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불교영어 12연기_ The Twelve Links of Dependent Arising (paticca-samuppada) 마음의 과학연구소 2018. 11. 8. 0:16 불교공부를 영어로 번역된 것으로 공부하는 것이 불교를 쉽게 이해하는데 큰 도움을 줄 수 있다. 한문으로만 된 불교자료를 공부하는 것보다 영어로 번역된 것으로 공부할 때 이해가 쉬운 경우가 적지 않다. 왜냐하면 영어는 구체적으로 낱말을 가리키는 경우가 많기 때문이다. The Twelve Links of Dependent Arising (paticca-samuppada) 12연기 ( 12 Dependent Origination) All beings come into being or cease to be based on the causes and conditions which brought them into existence. In other words, they arise or cease only through interdependent relationships. This is the principle of dependent arising. Things exist as they are because of the phenomenon of causation. Nothing exists on its own independent of anything else. Dependent arising clarifies phenomenal existence and its formation. Because twelve phases interact with each other in the process of causation, Buddhists call them the “twelve links of dependent arising.” ① 무명  Ignorance (avijja): A fundamental delusion which does not know the truth, including the Four Noble Truths. ② 행  Mental formations (sankhara): Intentional actions due to ignorance; from this comes the karma we create. ③  식 Consciousness (vinnana): The six consciousnesses which are: visual, auditory, olfactory, taste, tactile and conceptual consciousnesses. ④  명색 Name and form (nama-rupa): “Name” refers to mind which has name but no form while “form” refers to the material and physical which have form. ⑤  육입 The six sensory gates (salayatana): The eyes, ears, nose, tongue, skin and mind. ⑥  촉 Contact (phassa): This arises when there is interaction between the six sense organs, the objects they perceive and the six consciousnesses. ⑦  수 Feeling (vedana): There are three types of feeling: pleasant, painful and neutral which is neither pleasant nor painful.  ⑧ 애  Craving (tanha): Drives, longings and cravings that seek to satisfy desires. ⑨  취 Clinging (upadana): Grasping or attachment when one wants something for their own. ⑩ 유  Becoming (bhava): The karmic consciousness of sentient beings which repeats the cycle of birth and death in samsara. ⑪ 생  Birth (jati): The entrance of a sentient being into the realm of sentient beings. ⑫  노사  Ageing and death (jara-marana): Birth, sickness, ageing and death represent the suffering of sentient beings. - excerpt from Buddhist English (Elementary 2) published in 2014 by the Jogye Order of Korean Buddhism  출처 : 조계종 홈페이지 사마타의 이익 - 사마타 그리고 위빠사나 (파아욱 사야도 법문) 2018. 11. 8. 불교영어 12연기_The Twelve