 그것은 로봇의 두뇌 속에 저장될 수 있을는지 모른다. 그러나 그것들은 순수한 관조와 그에 따르는 아름다움의 향수에 기여하지는 못할 것이 아닌가. 이렇게 말하는 것은 로봇을 비하하고 그 개발을 부정적으로 보자는 것이 아니다. 발달된 로봇은 인간 생활을 더 풍부히 하고, 또 그것에 혁명적 새 전망을 가져올 수도 있을 것이다. 다만 우려되는 것은, 우리의 상식적 의식 속에 침투하여 있는 이해(利害)와 기술의 세계관이 인간에 대한 우리의 이해를 왜곡할 수 있다는 사실이다. 이러한 가능성—이미 시작된 가능성에 대하여, 위에서 워즈워스의 시를 말해본 것은 감각 경험과 그에 대한 기억과 그것들의 누적이 인간됨에 대하여 가지게 되는 형성적 의미를 생각해보자는 것이었다. 출처: 열린연단> 문화의 안과 밖> 마음의 형성 그리고 인조인간> 시와 자연, 인공지능 시대 중 ■ 김우창(1937년 12월 17일생) 1958년 서울대학교 영문과 졸업 1961년 미 코넬대 영문학 석사 1975년 미국 하버드대 문학박사 1963년-1974년 서울대학교 영문과 전임강사/조교수 1974년-2002년 고려대학교 영문과 교수 2000년 고려대학교 대학원장 2003년~ 고려대학교 명예교수 2008년~ 이화여대 석좌교수 2006년~ 예술원 회원 2003년 녹조근정훈장
"김우창 명예교수는 한국 지성계에서 가장 장중한 아우라를 거느린 사상가로 평가받아 왔다. 그는 영문학자로서 국문학 작품들에 대한 비평적 활동을 통해 국문학계의 민족주의적 경향과 낭만주의적 경향을 뛰어넘는 지성적 문학담론을 창출했고, 문학과 철학을 오가는 독특한 학문스타일로 묵직한 인문학적 에세이들을 써왔다." (출처: 교수신문)
"김우창 명예교수는 국내에서 손꼽히는 최고의 인문학자이며, 인간사에 대한 깊은 성찰로 존경받는 시대의 어른이다. 그는 2014년 10년 전부터 써내려온 ‘마음의 생태학’의 강연 원고를 기반으로 500여 페이지에 달하는 『깊은 마음의 생태학』을 펴냈다. 오랜 시간 현대 서구 철학을 연구한 후 집대성한 소중한 보물이다. 문광훈 문학교수는 이 책을 ‘사유의 뿌리를 찾아 떠나는 전통 심학의 현대적 재구성’으로 정의한다. 이 속에는 우리가 한 번쯤 들어봤을 법한 서양 철학에 대한 정밀한 체계화가 담겨있다. 그는 책을 통해 외면은 풍요로워 졌으나 사유를 잃어버린 세대가 당면한 내면의 공허를 뼈아프게 진단한다. 사유의 깊이가 무너진 사회 안에서 이성과 윤리를 단단히 세워 깊은 마음의 심을 되찾을 것을 강조한다." (출처: 『깊은 마음의 생태학』김우창 저자와의 만남 중) 저서: 궁핍한 시대의 시인(1977), 지상의 척도(1981), 심미적 이성의 탐구(1992), 시인의 보석, 법 없는 길, 이성적 사회를 향하여, 김우창 전집 전 5권(1993), 체념의 조형(2013), 깊은 마음의 생태학(2014), 역서 '비의 왕 핸더슨'(1971), '가을에 부처'(1976), '나, 후안 데 파레하'(2008), 칼럼집 '시대의 흐름에 서서'(2005), 성찰(2011), 미술 에세이집 '풍경과 마음'(2003), 인문 에세이집 '자유와 인간적인 삶'(2007), 정의와 정의의 조건(2008), 인문 강연집 '기이한 생각의 바다'(2013) 등 가족: 아들 김민형 (세계적으로 저명한 수학자, 옥스퍼드대 교수) I wandered lonely as a cloud By William Wordsworth (나는 외롭게 구름처럼 떠돌았었네)
나는 외롭게 구름처럼 떠돌았었네 —골짜기와 언덕 위에 뜬 구름처럼. 그러다가 나는 홀연 보았네, 한 무리의 금빛 수선화를, 호숫가, 나무들 아래, 산들바람에 너울거리며 무리 져 있는.
은하수 안에서 서로 맞으며 반짝이는 별들처럼, 수선화는 한없는 물가로 뻗어 있었네. 한눈에 보았네, 천 개, 만 개의 꽃들 머리를 휘돌리며, 명랑하게 춤을 추는 듯.
꽃들 곁에 물결도 춤을 췄지만. 꽃들의 기쁜 춤은 그보다 더 빛났지. 시인이 이에 어찌 기쁘지 않겠는가? 그 기쁨의 벗들 사이에서. 보고 또 보았지만, 그때 알지 못했네. 춤 모습이 어떤 부(富)를 안겨 준 것인지.
우울한 마음으로, 또는 멍한 마음으로 긴 의자에 누워 있노라면, 얼마나 자주, 그 수선화가 환하게 밝아 오는지, 내면의 눈, 홀로 있음의 축복인 내면의 눈에. 그때면, 내 가슴은 즐거움으로 차고 수선화와 더불어 춤을 춘다네.
I wandered lonely as a cloud
I wandered lonely as a cloud That floats on high o'er vales and hills, When all at once I saw a crowd, A host of golden daffodils; Beside the lake, beneath the trees, Fluttering and dancing in the breeze.
Continuous as the stars that shine and twinkle on the Milky Way, They stretched in never-ending line along the margin of a bay: Ten thousand saw I at a glance, tossing their heads in sprightly dance.
The waves beside them danced; but they Out-did the sparkling waves in glee: A poet could not but be gay, in such a jocund company: I gazed—and gazed—but little thought what wealth the show to me had brought:
For oft, when on my couch I lie In vacant or in pensive mood, They flash upon that inward eye Which is the bliss of solitude; And then my heart with pleasure fills, And dances with the daffodils. THE PRELUDE
BOOK FIRST
INTRODUCTION—CHILDHOOD AND SCHOOL-TIME
by William Wordsworth
푸른 들녘과 구름과 하늘에서 불어오는 부드러운 바람이여! 아, 바람은 내 볼을 스치고, 스스로가 가져오는 기쁨을 스스로도 반은 아는 듯. 아 반가운 사자(使者)여! 벗이여! 사로잡힌 포로가 그대를 맞이하노라, 가둠의 집, 저 도시의 벽에서 풀려나, 오랫동안 가두고 있던 감옥에서 풀려나, 이제야 나는 자유롭고 자유민이 되고 넓은 세상으로 풀려났나니. (중략)
OH there is blessing in this gentle breeze, A visitant that while it fans my cheek Doth seem half-conscious of the joy it brings From the green fields, and from yon azure sky. Whate'er its mission, the soft breeze can come To none more grateful than to me; escaped From the vast city, where I long had pined A discontented sojourner: now free, (중략)
우주의 지혜와 정신이여! (참고: 생략된 위 詩 400행임) 영원의 사고이기도 한 그대 영혼이여! 형상과 이미지에 숨결을 주고 사라지지 않는 움직임을 주는 영혼. 그것은 부질없는 일이 아니니. 나의 어린 시절의 새벽부터 한낮에나 별빛 비치는 밤에나 그대는 나에게 우리 영혼을 형성하는 정열들을 쌓아 주었다. 인간이 만든 천하고 속된 물건이 아니라 고귀한 사물들, 오랜 사물들로써. 생명과 자연으로써—감정과 생각의 요인들을 순수하게 하고 성스럽게 하고, 그 기율로써 고통과 두려움으로써. 그리하여 우리의 심장의 박동 안에 있는 위대함의 의미를 알 수 있도록. (414행)
Wisdom and Spirit of the universe! (400행) Thou Soul that art the eternity of thought That givest to forms and images a breath And everlasting motion, not in vain By day or star-light thus from my first dawn Of childhood didst thou intertwine for me The passions that build up our human soul; Not with the mean and vulgar works of man, But with high objects, with enduring things-- With life and nature—purifying thus (410행) The elements of feeling and of thought, And sanctifying, by such discipline, Both pain and fear, until we recognise A grandeur in the beatings of the heart. (414행) THE PRELUDE
BOOK FIRST
INTRODUCTION--CHILDHOOD AND SCHOOL-TIME OH there is blessing in this gentle breeze, A visitant that while it fans my cheek Doth seem half-conscious of the joy it brings From the green fields, and from yon azure sky. Whate'er its mission, the soft breeze can come To none more grateful than to me; escaped From the vast city, where I long had pined A discontented sojourner: now free, Free as a bird to settle where I will. What dwelling shall receive me? in what vale 10 Shall be my harbour? underneath what grove Shall I take up my home? and what clear stream Shall with its murmur lull me into rest? The earth is all before me. With a heart Joyous, nor scared at its own liberty, I look about; and should the chosen guide Be nothing better than a wandering cloud, I cannot miss my way. I breathe again! Trances of thought and mountings of the mind Come fast upon me: it is shaken off, 20 That burthen of my own unnatural self, The heavy weight of many a weary day Not mine, and such as were not made for me. Long months of peace (if such bold word accord With any promises of human life), Long months of ease and undisturbed delight Are mine in prospect; whither shall I turn, By road or pathway, or through trackless field, Up hill or down, or shall some floating thing Upon the river point me out my course? 30
Dear Liberty! Yet what would it avail But for a gift that consecrates the joy? For I, methought, while the sweet breath of heaven Was blowing on my body, felt within A correspondent breeze, that gently moved With quickening virtue, but is now become A tempest, a redundant energy, Vexing its own creation. Thanks to both, And their congenial powers, that, while they join In breaking up a long-continued frost, 40 Bring with them vernal promises, the hope Of active days urged on by flying hours,-- Days of sweet leisure, taxed with patient thought Abstruse, nor wanting punctual service high, Matins and vespers of harmonious verse!
Thus far, O Friend! did I, not used to make A present joy the matter of a song, Pour forth that day my soul in measured strains That would not be forgotten, and are here Recorded: to the open fields I told 50 A prophecy: poetic numbers came Spontaneously to clothe in priestly robe A renovated spirit singled out, Such hope was mine, for holy services. My own voice cheered me, and, far more, the mind's Internal echo of the imperfect sound; To both I listened, drawing from them both A cheerful confidence in things to come.
Content and not unwilling now to give A respite to this passion, I paced on 60 With brisk and eager steps; and came, at length, To a green shady place, where down I sate Beneath a tree, slackening my thoughts by choice And settling into gentler happiness. 'Twas autumn, and a clear and placid day, With warmth, as much as needed, from a sun Two hours declined towards the west; a day With silver clouds, and sunshine on the grass, And in the sheltered and the sheltering grove A perfect stillness. Many were the thoughts 70 Encouraged and dismissed, till choice was made Of a known Vale, whither my feet should turn, Nor rest till they had reached the very door Of the one cottage which methought I saw. No picture of mere memory ever looked So fair; and while upon the fancied scene I gazed with growing love, a higher power Than Fancy gave assurance of some work Of glory there forthwith to be begun, Perhaps too there performed. Thus long I mused, 80 Nor e'er lost sight of what I mused upon, Save when, amid the stately grove of oaks, Now here, now there, an acorn, from its cup Dislodged, through sere leaves rustled, or at once To the bare earth dropped with a startling sound. From that soft couch I rose not, till the sun Had almost touched the horizon; casting then A backward glance upon the curling cloud Of city smoke, by distance ruralised; Keen as a Truant or a Fugitive, 90 But as a Pilgrim resolute, I took, Even with the chance equipment of that hour, The road that pointed toward the chosen Vale. It was a splendid evening, and my soul Once more made trial of her strength, nor lacked Aeolian visitations; but the harp Was soon defrauded, and the banded host Of harmony dispersed in straggling sounds, And lastly utter silence! "Be it so; Why think of anything but present good?" 100 So, like a home-bound labourer, I pursued My way beneath the mellowing sun, that shed Mild influence; nor left in me one wish Again to bend the Sabbath of that time To a servile yoke. What need of many words? A pleasant loitering journey, through three days Continued, brought me to my hermitage. I spare to tell of what ensued, the life In common things--the endless store of things, Rare, or at least so seeming, every day 110 Found all about me in one neighbourhood-- The self-congratulation, and, from morn To night, unbroken cheerfulness serene. But speedily an earnest longing rose To brace myself to some determined aim, Reading or thinking; either to lay up New stores, or rescue from decay the old By timely interference: and therewith Came hopes still higher, that with outward life I might endue some airy phantasies 120 That had been floating loose about for years, And to such beings temperately deal forth The many feelings that oppressed my heart. That hope hath been discouraged; welcome light Dawns from the east, but dawns to disappear And mock me with a sky that ripens not Into a steady morning: if my mind, Remembering the bold promise of the past, Would gladly grapple with some noble theme, Vain is her wish; where'er she turns she finds 130 Impediments from day to day renewed.
And now it would content me to yield up Those lofty hopes awhile, for present gifts Of humbler industry. But, oh, dear Friend! The Poet, gentle creature as he is, Hath, like the Lover, his unruly times; His fits when he is neither sick nor well, Though no distress be near him but his own Unmanageable thoughts: his mind, best pleased While she as duteous as the mother dove 140 Sits brooding, lives not always to that end, But like the innocent bird, hath goadings on That drive her as in trouble through the groves; With me is now such passion, to be blamed No otherwise than as it lasts too long.
When, as becomes a man who would prepare For such an arduous work, I through myself Make rigorous inquisition, the report Is often cheering; for I neither seem To lack that first great gift, the vital soul, 150 Nor general Truths, which are themselves a sort Of Elements and Agents, Under-powers, Subordinate helpers of the living mind: Nor am I naked of external things, Forms, images, nor numerous other aids Of less regard, though won perhaps with toil And needful to build up a Poet's praise. Time, place, and manners do I seek, and these Are found in plenteous store, but nowhere such As may be singled out with steady choice; 160 No little band of yet remembered names Whom I, in perfect confidence, might hope To summon back from lonesome banishment, And make them dwellers in the hearts of men Now living, or to live in future years. Sometimes the ambitious Power of choice, mistaking Proud spring-tide swellings for a regular sea, Will settle on some British theme, some old Romantic tale by Milton left unsung; More often turning to some gentle place 170 Within the groves of Chivalry, I pipe To shepherd swains, or seated harp in hand, Amid reposing knights by a river side Or fountain, listen to the grave reports Of dire enchantments faced and overcome By the strong mind, and tales of warlike feats, Where spear encountered spear, and sword with sword Fought, as if conscious of the blazonry That the shield bore, so glorious was the strife; Whence inspiration for a song that winds 180 Through ever-changing scenes of votive quest Wrongs to redress, harmonious tribute paid To patient courage and unblemished truth, To firm devotion, zeal unquenchable, And Christian meekness hallowing faithful loves. Sometimes, more sternly moved, I would relate How vanquished Mithridates northward passed, And, hidden in the cloud of years, became Odin, the Father of a race by whom Perished the Roman Empire: how the friends 190 And followers of Sertorius, out of Spain Flying, found shelter in the Fortunate Isles, And left their usages, their arts and laws, To disappear by a slow gradual death, To dwindle and to perish one by one, Starved in those narrow bounds: but not the soul Of Liberty, which fifteen hundred years Survived, and, when the European came With skill and power that might not be withstood, Did, like a pestilence, maintain its hold 200 And wasted down by glorious death that race Of natural heroes: or I would record How, in tyrannic times, some high-souled man, Unnamed among the chronicles of kings, Suffered in silence for Truth's sake: or tell, How that one Frenchman, through continued force Of meditation on the inhuman deeds Of those who conquered first the Indian Isles, Went single in his ministry across The Ocean; not to comfort the oppressed, 210 But, like a thirsty wind, to roam about Withering the Oppressor: how Gustavus sought Help at his need in Dalecarlia's mines: How Wallace fought for Scotland; left the name Of Wallace to be found, like a wild flower, All over his dear Country; left the deeds Of Wallace, like a family of Ghosts, To people the steep rocks and river banks, Her natural sanctuaries, with a local soul Of independence and stern liberty. 220 Sometimes it suits me better to invent A tale from my own heart, more near akin To my own passions and habitual thoughts; Some variegated story, in the main Lofty, but the unsubstantial structure melts Before the very sun that brightens it, Mist into air dissolving! Then a wish, My last and favourite aspiration, mounts With yearning toward some philosophic song Of Truth that cherishes our daily life; 230 With meditations passionate from deep Recesses in man's heart, immortal verse Thoughtfully fitted to the Orphean lyre; But from this awful burthen I full soon Take refuge and beguile myself with trust That mellower years will bring a riper mind And clearer insight. Thus my days are past In contradiction; with no skill to part Vague longing, haply bred by want of power, From paramount impulse not to be withstood, 240 A timorous capacity, from prudence, From circumspection, infinite delay. Humility and modest awe, themselves Betray me, serving often for a cloak To a more subtle selfishness; that now Locks every function up in blank reserve, Now dupes me, trusting to an anxious eye That with intrusive restlessness beats off Simplicity and self-presented truth. Ah! better far than this, to stray about 250 Voluptuously through fields and rural walks, And ask no record of the hours, resigned To vacant musing, unreproved neglect Of all things, and deliberate holiday. Far better never to have heard the name Of zeal and just ambition, than to live Baffled and plagued by a mind that every hour Turns recreant to her task; takes heart again, Then feels immediately some hollow thought Hang like an interdict upon her hopes. 260 This is my lot; for either still I find Some imperfection in the chosen theme, Or see of absolute accomplishment Much wanting, so much wanting, in myself, That I recoil and droop, and seek repose In listlessness from vain perplexity, Unprofitably travelling toward the grave, Like a false steward who hath much received And renders nothing back. Was it for this That one, the fairest of all rivers, loved 270 To blend his murmurs with my nurse's song, And, from his alder shades and rocky falls, And from his fords and shallows, sent a voice That flowed along my dreams? For this, didst thou, O Derwent! winding among grassy holms Where I was looking on, a babe in arms, Make ceaseless music that composed my thoughts To more than infant softness, giving me Amid the fretful dwellings of mankind A foretaste, a dim earnest, of the calm 280 That Nature breathes among the hills and groves.
When he had left the mountains and received On his smooth breast the shadow of those towers That yet survive, a shattered monument Of feudal sway, the bright blue river passed Along the margin of our terrace walk; A tempting playmate whom we dearly loved. Oh, many a time have I, a five years' child, In a small mill-race severed from his stream, Made one long bathing of a summer's day; 290 Basked in the sun, and plunged and basked again Alternate, all a summer's day, or scoured The sandy fields, leaping through flowery groves Of yellow ragwort; or, when rock and hill, The woods, and distant Skiddaw's lofty height, Were bronzed with deepest radiance, stood alone Beneath the sky, as if I had been born On Indian plains, and from my mother's hut Had run abroad in wantonness, to sport A naked savage, in the thunder shower. 300
Fair seed-time had my soul, and I grew up Fostered alike by beauty and by fear: Much favoured in my birth-place, and no less In that beloved Vale to which erelong We were transplanted;--there were we let loose For sports of wider range. Ere I had told Ten birth-days, when among the mountain slopes Frost, and the breath of frosty wind, had snapped The last autumnal crocus, 'twas my joy With store of springes o'er my shoulder hung 310 To range the open heights where woodcocks run Along the smooth green turf. Through half the night, Scudding away from snare to snare, I plied That anxious visitation;--moon and stars Were shining o'er my head. I was alone, And seemed to be a trouble to the peace That dwelt among them. Sometimes it befell In these night wanderings, that a strong desire O'erpowered my better reason, and the bird Which was the captive of another's toil 320 Became my prey; and when the deed was done I heard among the solitary hills Low breathings coming after me, and sounds Of undistinguishable motion, steps Almost as silent as the turf they trod.
Nor less, when spring had warmed the cultured Vale, Moved we as plunderers where the mother-bird Had in high places built her lodge; though mean Our object and inglorious, yet the end Was not ignoble. Oh! when I have hung 330 Above the raven's nest, by knots of grass And half-inch fissures in the slippery rock But ill sustained, and almost (so it seemed) Suspended by the blast that blew amain, Shouldering the naked crag, oh, at that time While on the perilous ridge I hung alone, With what strange utterance did the loud dry wind Blow through my ear! the sky seemed not a sky Of earth--and with what motion moved the clouds!
Dust as we are, the immortal spirit grows 340 Like harmony in music; there is a dark Inscrutable workmanship that reconciles Discordant elements, makes them cling together In one society. How strange, that all The terrors, pains, and early miseries, Regrets, vexations, lassitudes interfused Within my mind, should e'er have borne a part, And that a needful part, in making up The calm existence that is mine when I Am worthy of myself! Praise to the end! 350 Thanks to the means which Nature deigned to employ; Whether her fearless visitings, or those That came with soft alarm, like hurtless light Opening the peaceful clouds; or she would use Severer interventions, ministry More palpable, as best might suit her aim.
One summer evening (led by her) I found A little boat tied to a willow tree Within a rocky cave, its usual home. Straight I unloosed her chain, and stepping in 360 Pushed from the shore. It was an act of stealth And troubled pleasure, nor without the voice Of mountain-echoes did my boat move on; Leaving behind her still, on either side, Small circles glittering idly in the moon, Until they melted all into one track Of sparkling light. But now, like one who rows, Proud of his skill, to reach a chosen point With an unswerving line, I fixed my view Upon the summit of a craggy ridge, 370 The horizon's utmost boundary; far above Was nothing but the stars and the grey sky. She was an elfin pinnace; lustily I dipped my oars into the silent lake, And, as I rose upon the stroke, my boat Went heaving through the water like a swan; When, from behind that craggy steep till then The horizon's bound, a huge peak, black and huge, As if with voluntary power instinct, Upreared its head. I struck and struck again, 380 And growing still in stature the grim shape Towered up between me and the stars, and still, For so it seemed, with purpose of its own And measured motion like a living thing, Strode after me. With trembling oars I turned, And through the silent water stole my way Back to the covert of the willow tree; There in her mooring-place I left my bark,-- And through the meadows homeward went, in grave And serious mood; but after I had seen 390 That spectacle, for many days, my brain Worked with a dim and undetermined sense Of unknown modes of being; o'er my thoughts There hung a darkness, call it solitude Or blank desertion. No familiar shapes Remained, no pleasant images of trees, Of sea or sky, no colours of green fields; But huge and mighty forms, that do not live Like living men, moved slowly through the mind By day, and were a trouble to my dreams. 400
Wisdom and Spirit of the universe! Thou Soul that art the eternity of thought That givest to forms and images a breath And everlasting motion, not in vain By day or star-light thus from my first dawn Of childhood didst thou intertwine for me The passions that build up our human soul; Not with the mean and vulgar works of man, But with high objects, with enduring things-- With life and nature--purifying thus 410 The elements of feeling and of thought, And sanctifying, by such discipline, Both pain and fear, until we recognise A grandeur in the beatings of the heart. Nor was this fellowship vouchsafed to me With stinted kindness. In November days, When vapours rolling down the valley made A lonely scene more lonesome, among woods, At noon and 'mid the calm of summer nights, When, by the margin of the trembling lake, 420 Beneath the gloomy hills homeward I went In solitude, such intercourse was mine; Mine was it in the fields both day and night, And by the waters, all the summer long.
And in the frosty season, when the sun Was set, and visible for many a mile The cottage windows blazed through twilight gloom, I heeded not their summons: happy time It was indeed for all of us--for me It was a time of rapture! Clear and loud 430 The village clock tolled six,--I wheeled about, Proud and exulting like an untired horse That cares not for his home. All shod with steel, We hissed along the polished ice in games Confederate, imitative of the chase And woodland pleasures,--the resounding horn, The pack loud chiming, and the hunted hare. So through the darkness and the cold we flew, And not a voice was idle; with the din Smitten, the precipices rang aloud; 440 The leafless trees and every icy crag Tinkled like iron; while far distant hills Into the tumult sent an alien sound Of melancholy not unnoticed, while the stars Eastward were sparkling clear, and in the west The orange sky of evening died away. Not seldom from the uproar I retired Into a silent bay, or sportively Glanced sideway, leaving the tumultuous throng, To cut across the reflex of a star 450 That fled, and, flying still before me, gleamed Upon the glassy plain; and oftentimes, When we had given our bodies to the wind, And all the shadowy banks on either side Came sweeping through the darkness, spinning still The rapid line of motion, then at once Have I, reclining back upon my heels, Stopped short; yet still the solitary cliffs Wheeled by me--even as if the earth had rolled With visible motion her diurnal round! 460 Behind me did they stretch in solemn train, Feebler and feebler, and I stood and watched Till all was tranquil as a dreamless sleep.
Ye Presences of Nature in the sky And on the earth! Ye Visions of the hills! And Souls of lonely places! can I think A vulgar hope was yours when ye employed Such ministry, when ye, through many a year Haunting me thus among my boyish sports, On caves and trees, upon the woods and hills, 470 Impressed, upon all forms, the characters Of danger or desire; and thus did make The surface of the universal earth, With triumph and delight, with hope and fear, Work like a sea? Not uselessly employed, Might I pursue this theme through every change Of exercise and play, to which the year Did summon us in his delightful round.
We were a noisy crew; the sun in heaven Beheld not vales more beautiful than ours; Nor saw a band in happiness and joy 480 Richer, or worthier of the ground they trod. I could record with no reluctant voice The woods of autumn, and their hazel bowers With milk-white clusters hung; the rod and line, True symbol of hope's foolishness, whose strong And unreproved enchantment led us on By rocks and pools shut out from every star, All the green summer, to forlorn cascades Among the windings hid of mountain brooks. --Unfading recollections! at this hour 490 The heart is almost mine with which I felt, From some hill-top on sunny afternoons, The paper kite high among fleecy clouds Pull at her rein like an impetuous courser; Or, from the meadows sent on gusty days, Beheld her breast the wind, then suddenly Dashed headlong, and rejected by the storm.
Ye lowly cottages wherein we dwelt, A ministration of your own was yours; Can I forget you, being as you were 500 So beautiful among the pleasant fields In which ye stood? or can I here forget The plain and seemly countenance with which Ye dealt out your plain comforts? Yet had ye Delights and exultations of your own. Eager and never weary we pursued Our home-amusements by the warm peat-fire At evening, when with pencil, and smooth slate In square divisions parcelled out and all With crosses and with cyphers scribbled o'er, 510 We schemed and puzzled, head opposed to head In strife too humble to be named in verse: Or round the naked table, snow-white deal, Cherry or maple, sate in close array, And to the combat, Loo or Whist, led on A thick-ribbed army; not, as in the world, Neglected and ungratefully thrown by Even for the very service they had wrought, But husbanded through many a long campaign. Uncouth assemblage was it, where no few 520 Had changed their functions: some, plebeian cards Which Fate, beyond the promise of their birth, Had dignified, and called to represent The persons of departed potentates. Oh, with what echoes on the board they fell! Ironic diamonds,--clubs, hearts, diamonds, spades, A congregation piteously akin! Cheap matter offered they to boyish wit, Those sooty knaves, precipitated down With scoffs and taunts, like Vulcan out of heaven: 530 The paramount ace, a moon in her eclipse, Queens gleaming through their splendour's last decay, And monarchs surly at the wrongs sustained By royal visages. Meanwhile abroad Incessant rain was falling, or the frost Raged bitterly, with keen and silent tooth; And, interrupting oft that eager game, From under Esthwaite's splitting fields of ice The pent-up air, struggling to free itself, Gave out to meadow grounds and hills a loud 540 Protracted yelling, like the noise of wolves Howling in troops along the Bothnic Main.
Nor, sedulous as I have been to trace How Nature by extrinsic passion first Peopled the mind with forms sublime or fair, And made me love them, may I here omit How other pleasures have been mine, and joys Of subtler origin; how I have felt, Not seldom even in that tempestuous time, Those hallowed and pure motions of the sense 550 Which seem, in their simplicity, to own An intellectual charm; that calm delight Which, if I err not, surely must belong To those first-born affinities that fit Our new existence to existing things, And, in our dawn of being, constitute The bond of union between life and joy.
Yes, I remember when the changeful earth, And twice five summers on my mind had stamped The faces of the moving year, even then 560 I held unconscious intercourse with beauty Old as creation, drinking in a pure Organic pleasure from the silver wreaths Of curling mist, or from the level plain Of waters coloured by impending clouds.
The sands of Westmoreland, the creeks and bays Of Cumbria's rocky limits, they can tell How, when the Sea threw off his evening shade, And to the shepherd's hut on distant hills Sent welcome notice of the rising moon, 570 How I have stood, to fancies such as these A stranger, linking with the spectacle No conscious memory of a kindred sight, And bringing with me no peculiar sense Of quietness or peace; yet have I stood, Even while mine eye hath moved o'er many a league Of shining water, gathering as it seemed, Through every hair-breadth in that field of light, New pleasure like a bee among the flowers.
Thus oft amid those fits of vulgar joy 580 Which, through all seasons, on a child's pursuits Are prompt attendants, 'mid that giddy bliss Which, like a tempest, works along the blood And is forgotten; even then I felt Gleams like the flashing of a shield;--the earth And common face of Nature spake to me Rememberable things; sometimes, 'tis true, By chance collisions and quaint accidents (Like those ill-sorted unions, work supposed Of evil-minded fairies), yet not vain 590 Nor profitless, if haply they impressed Collateral objects and appearances, Albeit lifeless then, and doomed to sleep Until maturer seasons called them forth To impregnate and to elevate the mind. --And if the vulgar joy by its own weight Wearied itself out of the memory, The scenes which were a witness of that joy Remained in their substantial lineaments Depicted on the brain, and to the eye 600 Were visible, a daily sight; and thus By the impressive discipline of fear, By pleasure and repeated happiness, So frequently repeated, and by force Of obscure feelings representative Of things forgotten, these same scenes so bright, So beautiful, so majestic in themselves, Though yet the day was distant, did become Habitually dear, and all their forms And changeful colours by invisible links 610 Were fastened to the affections. I began My story early--not misled, I trust, By an infirmity of love for days Disowned by memory--ere the breath of spring Planting my snowdrops among winter snows: Nor will it seem to thee, O Friend! so prompt In sympathy, that I have lengthened out With fond and feeble tongue a tedious tale. Meanwhile, my hope has been, that I might fetch Invigorating thoughts from former years; 620 Might fix the wavering balance of my mind, And haply meet reproaches too, whose power May spur me on, in manhood now mature To honourable toil. Yet should these hopes Prove vain, and thus should neither I be taught To understand myself, nor thou to know With better knowledge how the heart was framed Of him thou lovest; need I dread from thee Harsh judgments, if the song be loth to quit Those recollected hours that have the charm 630 Of visionary things, those lovely forms And sweet sensations that throw back our life, And almost make remotest infancy A visible scene, on which the sun is shining?
One end at least hath been attained; my mind Hath been revived, and if this genial mood Desert me not, forthwith shall be brought down Through later years the story of my life. The road lies plain before me;--'tis a theme Single and of determined bounds; and hence 640 I choose it rather at this time, than work Of ampler or more varied argument, Where I might be discomfited and lost: And certain hopes are with me, that to thee This labour will be welcome, honoured Friend!
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Prelude, Book 1,
[INTRODUCTION—CHILDHOOD AND SCHOOL-TIME]전편을 올려요 ~