아래 빌게이츠 이메일 내용 진짜네...쥐실험을 통한 결과임...
Microscopic examinations of the brain sections displayed abnormal changes in neuronal tissues of all GONs treated groups in comparison with the control group. In fact, some of the neuronal cells of both cerebral and cerebellar cortices showed degeneration and necrosis. These changes were more noticeable in animals receiving 500 mg/kg GONs than in animals receiving 150 or 50 mg/kg GONs. In the cerebellar cortex of all GONs treated animals, we observed the distortion of cerebellar layers that were accompanied by different degrees of degenerated and necrotic neuronal cells (Figure 8). In particular, degenerated and necrotized Purkinje cells were most conspicuous. Architecture of Purkinje cells perturbed, their cytoplasm shrank, their nuclei disappeared. Also, we observed the loss of Purkinje cells in the Purkinje cell layer. These histopathological alterations were more severe in rats receiving 500 mg/kg GONs when compared with rats receiving either 150 or 50 mg/kg GONs. Also, we observed some degrees of hyperemia and hemorrhage in the cerebellar tissues of treated animals with GONs when compared with control. No morphological changes in meninges and white matter were noticed in any GONs treated groups. Histopathological examinations of hearts disclosed no morphological changes in all GONs treated animals, in comparison with control (data not shown).
Figure 8 Histopathological effects of GONs on the brain of rats after 21 days. Representative photomicrograph of (A) control group (section of cerebellum, H&E, ×200),
(B) rats receiving 50 mg/kg of GONs (section of cerebrum, H&E, ×400), (C) rats receiving 150 mg/kg of GONs (section of cerebrum, H&E, ×100), and (D) rats receiving
500 mg/kg of GONs (section of cerebellum, H&E, ×100).
Note: Black arrows indicate degenerated Purkinje cells in cerebellum; small black arrows indicate degenerated neuronal cells in cerebrum.
Abbreviations: ML, molecular layer; PCL, Purkinje cell layer; GL, granular layer; GONs, graphene oxide nanoplatelets; H&E, hematoxylin and eosin.
Background: Graphene is considered as a wonder material; it is the strongest material on the planet, super-elastic, and conductive. Its application in biomedicine is huge, with a multibilliondollar industry, and will revolutionize the diagnostic and treatment of diseases. However, its safety and potential toxicity is the main challenge.
Methods: This study assessed the potential toxicity of graphene oxide nanoplatelets (GONs) in an in vivo animal model using systemic, hematological, biochemical, and histopathological examinations. Normal saline (control group) or GONs (3–6 layers, lateral dimension=5–10 µm, and thickness=0.8–2 nm) at dose rate of 50, 150, or 500 mg/kg were intraperitoneally injected into adult male Wistar rats (n=5) every 48 hours during 1 week to receive each animal a total of four doses. The animals were allowed 2 weeks to recover after the last dosing. Then, animals were killed and the blood was collected for hematological and biochemical analysis. The organs including the liver, kidney, spleen, lung, intestine, brain, and heart were harvested for histopathological evaluations.
Results: The results showed GONs prevented body weight gain in animals after 21 days, treated at 500 mg/kg, but not in the animals treated at 150 or 50 mg/kg GONs. The biochemical analysis showed a significant increase in total bilirubin, with a significant decrease in triglycerides and high-density lipoprotein in animals treated at 500 mg/kg. Nonetheless, other hematological and biochemical parameters remained statistically insignificant in all GONs treated animals. The most common histopathological findings in the visceral organs were granulomatous reaction with giant cell formation and accumulation of GONs in capsular regions. Also, small foci of neuronal degeneration and necrosis were the most outstanding findings in the brain, including the cerebellum.
Conclusion: In conclusion, this study shows that GONs without functionalization are toxic. The future study is a comparison of the functionalized with non-functionalized GONs.
Keywords: graphene oxide, nanoplatelets, toxicity, preclinical, rat, histopathology, nanotechnology
ㅡ"중추신경계에 [Go/산화그래핀]이 미치는 독성"ㅡ
산화그래핀과 그래핀를 기반으로한 나노물질은 최근 몇 년간 바이오 의술적 치료에 광범위하게 사용돼왔다. 두개골 내부나
신체내부에 설치하는 신경치료용 장치나 바이오센싱 및 바이오이미징 그리고 뇌종양치료 기술에 산화그래핀은 광범위하게 사용되었다.
그러나 산화그래핀의 잠재적인 건강 위험과 신경독성은 아직 명확하게 밝혀지지 않았다.
Amrollahiet al. [126] Wistar 쥐에서 [GO/산화그래핀]의 생체 내 독성을 평가했다. 그들의 연구 결과는 《GO/산화그래핀》가
쥐들의 신경 조직에 독성을 끼치는 것으로 나타났다.
실제로 현미경 절편을 분석한 결과 대뇌피질과 소뇌피질의 특정 신경세포가 퇴화와 괴사를 보이는 것으로 나타났다.
특히 《푸르키네 세포》의 모양이 붕괴되고 세포질이 좁아지며 새포핵이 사라졌다.
* 푸르키네 세포층(Purkinje cell layer)
푸르키네 세포층은 과립층 바로 바깥쪽에 위치한다. 여기에는 소뇌 피질에서 눈에 띄는 '푸르키네 세포'의 세포체들이 자리한다. 지름 15-20um의 세포체가 푸르키네 세포층에 늘어서 있고, 여기서 나오는 축삭(원심성)은 피질에서 나와 소뇌핵으로 향하는데, 이것이 소뇌 피질에서 소뇌핵으로의 유일한 신경섬유이다. 푸르키네 세포의 수상 돌기는 가늘게 가지가 갈라지면서 부채꼴로 퍼져 분자층으로 뻗어나간다. 여기서 올리브핵에서 뻗어나온 등정섬유들이 각 푸르키네 세포마다 하나씩 붙어 글루타민산 시냅스를 형성하고 수상 돌기를 따라 계속 시냅스를 형성해가며 분자층으로 올라간다. 또한 분자층의 바구니세포로부터 뻗은 축삭이 푸르키네 세포 축삭의 첫번째 마디와 세포체를 바구니처럼 감싸면서 GABA 시냅스를 형성한다.
산화그래핀은
쥐실험을 통해 대뇌와 소뇌의 신경세포 퇴화와 괴사를 불러옴...
그렇다면 아래 재판은 실재했으며
킬게이츠 뒈졌음?
만약 이 실험이 인간에게도 똑같이 적용된다면...
진짜로 2~3년내에 죽는다는거네 ㄷㄷㄷ
소뇌가 괴사되면 이건 뭐 ㄷㄷㄷㄷㄷㄷㄷㄷㄷ
그것도 아주 서서히...지가 죽는지도 모름 ㄷㄷㄷ