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Coordinating Conjunctions | ||||||
and | but | or | yet | for | nor | so |
When a coordinating conjunction connects two independent clauses, it is often (but not always) accompanied by a comma:
문장이 대등접속사로 연결될 때 콤마를 쓰기도 하고 않쓰기도 한다
When the two independent clauses connected by a coordinating conjunction are nicely balanced or brief, many writers will omit the comma:
대등절 두개가 서로 균형이 잘 맞던지 단문이면 컴마를 생략하기도 한다
The comma is always correct when used to separate two independent clauses connected by a coordinating conjunction.
See Punctuation Between Two Independent Clauses for further help
ㄴ. 생략불가
두 독립절이 접속사로 연결된 경우 컴마 쓰는건 표준이다
A comma is also correct when and is used to attach the last item of a serial list, although many writers (especially in newspapers) will omit that final comma:
생략되기도 하나 여러개를 대등하게 연결한 and 앞에 컴마는 표준이다
When a coordinating conjunction is used to connect all the elements in a series, a comma is not used:
모든 요소를 and 를 써서 다 연결하면 콤마는 필요없다
A comma is also used with but when expressing a contrast:
대비적인 비교로 쓰인 but 는 콤마로 분리한다
In most of their other roles as joiners (other than joining independent clauses, that is), coordinating conjunctions can join two sentence elements without the help of a comma.
두 요소를 연결시에는 컴마가 필요없다
Among the coordinating conjunctions, the most common, of course, are and, but, and or. It might be helpful to explore the uses of these three little words. The examples below by no means exhaust the possible meanings of these conjunctions.
라. AND 접속사 사용법
1. 일련의 연속적인 내용 연결
To suggest that one idea is chronologically sequential to another:
"Tashonda sent in her applications and waited by the phone for a
response."
2. 원인과 결과의 관계
To suggest that one idea is the result of another: "Willie heard the weather report and promptly boarded up his house."
3. 서로 대비적인 관계
To suggest that one idea is in contrast to another (frequently replaced by but in this usage): "Juanita is bril
liant and Shalimar has a pleasant personality.
4. 앞 문장의 내용에 대한 놀람의 표현 관계
To suggest an element of surprise (sometimes replaced by yet in this usage): "Hartford is a rich city and suffers from many symptoms of urban blight."
5. 조건적인 관계
To
suggest that one clause is dependent upon another, conditionally
(usually the first clause is an imperative): "Use your credit cards
frequently and you'll soon find yourself deep in debt."
6. 앞문장에 대한 코멘트 관계
To suggest a kind of "comment" on the first clause: "Charlie became
addicted to gambling — and that surprised no one who knew him."
주의!
접속사는 동격의 단어나 구 또는 절을 연결하는 역할이므로
여러개의 단어, 구 및 절이 연결된 경우
어떤것 끼리 동격연결인지 잘 파악하여 의미로 연결해야 한다
So much so that He stands ready to rescue us the moment that we realize that we’re drowning and cry out for help.
1. that we’re drowning and cry out for help (X)
2. the moment that we realize and cry out for help (O)
2. learn to embrace pain and (to) harvest the truth it holds (X)
3. we need and harvest the truth it holds (X)
Brooks says that Christian colleges teach students how to love and appreciate the beautiful and the good and hold up ideals of excellence, encouraging young people to follow them.
1. how to love and (to) appreciate the beautiful and the good and (to) hold up ideals of excellence, encouraging young people to follow them. (X)
2. Christian colleges teach students how to love and appreciate the beautiful and the good and hold up ideals of excellence, encouraging young people to follow them.(O)
* hold up
1. Offer or present as an example, as in The teacher held Bernie's essay up as a model for the class to follow.That’s why I must commit my marriage /to prayer and cultivate a real relationship /in humility /while seeking God’s wisdom
and guidance and asking for His love, grace and mercy.
*/to prayer and (to) cultivate (X)
마. BUT 접속사 사용법
1. 앞문장에서 얘기치 못한 반대적 상황 연결
To suggest a contrast that is unexpected in light of the first clause:
"Joey lost a fortune in the stock market, but he still seems able to
live quite comfortably."
2. 앞문장에서 부정적으로 언급한 내용에 동조하는 관계
To suggest in an affirmative sense what the first part of the sentence
implied in a negative way (sometimes replaced by on the contrary): "The
club never invested foolishly, but used the services of a sage
investment counselor."
3. 제외한다는 의미로 쓴 경우
To connect two ideas with the meaning of "with the exception of" (and
then the second word takes over as subject): "Everybody but Goldenbreath
is trying out for the team."
바. OR 사용법
1. 다른걸 제외한 하나의 가능성에
To suggest that only one possibility can be realized, excluding one or
the other: "You can study hard for this exam or you can fail."
2. 대안적인 내용과 조합시에
To suggest the inclusive combination of alternatives: "We can broil
chicken on the grill tonight, or we can just eat leftovers.
3. 앞절의 내용을 추가 설명시에
To suggest a refinement of the first clause: "Smith College is the
premier all-women's college in the country, or so it seems to most Smith
College alumnae."
4. 앞절의 내용을 번복시
To suggest a restatement or "correction" of the first part of the
sentence: "There are no rattlesnakes in this canyon, or so our guide
tells us."
5. 부정적인 조건에
To suggest a negative condition: "The New Hampshire state motto is the rather grim "Live free or die."
6. 명령쪼 아닌 부정적인 대안제시에
To suggest a negative alternative without the use of an imperative
(see use of and above): "They must approve his political style or they
wouldn't keep electing him mayor."
Authority used for this section on the uses of and, but, and or: A University Grammar of English by Randolph Quirk and Sidney Greenbaum. Longman Group: Essex, England. 1993. Used with permission. Examples our own.
사. Nor 접속사 nor 은 자주 쓰이지 않지만 neither ~ nor 형식으로 쓰인다
The conjunction NOR is not extinct, but it is not used nearly as often as the other conjunctions, so it might feel a bit odd when nor does come up in conversation or writing. Its most common use is as the little brother in the correlative pair, neither-nor (see below):
>It can be used with other negative expressions: 다른 부정적인 표현과 같이 쓰인다
It is possible to use nor without a preceding negative element, but it is unusual and, to an extent, rather stuffy:
아. Yet
yet 이란 단어는 접속사 말고도 다른 부사 역할도 있는데 뜻도 다양하여
더하여, ~ 조차하다, 여전히, 결국엔, 아직, 그럼에도 불구하고, 그러나 등등의 뜻이 있다The word YET functions sometimes as an adverb and has several meanings: in addition ("yet another cause of trouble" or "a simple yet noble woman"), even ("yet more expensive"), still ("he is yet a novice"), eventually ("they may yet win"), and so soon as now ("he's not here yet"). It also functions as a coordinating conjunction meaning something like "nevertheless" or "but." The word yet seems to carry an element of distinctiveness that but can seldom register.
In
sentences such as the second one, above, the pronoun subject of the
second clause ("they," in this case) is often left out. When that
happens, the comma preceding the conjunction might also disappear: "The
visitors complained loudly yet continued to play golf every day."
둘째 문장에서 주어가 생략될 수 있다
Yet is sometimes combined with other conjunctions, but or and. It would not be unusual to see and yet in sentences like the ones above. This usage is acceptable.
접속사 두개가 같이 쓰일 수 있다
자. For
for 를 접속사로 쓰는건 문어체라 한다
The word FOR
is most often used as a preposition, of course, but it does serve, on
rare occasions, as a coordinating conjunction. Some people regard the
conjunction for as rather highfalutin and literary, and it does
tend to add a bit of weightiness to the text. Beginning a sentence with
the conjunction "for" is probably not a good idea, except when you're
singing "For he's a jolly good fellow. "For" has serious sequential
implications and in its use the order of thoughts is more important than
it is, say, with because or since. Its function is to introduce the reason for the preceding clause:
차. So
접속사 so 는 두 독립절을 연결할 수도 있고 아닐 때도 있다
Be careful of the conjunction SO.
Sometimes it can connect two independent clauses along with a comma, but sometimes it can't.
For instance, in this sentence,
where the word so means "as well" or "in addition," most careful writers would use a semicolon between the two
independent clauses.
so 가 역시나 추가로 의미인 경우 ';'으로 대체할 수 있다
In the following sentence, where so is acting like a minor-league "therefore," the conjunction and the comma are adequate to the task:
so 가 접속부사 therefore 와 같은 의미로 쓰인경우
Sometimes, at the beginning of a sentence, so
will act as a kind of summing up device or transition, and when it
does, it is often set off from the rest of the sentence with a comma:
문두에서 부사로 쓰인경우
1. 정의
종속접속사로 문장이 시작되면 이 절의 내용이 본론이 아니라는 표시, 신호이고
주절 문장의 일부로 문장의 한 요소 역할을 하던지 다른 요소를 묘사하는 수식절 역할을 하므로
명/형/부 3 역할중의 하나가 되니 그중 어떤 역할인지 파악을 해야 전체 문장이해가 바로 된다A Subordinating Conjunction (sometimes called a dependent word or subordinator) comes at the beginning of a Subordinate (or Dependent) Clause and establishes the relationship between the dependent clause and the rest of the sentence. It also turns the clause into something that depends on the rest of the sentence for its meaning.
종속절의 주절에 포함되어 주절의 일부로 역할한다는 의미에서 종속절이라 한다
Notice that some of the subordinating conjunctions in the table below — after, before, since — are also prepositions, but as subordinators they are being used to introduce a clause and to subordinate the following clause to the independent element in the sentence.
2. 자주 쓰이는 종속 접속사 종류
Common Subordinating Conjunctions | ||
after although as as if as long as as though because before even if even though | if if only in order that now that once rather than since so that than that | though till unless until when whenever where whereas wherever while |
The Case of Like and As |
Strictly speaking, the word like is a preposition, not a conjunction. It can, therefore, be used to introduce a prepositional phrase ("My brother is tall like my father"), but it should not be used to introduce a clause ("My brother can't play the piano Like 는 전치사이고 접속사는 아니므로 격식문에 사용하면 않되나 비격식문이나 일상어로는 쓰인다
In formal, academic text, it's a good idea to reserve the use of like for situations in which similarities are being pointed out:
However, when you are listing things that have similarities, such as is probably more suitable:
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3. 접속사 that 생략 문제
Omitting That |
The word that is used as a conjunction to connect a subordinate clause to a preceding verb. In this construction that is sometimes called the "expletive that." Indeed, the word is often omitted to good effect, but the very fact of easy omission causes some editors to take out the red pen and strike out the conjunction that wherever it appears. In the following sentences, we can happily omit the that (or keep it, depending on how the sentence sounds to us): 타동사의 목적으로 쓰인 that 절의 경우 접속사 that 는 형절을 이끄는 관계사 that 과는 달리 대명사의 역할이 없고 단지 접속역할만 하므로 허사라 불리고 생략할 수 있다
Sometimes omitting the that creates a break in the flow of a sentence, a break that can be adequately bridged with the use of a comma: 접속사 that 을 생략하고 콤마로 대신하기도 하는데 쉼표 역할로 된다
As a general rule, if the sentence feels just as good without the that, if no ambiguity results from its omission, if the sentence is more efficient or elegant without it, then we can safely omit the that. Theodore Bernstein lists three conditions in which we should maintain the conjunction that: 접속사 that 을 생략할 수 없는 경우
종절의 주어가 길어서 동사가 한참 뒤에 나올경우
두번째 that 절이 누가 말하고 누가 무얼 했는지 분명히 할 경우 Authority for this section: Dos, Don'ts & Maybes of English Usage by Theodore Bernstein. Gramercy Books: New York. 1999. p. 217. Examples our own. |
4. 문장을 because 로 시작하는데 따른 문제
Beginning a Sentence with Because |
Somehow, the notion that one should not begin a sentence with the subordinating conjunction because retains a mysterious grip on people's sense of writing proprieties. This might come about because a sentence that begins with because could well end up a fragment if one is not careful to follow up the "because clause" with an independent clause. because 로 시작하면 종속절이라는 얘기니 뒤에 반드시 주절이 나와야 한다
When the "because clause" is properly subordinated to another idea (regardless of the position of the clause in the sentence), there is absolutely nothing wrong with it:
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Some conjunctions combine with other words to form what are called correlative conjunctions.
They always travel in pairs, joining various sentence elements that should be treated as grammatically equal.
상관접속사는 두 접속사로 짝을 이루어
문법구조상 동종류의 문장을 연결한다
Correlative conjunctions sometimes create problems in parallel form. Click HERE for help with those problems. Here is a brief list of common correlative conjunctions.
both . . . and not only . . . but also not . . . but either . . . or | neither . . . nor whether . . . or as . . . as |
The conjunctive adverbs such as however, moreover, nevertheless, consequently, as a result are used to create complex relationships between ideas. Refer to the section on Coherence: Transitions Between Ideas for an extensive list of conjunctive adverbs categorized according to their various uses and for some advice on their application within sentences (including punctuation issues).