접속사 세부설명

[soso]

출처 http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/conjunctions.htm

Conjunctions 접속사

가. Definition 정의

Some words are satisfied spending an evening at home, alone, eating ice-cream right out of the box, watching Seinfeld re-runs on TV, or reading a good book. Others aren't happy unless they're out on the town, mixing it up with other words; they're joiners and they just can't help themselves. A conjunction is a joiner, a word that connects (conjoins) parts of a sentence.

단어와 단어, 구와구, 절과절을 연결해주는 품사를 접속사라 한다

나. 종류

1. Coordinating Conjunctions 등위/대등접속사

대등연결이니 명사 and 명사, 부정사구 or 부정사구 또는 명절  but 명절 등의 형태로

접속사 앞뒤에 같은 형태의 품사나 구와 절이 와야 한다

The simple, little conjunctions are called coordinating conjunctions  등위[대등] 접속사

Coordinating Conjunctions
and	but	or	yet	for	nor	so

다. 컴마 문제

ㄱ. 생략되는 경우

When a coordinating conjunction connects two independent clauses, it is often (but not always) accompanied by a comma:

문장이 대등접속사로 연결될 때 콤마를 쓰기도 하고 않쓰기도 한다

• Ulysses wants to play for UConn, but he has had trouble meeting the academic requirements.

When the two independent clauses connected by a coordinating conjunction are nicely balanced or brief, many writers will omit the comma:

대등절 두개가 서로 균형이 잘 맞던지 단문이면 컴마를 생략하기도 한다

• Ulysses has a great jump shot but he isn't quick on his feet.

The comma is always correct when used to separate two independent clauses connected by a coordinating conjunction.

See Punctuation Between Two Independent Clauses for further help

ㄴ. 생략불가

두 독립절이 접속사로 연결된 경우 컴마 쓰는건 표준이다

A comma is also correct when and is used to attach the last item of a serial list, although many writers (especially in newspapers) will omit that final comma:

생략되기도 하나 여러개를 대등하게 연결한 and 앞에 컴마는 표준이다

• Ulysses spent his summer studying basic math, writing, and reading comprehension.

When a coordinating conjunction is used to connect all the elements in a series, a comma is not used:

모든 요소를 and 를 써서 다 연결하면 콤마는 필요없다

• Presbyterians and Methodists and Baptists are the preval‎ent Protestant congregations in Oklahoma.

A comma is also used with but when expressing a contrast:

대비적인 비교로 쓰인 but 는 콤마로 분리한다

• This is a useful rule, but difficult to remember.

In most of their other roles as joiners (other than joining independent clauses, that is), coordinating conjunctions can join two sentence elements without the help of a comma.

두 요소를 연결시에는 컴마가 필요없다

• Hemingway and Fitzgerald are among the American expatriates of the between-the-wars era.
• Hemingway was renowned for his clear style and his insights into American notions of male identity.
• It is hard to say whether Hemingway or Fitzgerald is the more interesting cultural icon of his day.
• Although Hemingway is sometimes disparaged for his unpleasant portrayal of women and for his glorification of machismo, we nonetheless find some sympathetic, even heroic, female figures in his novels and short stories.

Among the coordinating conjunctions, the most common, of course, are and, but, and or. It might be helpful to explore the uses of these three little words. The examples below by no means exhaust the possible meanings of these conjunctions.

라. AND 접속사 사용법

 1. 일련의 연속적인 내용 연결

  To suggest that one idea is chronologically sequential to another: "Tashonda sent in her applications and waited by the phone for a response."

2. 원인과 결과의 관계

   To suggest that one idea is the result of another: "Willie heard the weather report and promptly boarded up his house."

3. 서로 대비적인 관계

To suggest that one idea is in contrast to another (frequently replaced by but in this usage): "Juanita is bril

liant and Shalimar has a pleasant personality.

4. 앞 문장의 내용에 대한 놀람의 표현 관계

  To suggest an element of surprise (sometimes replaced by yet in this usage): "Hartford is a rich city and suffers from many symptoms of urban blight." 

5. 조건적인 관계  

To suggest that one clause is dependent upon another, conditionally (usually the first clause is an imperative): "Use your credit cards frequently and you'll soon find yourself deep in debt."

6. 앞문장에 대한 코멘트 관계

   To suggest a kind of "comment" on the first clause: "Charlie became addicted to gambling — and that surprised no one who knew him."

주의!

접속사는 동격의 단어나 구 또는 절을 연결하는 역할이므로

여러개의 단어, 구 및 절이 연결된 경우

어떤것 끼리 동격연결인지 잘 파악하여 의미로 연결해야 한다

So much so that He stands ready   to rescue us the moment that we realize that we’re drowning and cry out for help.

1. that we’re drowning and cry out for help (X)

2. the moment that we realize and cry out for help (O)

Instead, we need to learn to embrace pain and harvest the truth it holds.
1.  need to learn  and  (to) harvest the truth it holds (O)

2.  learn to embrace pain and (to) harvest the truth it holds (X)

3.  we need and harvest the truth it holds (X)

Brooks says that Christian colleges teach students how to love and appreciate the beautiful and the good and hold up ideals of excellence, encouraging young people to follow them.

1. how to love and (to) appreciate the beautiful and the good and (to) hold up ideals of excellence, encouraging young people to follow them. (X)

2. Christian colleges teach students how to love and appreciate the beautiful and the good and hold up ideals of excellence, encouraging young people to follow them.(O)

* hold up

1. Offer or present as an example, as in The teacher held Bernie's essay up as a model for the class to follow.

Please strengthen me to run the other way and give me the wisdom to run to Your arms.
1. me to run the other way and to give me the wisdom to run to Your arms. (X)
2, Please strengthen me and give me the wisdom to run to Your arms. (O)

they made every attempt /to cultivate and keep their marriage.
they made and keep (X)

That’s why I must commit my marriage /to prayer and cultivate a real relationship /in humility /while seeking God’s wisdom

and guidance and asking for His love, grace and mercy.

*/to prayer and (to) cultivate (X)

마. BUT 접속사 사용법

1. 앞문장에서 얘기치 못한 반대적 상황 연결

   To suggest a contrast that is unexpected in light of the first clause: "Joey lost a fortune in the stock market, but he still seems able to live quite comfortably."

2. 앞문장에서 부정적으로 언급한 내용에 동조하는 관계

   To suggest in an affirmative sense what the first part of the sentence implied in a negative way (sometimes replaced by on the contrary): "The club never invested foolishly, but used the services of a sage investment counselor."

3. 제외한다는 의미로 쓴 경우

   To connect two ideas with the meaning of "with the exception of" (and then the second word takes over as subject): "Everybody but Goldenbreath is trying out for the team."

바. OR 사용법

1. 다른걸 제외한 하나의 가능성에

   To suggest that only one possibility can be realized, excluding one or the other: "You can study hard for this exam or you can fail."

2. 대안적인 내용과 조합시에

   To suggest the inclusive combination of alternatives: "We can broil chicken on the grill tonight, or we can just eat leftovers.

3. 앞절의 내용을 추가 설명시에

   To suggest a refinement of the first clause: "Smith College is the premier all-women's college in the country, or so it seems to most Smith College alumnae."

4. 앞절의 내용을 번복시

   To suggest a restatement or "correction" of the first part of the sentence: "There are no rattlesnakes in this canyon, or so our guide tells us."

5. 부정적인 조건에

  To suggest a negative condition: "The New Hampshire state motto is the rather grim "Live free or die."

6. 명령쪼 아닌 부정적인 대안제시에

   To suggest a negative alternative without the use of an imperative (see use of and above): "They must approve his political style or they wouldn't keep electing him mayor."

Authority used for this section on the uses of and, but, and or: A University Grammar of English by Randolph Quirk and Sidney Greenbaum. Longman Group: Essex, England. 1993. Used with permission. Examples our own.

사. Nor 접속사 nor 은 자주 쓰이지 않지만 neither ~ nor 형식으로 쓰인다

The conjunction NOR is not extinct, but it is not used nearly as often as the other conjunctions, so it might feel a bit odd when nor does come up in conversation or writing. Its most common use is as the little brother in the correlative pair, neither-nor (see below):

• He is neither sane nor brilliant.
• That is neither what I said nor what I meant.

>It can be used with other negative expressions: 다른 부정적인 표현과 같이 쓰인다

• That is not what I meant to say, nor should you interpret my statement as an admission of guilt.

It is possible to use nor without a preceding negative element, but it is unusual and, to an extent, rather stuffy:

• George's handshake is as good as any written contract, nor has he ever proven untrustworthy.

아. Yet

yet 이란 단어는 접속사 말고도 다른 부사 역할도 있는데 뜻도 다양하여

더하여, ~ 조차하다, 여전히, 결국엔, 아직, 그럼에도 불구하고, 그러나 등등의 뜻이 있다

The word YET functions sometimes as an adverb and has several meanings: in addition ("yet another cause of trouble" or "a simple yet noble woman"), even ("yet more expensive"), still ("he is yet a novice"), eventually ("they may yet win"), and so soon as now ("he's not here yet"). It also functions as a coordinating conjunction meaning something like "nevertheless" or "but." The word yet seems to carry an element of distinctiveness that but can seldom register.

• John plays basketball well, yet his favorite sport is badminton. 그러나
  
• The visitors complained loudly about the heat, yet they continued to play golf every day. 그럼에도 불구하고
  

In sentences such as the second one, above, the pronoun subject of the second clause ("they," in this case) is often left out. When that happens, the comma preceding the conjunction might also disappear: "The visitors complained loudly yet continued to play golf every day."

둘째 문장에서 주어가 생략될 수 있다

Yet is sometimes combined with other conjunctions, but or and. It would not be unusual to see and yet in sentences like the ones above. This usage is acceptable.

접속사 두개가 같이 쓰일 수 있다

자. For

for 를 접속사로 쓰는건 문어체라 한다

The word FOR is most often used as a preposition, of course, but it does serve, on rare occasions, as a coordinating conjunction. Some people regard the conjunction for as rather highfalutin and literary, and it does tend to add a bit of weightiness to the text. Beginning a sentence with the conjunction "for" is probably not a good idea, except when you're singing "For he's a jolly good fellow. "For" has serious sequential implications and in its use the order of thoughts is more important than it is, say, with because or since. Its function is to introduce the reason for the preceding clause:

• John thought he had a good chance to get the job, for his father was on the company's board of trustees.
• Most of the visitors were happy just sitting around in the shade, for it had been a long, dusty journey on the train.

차. So

접속사 so 는 두 독립절을 연결할 수도 있고 아닐 때도 있다

Be careful of the conjunction SO.

Sometimes it can connect two independent clauses along with a comma, but sometimes it can't. 

For instance, in this sentence,

• Soto is not the only Olympic athlete in his family, so are his brother, sister, and his Uncle Chet.

where the word so means "as well" or "in addition," most careful writers would use a semicolon between the two

independent clauses.

so 가 역시나 추가로 의미인 경우 ';'으로 대체할 수 있다

In the following sentence, where so is acting like a minor-league "therefore," the conjunction and the comma are adequate to the task:

so 가 접속부사 therefore 와 같은 의미로 쓰인경우

• Soto has always been nervous in large gatherings, so it is no surprise that he avoids crowds of his adoring fans.

Sometimes, at the beginning of a sentence, so will act as a kind of summing up device or transition, and when it does, it is often set off from the rest of the sentence with a comma: 문두에서 부사로 쓰인경우

• So, the sheriff peremptorily removed the child from the custody of his parents.

카. Subordinating Conjunctions 종속 접속사

1. 정의

종속접속사로 문장이 시작되면 이 절의 내용이 본론이 아니라는 표시, 신호이고

주절 문장의 일부로 문장의 한 요소 역할을 하던지 다른 요소를 묘사하는 수식절 역할을 하므로

명/형/부 3 역할중의 하나가 되니 그중 어떤 역할인지 파악을 해야 전체 문장이해가 바로 된다

A Subordinating Conjunction (sometimes called a dependent word or subordinator) comes at the beginning of a Subordinate (or Dependent) Clause and establishes the relationship between the dependent clause and the rest of the sentence. It also turns the clause into something that depends on the rest of the sentence for its meaning.

종속절의 주절에 포함되어 주절의 일부로 역할한다는 의미에서 종속절이라 한다

• He took to the stage as though he had been preparing for this moment all his life. 부사절
  
• Because he loved acting, he refused to give up his dream of being in the movies. 부사절
  
• Unless we act now, all is lost. 부사절
  

Notice that some of the subordinating conjunctions in the table below — after, before, since — are also prepositions, but as subordinators they are being used to introduce a clause and to subordinate the following clause to the independent element in the sentence.

2. 자주 쓰이는 종속 접속사 종류

Common Subordinating Conjunctions
after although as as if as long as as though because before even if even though	if if only in order that now that once rather than since so that than that	though till unless until when whenever where whereas wherever while

The Case of Like and As

Strictly speaking, the word like is a preposition, not a conjunction. It can, therefore, be used to introduce a prepositional phrase ("My brother is tall like my father"), but it should not be used to introduce a clause ("My brother can't play the piano like as he did before the accident" or "It looks like as if basketball is quickly overtaking baseball as America's national sport."). To introduce a clause, it's a good idea to use as, as though, or as if, instead.

Like 는 전치사이고 접속사는 아니므로 격식문에 사용하면 않되나

비격식문이나 일상어로는 쓰인다

• Like As I told you earlier, the lecture has been postponed.
• It looks like as if it's going to snow this afternoon.
• Johnson kept looking out the window like as though he had someone waiting for him.

In formal, academic text, it's a good idea to reserve the use of like for situations in which similarities are being pointed out:

• This community college is like a two-year liberal arts college.

However, when you are listing things that have similarities, such as is probably more suitable:

• The college has several highly regarded neighbors, like such as the Mark Twain House, St. Francis Hospital, the Connecticut Historical Society, and the UConn Law School.

3. 접속사 that 생략 문제

Omitting That

The word that is used as a conjunction to connect a subordinate clause to a preceding verb. In this construction that is sometimes called the "expletive that." Indeed, the word is often omitted to good effect, but the very fact of easy omission causes some editors to take out the red pen and strike out the conjunction that wherever it appears. In the following sentences, we can happily omit the that (or keep it, depending on how the sentence sounds to us):

타동사의 목적으로 쓰인 that 절의 경우 접속사 that 는

형절을 이끄는 관계사 that 과는 달리

대명사의 역할이 없고 단지 접속역할만 하므로 허사라 불리고 생략할 수 있다

• Isabel knew [that] she was about to be fired.
• She definitely felt [that] her fellow employees hadn't supported her.
• I hope [that] she doesn't blame me.

Sometimes omitting the that creates a break in the flow of a sentence, a break that can be adequately bridged with the use of a comma:

접속사 that 을 생략하고 콤마로 대신하기도 하는데 쉼표 역할로 된다

• The problem is, that production in her department has dropped.
• Remember, that we didn't have these problems before she started working here.

As a general rule, if the sentence feels just as good without the that, if no ambiguity results from its omission, if the sentence is more efficient or elegant without it, then we can safely omit the that. Theodore Bernstein lists three conditions in which we should maintain the conjunction that:

접속사 that 을 생략할 수 없는 경우

• When a time element intervenes between the verb and the clause: "The boss said yesterday that production in this department was down fifty percent." (Notice the position of "yesterday.") 시간부사가 동사와 종절 사이에 쓰인 경우

• When the verb of the clause is long delayed: "Our annual report revealed that some losses sustained by this department in the third quarter of last year were worse than previously thought." (Notice the distance between the subject "losses" and its verb, "were.")

          종절의  주어가 길어서 동사가 한참 뒤에 나올경우

• When a second that can clear up who said or did what: "The CEO said that Isabel's department was slacking off and that production dropped precipitously in the fourth quarter." (Did the CEO say that production dropped or was the drop a result of what he said about Isabel's department? The second that makes the sentence clear.)

           두번째 that 절이 누가 말하고 누가 무얼 했는지 분명히 할 경우

Authority for this section: Dos, Don'ts & Maybes of English Usage by Theodore Bernstein. Gramercy Books: New York. 1999. p. 217. Examples our own.

4. 문장을 because 로 시작하는데 따른 문제

Beginning a Sentence with Because

Somehow, the notion that one should not begin a sentence with the subordinating conjunction because retains a mysterious grip on people's sense of writing proprieties. This might come about because a sentence that begins with because could well end up a fragment if one is not careful to follow up the "because clause" with an independent clause.

because 로 시작하면 종속절이라는 얘기니 뒤에 반드시 주절이 나와야 한다

• Because e-mail now plays such a huge role in our communications industry.

When the "because clause" is properly subordinated to another idea (regardless of the position of the clause in the sentence), there is absolutely nothing wrong with it:

• Because e-mail now plays such a huge role in our communications industry, the postal service would very much like to see it taxed in some manner.

타. Correlative Conjunctions 상관 접속사

Some conjunctions combine with other words to form what are called correlative conjunctions.

They always travel in pairs, joining various sentence elements that should be treated as grammatically equal.

상관접속사는 두 접속사로 짝을 이루어

문법구조상 동종류의 문장을 연결한다

• She led the team not only in statistics but also by virtue of her enthusiasm.
• Polonius said, "Neither a borrower nor a lender be."
• Whether you win this race or lose it doesn't matter as long as you do your best.

Correlative conjunctions sometimes create problems in parallel form. Click HERE for help with those problems. Here is a brief list of common correlative conjunctions.

both . . . and not only . . . but also not . . . but either . . . or

neither . . . nor whether . . . or as . . . as

카. Conjunctive Adverbs 접속부사

The conjunctive adverbs such as however, moreover, nevertheless, consequently, as a result are used to create complex relationships between ideas. Refer to the section on Coherence: Transitions Between Ideas for an extensive list of conjunctive adverbs categorized according to their various uses and for some advice on their application within sentences (including punctuation issues).

접속부사는 앞문장의 내용에서 뒷문장의 내용으로 부드럽게 이전/이동되는 경우에 앞뒤 내용 연결용으로 쓴다