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음높아짐 |
음낮아짐 |
마우스피스 무는 위치 |
깊게 |
얕게 |
음폭 |
조용히 |
세게 |
앙부셔 |
세게물기 |
약하게 물기 |
마우스피스 호수 |
낮은 것 |
높은 것 |
리드세기 |
강한 것 |
약한 것 |
키뚜껑높이 |
높은 것 |
낮은 것 |
주위 온도 |
따뜻할 때 |
추울 때 |
이제 우리는 이러한 몇몇 음정조정 측면에 대해서 세밀한 관찰을 하기로 한다.
비브라토
비브라토는 보통, 어떤 파장효과를 창조해내는 증감의 규칙적인 파동을 일으키는 턱의 규칙적인 이완작용에 의하여 만들어진다. 턱이 이완됨에 따라 음은 정상적인 음높이로부터 떨어져 내려오고 그 결과로 평균적으로 음은 낮아지게 된다. 우리의 귀가 아마도 중음보다는 더 높은 파동을 요구하는 보상심리가 작용하기 때문에, 이것이 의미해야하는 논리처럼 낮아지는 것만은 아니라는 것이 논쟁거리일 수 있지만, 어쨌든 나는 일반적으로 살짝 낮아진다고 생각한다. 비브라토에 관한 한가지 사실은 정확한 조율보다 덜하게 하는 것을 막도록 그것이 도울 수 있다는 것이다 - 비록 이것이 비브라토를 사용하는 이유가 되어서는 안되지만 말이다..
리드의 강도
나는 약한 호수의 리드가 음을 낮추는 경향이 있다고 말하였다. 이것은 당신이 색소폰을 조율할 때 당신이 사용하는 같은 종류의 리드를 쓰고있는 이상 약한 호수의 리드를 사용할 때 음을 낮추게 된다는 것을 의미하지는 않는다. 당신이 강한 리드로 조율하고나서 약한 리드를 사용한다면 당신이 낮게 연주하고 있는게 갑자기 느껴지더라도 놀라지 마시라.
약한 리드의 하나의 장점은 그것들이 종종 당신이 연주중 필요한만큼 음을 높이거나 낮출수 있도록 해주는 보다 더 유연성을 준다는 사실이다.
음정 점검항목
색소폰이 원래 음정조율이 안되어 있는지?
진짜 제대로 만들어지지 않은 색소폰들도 더러 있다. 의심이 들거든 수리점을 찾아라. 수리사는 연주도 할 줄 아는 사람이어야 할 필요가 있다. 아니면 좋은 선생에게서라도 음정조율이 안된 색소폰을 가려낼 수 있어야 한다.
그것이 높게 조율되어 있는지?
20세기 중반까지는 음정이 높냐 낮냐만을 따지는 하나의 조율만 있는 것이 아니었다. 당신이 오래된 색소폰을 갖고 있다면 그것은 높은 음정일 것이며(거의 반음정도), 현대의 오케스트라나 건반악기들과 결코 같이 연주할 수 없을 것이다.
모든 음들이 높거나 낮은지?
이것은 마우스피스를 무는 위치가 잘못되었다는 것을 의미한다.(1단계로 돌아가라)
키뚜껑의 높이가 부적절하게 되어 있는지?
이것또한, 수리사에게 의뢰해야할 필요성이 있는 것이다. 만약 이것만이 문제라면 쉽게 고쳐질 수 있을 것이다.
오직 다른 사람에 의하여 알려진 문제인지?
이것은 당신의 청각으로 직접 그 어떤 연주들을 들어볼 필요가 있다는 것을 의미한다. 당신은 이론상 당신이 그것을 연주하기 전에 당신의 머릿속에 떠올린 음고의 음들을 들을 수 있을 것인데, 그방법으로 당신은 그 음이 낮은지 높은지 금방 알 수 있을 것이다. 만약 당신이 이것이 곤란하다면, 시창이나 청음훈련을 좀 해보라. 합창단에 참여하는 것은 음정을 배우는데 엄청난 도움이 될 수 있을 것이다.
사실적으로 문제인가?
이것은 논쟁거리가 될 것이지만, 완벽한 음정을 요구하지는 않는 몇몇 음악스타일들이 있다( 순정음에 관한 오른쪽 박스를 보라). 찰리 파커나 재키 맼린과 오르넷 콜멘같은 위대한 전설적인 재즈뮤지션들은 정확한 음정으로 연주하지 않은 것으로 알려져 있다(나의 찰리 파커 세션 블로그를 보라). 벤딩음들은 불르스스타일의 많은 부분이 될 수 있고 종종 음들이 여러 가지로 다른 정도로 낮아지고, 그래서 기술적으로는 일탈된 음정들이었지만 오히려 그 스타일에는 딱맞는 것들이었다.
높아지거나 낮아지는 것이 더 좋은가?
사람의 귀는 높아진 음보다 낮아진 음들에 대해서 더 불편해하는 경향이 있다. 위 블로그에서 언급한 것처럼 찰리 파커는 종종 좀 높았지만 역사상 최고의 색소포니스트나 뮤지션으로 여겨지고 있다.
나의 동료중 한사람의 말이 있다.
“음정에 안 맞는 것보다는 높은게 좋다!”
출처:http://tamingthesaxophone.com/saxophone-intonation-tuning.html
번역: 조경재
Saxophone Intonation - Playing In Tune
Which of these is more "in tune"?
First of all please try this little experiment. The two audiofiles in the player on the right are two different versions of the first few notes of an alto saxophone solo. The tird clips shows file 1 followed by file 2 with a tuner displaying the pitch.
I have tried this on quite a few people and there is not always agreement as to which one is "in tune" and which one isn't. Or whether they are both in tune or both out of tune
Why is this?
In this example there are two possible reasons. One is that in a blues style it is not always necessary, or even a good idea to play perfectly in tune. A lot of the feel of blues saxophone is based on " blue notes". In some cases this means notes flattened by approximately a semitone, but can also be a much more subtle change in the tuning. Another reason is that players often use a different form of intonation, ie just intonation (see below: When is "In Tune" Out of Tune)
If you want to hear the whole solo, it is on the Youtube page (Uncle Phunk's Junk)
How to Play a Saxophone In Tune
"Easy!" I hear you say, "just buy a saxophone that's in tune". If only it was that simple. The most revered saxophone of all time, the Selmer MKVI, is well known to have some tuning "quirks". Admittedly, saxophone design and manufacturing technology has come on a long way since then, and most modern saxophones (yes, even many of the cheap Chinese saxophones people love to hate) have fairly decent tuning, but I doubt there is a saxophone that you can say is "in tune", unlike an electronic keyboard. Even a violin can have four of its notes tuned to perfection, but due to acoustic imperfections in the very core of the design, a saxophone has what are politely called tuning tendencies so that although you can tune one note and get it perfectly right, that does not guarantee that any of the other notes will also be in tune without some "coaxing" from the player.
Why Isn't my Saxophone Perfectly In Tune?
Well, a very short answer is that the saxophone is an acoustically imperfect instrument. It has a conical bore, and to be acoustically "correct" this would continue tapering at the neck to a point. Obviously this is not possible due the mouthpiece being there. Ideally some of the "missing volume" of this imaginary extension of the neck is made up by the volume of the mouthpiece chamber. Fine, except that such chambers usually cause a sound that doesn't fit in with the tonal demands of players these days.
OK, while on the subject of violins, we often think of bad violinists being horribly out of tune. But once those four strings are tuned, playing any of them as an open string (whether bowed or pizzicato) will result in more or less an in tune note (it's all the others in between that we need to worry about!). But with a saxophone, just that one note you tune to can vary so much depending the way the player blows it (the shape and pressure of the embouchure, dynamics and the quality of air support) and the type of mouthpiece.
So Many Variables
During the twentieth century the saxophone evolved into one of the most versatile instruments in the world, capable of enormous variety of tone and styles of playing. However the main body of the instrument is still very similar to the one Adolph Sax invented. The biggest change has come about in mouthpiece design and structure due to the demand from jazz and rock players in the pursuit of different and louder saxophone sounds. Most jazz and rock players now play mouthpieces that are very different: smaller chambers, wider tips, higher baffles. All of these can have a considerable effect on the tuning of a saxophone: one particular problem can be when trying to use a modern high baffle small chamber mouthpiece with a vintage saxophone which was designed for use with large chambered low baffle mouthpieces.
Step 1: Tuning the Saxophone (sort of)
Traditionally instruments tune to a concert A (F# on alto and B on tenor). So if we assume the player has a reasonable ability to blow the instrument, surely all the other notes should be in tune? Sadly this is hardly ever true as the saxophone is not an acoustically perfect instrument (see box). Saxophone players need to do a bit of work with their embouchure to coax many of the other notes in tune.
Electronic Tuners
Can these help?
Yes and No.
Tuners are fine for tuning your tuning note to, or for reference: ie as a way to see if certain notes are more out of tune than others. But they should never replace your ears. Playing scales or long notes and constantly watching a tuner may be counter productive, but glancing at it occasionally after starting a note can be very worthwhile to check if you are in tune or not. It's important not to get hung up on perfection.
Don't Worry
It's very often fine to be within +/- 5 cents of the exact pitch and sometimes more depending on the music you are playing. Sometimes the more you worry about your intonation, the worse it can get.
As all saxophone players should learn very quickly, to tune the saxophone we move the mouthpiece further onto the neck to play sharper, and further off the neck to play flatter. But this only makes sense if we know how to blow the instrument competently, but assuming you have a reasonable grasp of embouchure, there are a few other things to take into consideration. Often blowing very loud causes the saxophone to go flat so tune at a moderate dynamic. Using vibrato may cause the sound to be slightly flatter. If you are a player who always uses vibrato, then tune with vibrato. If you never use vibrato, then tune without. If, like most players, you play with and without, it makes sense to tune with vibrato, and then be aware that you may need to relax your embouchure a bit when playing without to avoid sharpness.
Step 2: Tuning the Rest of the Notes
The very simple explanation of how to do this is to apply slightly more embouchure pressure to flat notes, and a slightly more relaxed embouchure to sharp notes. Basically you are compensating for the inherent tuning quirks of the saxophone (NB: If you feel you need to compensate excessively, there may be some important issues regarding the instrument you need to look at, which we will look at later).
Although there are some tendencies of certain notes to be sharp or flat (see below), the only way to develop the skill you need to play in tune is to use, and develop, your ears. Some lucky people are born with perfect or extremely good pitch and can tell instantly whether a note is sharp or flat and by how much, others need to train their ears to become more discerning.
Tuning Tendencies of Individual Notes
Assume we now have a concert pitch A in tune, the next thing to know is the "tendency" of certain notes to be sharp or flat. This can vary from instrument to instrument, but here is a rough rule of thumb:
Upper Register Lower Register
Notes from D (lowest note of upper register) upwards will be sharp with the exception of F#, but with D (and possibly Eb and E) being particularly prone to being sharp.
Notes from C# downwards in the lower register will have a tendency to be flat (especially open C#), with the exception of A, B and C, which should be in tune. Bottom Bb and B which may be sharp.
Tuning Tendencies of Instrument
When is "In Tune" Out of Tune
This can get very complicated, but it's worth taking a little time to understand the concept of Just Intonation as opposed to Equal Temperament.
All modern keyboards and other "fixed pitch" instruments are tuned so that the octave is divided into 12 equal semitones (equal temperament). Before there was any music which required complex key changes, people used a scale which did not divide the semitones into equal 1/12ths.
The reason is that some intervals (especially 3rds) sound much more pleasing to the ear when the interval is based on the notes of the overtone series, however with this system as soon as you change key, each note of the scale is now at a very slightly different pitch relative to the new tonic. This is no problem for a group of singers, but it is not practical for a fixed pitch keyboard, so the equal semitone system was invented.
When there is no keyboard present, it is quite possible (and desirable) for musicians to subconsciously use just intonation as it feels more natural. Another reason not to worry too much about tuners, the way you "hear" an interval may actually be better than the way your tuner tells you it should be.
That's my excuse anyway!
These are not hard and fast rules, but can be used to pinpoint problems
We are now going to take a closer look at some of these aspects of tuning
Vibrato
Vibrato is usually made by a regular relaxation of the jaw in a more or less regular pulse which creates a kind of wave effect. As the jaw is relaxed the note dips down from the regular pitch, resulting in a pitch which on average is flatter. It's arguable that this is not quite as flat as the logic of this might imply, as our ears possibly compensate to hear the higher pitch of the "wave" rather than the middle, however I have found that in general it is slightly flatter. One thing about vibrato is that it can help to mask less than perfect intonation - although this should not be a reason to use vibrato!
Reed Strength
I said that softer reeds have a tendency to play flat. This does not mean you will play flat if you use soft reeds, as long as you stick to the same reed you use when tuning up your saxophone. If you tune with a hard reed, then switch to a soft one, don't be surprised if suddenly you sound flatter.
One advantage of soft reeds is that they do often allow you more flexibility to coax the note sharp or flat as necessary
Intonation Checklist
Is the saxophone itself out of tune? There are some saxophones that are just built badly. If you are in doubt the saxophone being out of tune take it to a good repairer. It must be one who is also a player. Alternatively a good teacher should be able to diagnose an out of tune saxophone.
Is it a high pitch instrument? Up until the middle of the twentieth century there was more than one standard of tuning - high pitch and low pitch. Low pitch was adopted as the standard. If you have an old saxophone it may be high pitch (almost a semitone sharp), and will never play in tune with modern orchestras or keyboards.
All notes either sharp or flat? This indicates that the mouthpiece is in the wrong position. (Back to Step 1)
Is the keywork height set incorrectly? Again, a good repairer will be able to tell. If this is the problem it can usually be fixed very quickly.
Is the problem only noticed by other people? This could mean it's time for you to do some work on your hearing. You should ideally be able to hear the pitch of a note in your head before playing it, that way you will immediately know if the note is sharp or flat. If you have trouble with this, then try some ear training, sight singing exercises. Joining a choir can be immensely helpful with learning to pitch notes.
Is it actually a Problem? This may be a controversial thing to say, but there are some styles of music that do not need perfect intonation. (Also see the box on the right about Just Intonation) Some of the greatest jazz legends, Charlie Parker, Jackie McLean and Ornette Coleman were known to not play perfectly in tune. (See my Charlie Parker session blog). Bending notes can be a large part of a blues style, and often notes are flattened by varying degrees, so although technically "out of tune", they are perfect for the style.
Is it Better to be Sharp or Flat?
The human ear tends to perceive flat notes as being more unpleasant than sharp notes. As mentioned in the blog above, Charlie Parker was often quite sharp, yet is considered by many to be the best saxophonist or musician that ever lived. In the words of one of my colleagues:
It's better to be sharp than out of tune!
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첫댓글 저는 선천적인 음감을 타고나지 못하여 튜너를 거의 끼고 삽니다.귀로 맞추는 것이 좋다는 것은 알지만
저같은 아마추어에게는 참 어려운 일입니다.그래서인지 더더욱 음정부분에 있어서 심각한 집착을 가지게 되더군요.
그런데 윗글을 보니 저의 연습방향에 대해 다시한번 생각하게 됩니다.^^