Hohensalzburg Castle와 Wolf Dietrich Raitenau주교

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Hohensalzburg Castle

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Hohensalzburg, view from Mönchsberg

Castle Hohensalzburg and Salzburg, view from "Gersberg Alm"

Hohensalzburg Castle (German: Festung Hohensalzburg, literally "High Salzburg Fortress") is a castle in the Austrian city of Salzburg, atop the Festungsberg mountain. Erected at the behest of the Prince-Archbishops of Salzburg, it today with a length of 250 m (820 ft) and a width of 150 m (490 ft), is one of the largest medieval castles in Europe.

Contents

 [hide] 

• 1 History
  • 1.1 Early history
  • 1.2 Recent history
• 2 Interior
  • 2.1 Salzburg Bull
  • 2.2 Chapel of archbishop Leonhard von Keutschach
  • 2.3 Golden Hall
  • 2.4 Golden Chamber
  • 2.5 Bedchamber
• 3 See also
• 4 References
• 5 External links

History

Early history

One of the earliest depictions of the castle in the 1460's, from the Schedel'sche Weltchronik

Construction of the fortress began in 1077 under Archbishop Gebhard von Helfenstein. This original design was just a basic bailey with a wooden wall. In the Holy Roman Empire, the Salzburg Archbishops already were powerful political figures, and they expanded the castle to protect their interests. Gebhard's conflict with Emperor Henry IV during the Investiture Controversy influenced the expansion of the castle, with the Archbishop taking the side of Pope Gregory VII and the German anti-king Rudolf of Rheinfelden. The castle was gradually expanded during the following centuries. The ring walls and towers were built in 1462 under Prince-Archbishop Burkhard II von Weißpriach.

Prince-Archbishop Leonhard von Keutschach during his term from 1495 until 1519 further expanded the castle. His coadjutor Matthäus Lang von Wellenburg, who was later to succeed Leonhard, in 1515 wrote a description of the Reisszug, a very early and primitive funicular railway that provided freight access to the upper courtyard of the castle. The line still exists, albeit in updated form, and is probably the oldest operational railway in the world.^[1][2]

The only time that the fortress actually came under siege was during the Peasants' War in 1525, when a group of miners, farmers and townspeople tried to oust Prince-Archbishop Matthäus Lang, but failed to take the castle. In 1612 the deposed Archbishop Wolf Dietrich von Raitenau died here in prison. During the Thirty Years' War, Archbishop Count Paris of Lodron strengthened the town's defenses, including Hohensalzburg. He added various parts to the fortress, such as the gunpowder stores and additional gatehouses. The fort was surrendered without a fight to French troops under General Jean Victor Marie Moreau during the Napoleonic War of the Second Coalition in 1800 and the last Prince-Archbishop Count Hieronymus von Colloredo fled to Vienna. In the 19th century, it was used as barracks, storage depot and dungeon before being abandoned as a military outpost in 1861.

Recent history

Inner courtyard towards the Hohe Stock and St. George's Chapel

Hohensalzburg was refurbished from the late 19th century onwards and became a major tourist attraction, with the Festungsbahn cable car, opened in 1892, leading up from the town to the Hasengrabenbastei. It stands today as one of the best preserved castles in Europe.

During the early 20th century it was used as a prison, holding Italian prisoners of war during World War I and Nazi activists (before the Anschluss with Germany) in the 1930s.

The Hohensalzburg was recently selected as main motif for the Austrian Nonnberg Abbey commemorative coin minted on April 5, 2006. This was the first coin of the series "Great Abbeys of Austria". It shows the Benedictine convent of Nonnberg Abbey. In the hilltop on the background, the castle and the Kajetaner church can be seen. Also in 1977 the Austrian Mint issued a coin for the 900th anniversary of the Hohensalzburg.

Interior

The fortress consists of various wings and courtyard. The Prince-Bishop's apartments are located in the so-called "Hoher Stock" (high floor).

Salzburg Bull

The Kraut Tower (Krautturm) houses a large aerophon of more than 200 pipes which is called the "Salzburg Bull" (Salzburger Stier). This huge mechanical organ was built in 1502 by Archbishop Leonhard von Keutschach. It was renewed by Rochus Egedacher in 1735.

From Palm Sunday to 31 October the "Salzburg Bull" played daily at 7, 11 and 18'o clock. The aerophone thus initiated the playing of the carillon at the Residenzplatz and ended it again.

One of Austria's most famous cabaret prices is named after it.

Chapel of archbishop Leonhard von Keutschach

Chapel of archbishop Leonhard von Keutschach

The Salzburg archbishop Leonhard von Keutschach (1495-1519) had the chapel built at a later time. One of the figure consoles in the beam ceiling had to be removed to make room for it. A richly ornamented star vault decorates the ceiling of the chapel. The inner part of the door at the entrance is covered with stucco. The painted frame shows red columns on a high plinth with grey capitals. The coat of arms of Salzburg and of Leonhard von Keutschach is reproduced in the tympanum beneath the mitre, legate cross and sword. A special feature of the coat of arms is the turnip and in many places in the fortress this can be found as an indication of prince-archbishop Keutschach's building activity. In the north wall of the chapel there are two opening which made it possible to attend the church service from the side room.

Golden Hall

Starting in 1498, Archbishop Leonhard von Keutschach had the magnificent state apartments installed on the third floor. The rooms in which the archbishops would normally lived in were one floor below. The state apartments were primarily used for representative purposes and for festivities. The Golden Hall was richly decorated and indicates that the fortress served the archbishops not only as a refuge in times of crisis, but also frequently as a residence up to the 16th century.

In order to gain more space, Archbishop Leonhard von Keutschach had four massive marble pillars constructed on the right-hand outer wall and had a loggia added on. As in the other rooms the ceiling is coffered, each coffer being adorned with gold buttons symbolising the stars in the sky.

The 17 metre long beam, supporting the ceiling, is particularly worth mentioning. The coat of arms of Leonhard von Keutschach together with those of the Holy Roman Empire, the most powerful German towns and the bishoprics that were connected to Salzburg are painted on it.

Golden Chamber

The Golden Chamber

The Golden Chamber is the most magnificently furnished room of the princely chambers. The two long walls are taken up by benches that are richly decorated with vines, grapes, foliage and animals. These benches used to be covered with cloth or leather, but the upholstery has not survived into the modern age. The walls also used to be covered in gold-embossed leather tapestry which adorned the lower part of the wall.

Bedchamber

Bedchamber of the Prince-Bishop

The bedchamber is the most intimate room of the princely chambers. The original furniture and precious textiles, such as tapestry, were in the course of time replaced by more "modern" ones. The elaborate wainscoting to keep out the cold still bears witness to the splendour of the past. The upper part of the panels is decorated with gilded buttons and rosettes, whereas the lower part, which is bare today, was probably covered with leather or velvet tapestry. The door conceals a toilet, which is basically a hole in the floor with a wooden frame. Back in the past this was a highly modern sanitary facility and was accessible from each floor.

See also

View towards Hohensalzburg Castle from Mirabell gardens

• Alte Residenz
• Salzburg Cathedral

References

1. ^ Kriechbaum, Reinhard (2004-05-15). "Die große Reise auf den Berg" (in German). der Tagespost. http://www.die-tagespost.de/Archiv/titel_anzeige.asp?ID=8916. Retrieved 2009-04-22. 
2. ^ "Der Reiszug - Part 1 - Presentation". Funimag. http://www.funimag.com/funimag10/RESZUG01.HTM. Retrieved 2009-04-22. 

External links

Media related to Hohensalzburg Castle at Wikimedia Commons

• Hohensalzburg Castle
• Hohensalzburg Castle 900th anniversary coin
• Salzburg Tourist Office – salzburg city tourist board website.

Coordinates: 47°47′42″N 13°02′50″E / 47.795°N 13.04722°E / 47.795; 13.04722

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hohensalzburg_Castle&oldid=493733538"

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• This page was last modified on 21 May 2012 at 22:21.
  
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Wolf Dietrich Raitenau

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Wolf-Dietrich von Raitenau (1589)

Wolf Dietrich von Raitenau (March 26, 1559 – January 16, 1617) was Prince-Bishop of Salzburg from 1587 to 1612.

Biography

Raitenau was born at Hofen Castle in Lochau near Bregenz in Further Austria, the son of the Habsburg colonel Hans Werner von Raitenau and Helene von Hohenems, a niece of Pope Pius IV, sister of Markus Sitticus von Hohenems Altemps as well as sister-in-law of Cardinal Charles Borromeo.

Wolf Dietrich received an ecclesiastical education at the Collegium Germanicum in Rome and became a member of the Salzburg chapter in 1578. After his election in 1587 he continued the harsh measures of the Counter-Reformation initiated by his predecessors and in 1588 had all Protestants expelled from the city of Salzburg. In his later years however, Raitenau developed a milder attitude and won fame as an art collector and a builder who significantly promoted the spread of the Baroque architecture north of the Alps.

Raitenau's rule was brought down after he had entered into a fierce conflict with his mighty neighbour Duke Maximilian I of Bavaria: In 1609 the Prince-Bishop refused to join Maximilian's Catholic League and in 1611 he invaded the Berchtesgaden Provostry, which was also claimed by the Bavarian House of Wittelsbach. In the subsequent clashes of arms, Raitenau on his flight to Carinthia was captured, deposed and imprisoned for life at Burg Hohenwerfen by his nephew and successor Markus Sittikus von Hohenems.

Legacy

After the Salzburg Cathedral was devastated by a fire on the night of December 11, 1598, Raitenau had plans set up for a lavish reconstruction by the Venetian architect Vincenzo Scamozzi, who also drew up a master plan for the adjacent Residenzplatz square and designed the Alte Residenz. In 1606 the Prince-Bishop had the Palace of Mirabell built in Salzburg for his mistress Salome Alt.

Persondata
Name	Raitenau, Wolf Dietrich Von
Alternative names
Short description	Salzburg
Date of birth	March 26, 1559
Place of birth	Lochau, Austria
Date of death	January 16, 1617
Place of death

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wolf_Dietrich_Raitenau&oldid=426867634"

Categories:

• 1559 births
• 1617 deaths
• People from Bregenz District
• 16th-century Austrian people
• Roman Catholic archbishops of Salzburg

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• This page was last modified on 1 May 2011 at 10:06.
  
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