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출처: 비공개 입니다
이번 공개된 '소나무가 있는 "수월관음도"는 Italy Genoa에서 발견.
Genoa는 콜럼부스의 고향이기도 하다.
이 "수월관음도"는 Edoardo Chiossone가 기증한 것이란다.
Edoardo Chiossone의 인생사는 다음에 읽어보고 그는 1876년에 일본이 발행한 고반(小判)우표(Koban)의 도안사였다.
문위우표를 연구함에 있어서 1884년의 일본우표를 살펴봐야한다. 이때 동시대의 우표가 고반(小判)우표다.
유럽-미국에서는 우표의 도안으로 왕이나 대통령의 초상을 우표도안으로 이용했으나 일본에서는 감히 천왕의 초상을 사용할 수
없어서 고반(小判)(타원)을 택하였다고.
Genoa에서 발견한 수월관음도(水月觀音圖)
수월관음도
위키백과, 우리 모두의 백과사전.
수월관음도(水月觀音圖)는 여러 모습으로 중생 앞에 나타나 고난에서 안락의 세계로 이끌어 주는 자비를 상징하는 관음보살이 사는 정토의 모습을 그린 것이다.
목차
[숨기기]
• 1개요
• 2지정 문화재
• 2.1보물
• 2.2시도 유형문화재
• 3갤러리
개요[편집]
관음보살에 대해 언급하고 있는 대표적인 경전으로는 《묘법연화경(妙法蓮華經)》의 관세음보살보문품(觀世音菩薩普門品)과 《화엄경(華嚴經)》의 입법계품(入法界品)을 들 수 있는데, 여기에 의하면 관음보살은 남쪽의 보타락가산(補陀洛迦山)에 거주하면서 중생을 제도하고 있으며,
그곳에는 온갖 보배와 꽃과 과일이 풍부하고, 바다를 접하고 있다고 한다. 입법계품에는
선재동자(善財童子)가 찾아다니는 선지식(善知識)의 하나로 관음보살이 설해지고 있는데,
이러한 장면을 도설(圖說)하고 있는 것이 바로 수월관음도이다.
수월관음도는 고려불화(高麗佛畵)의 주요 도상(圖像)으로 채택되어 많은 사례를 남기고 있으나 조선시대에는 흔하게 접할 수 없는 불화 가운데 하나이다.
지정 문화재[편집]
보물[편집]
• 보물 제926호 수월관음보살도(水月觀音菩薩圖)
• 보물 제1204호 의겸등필 수월관음도(義謙等筆 水月觀音圖)
• 보물 제1286호 수월관음도(水月觀音圖)
• 보물 제1332호 여수 흥국사 수월관음도(麗水 興國寺 水月觀音圖)
• 보물 제1426호 수월관음도(水月觀音圖)
시도 유형문화재[편집]
• 인천광역시 유형문화재 제76호 인천 용궁사 수월관음도(仁川 龍宮寺 水月觀音圖)
• 경기도 유형문화재 제198호 가평 현등사 수월관음도(加平 懸燈寺 水月觀音圖)
소나무 그려진 ‘수월관음도’ 이탈리아서 발견
14세기 작품... 소나무 담은 가장 오래된 국내 그림
프린트 글자확대 글자축소
이탈리아 제노바에서 발견된 14세기 고려불화 수월관음도. 정우택 동국대박물관장 제공
국내에 알려지지 않은 14세기 고려불화 ‘수월관음도(水月觀音圖)’ 한 점이 이탈리아 제노바의 미술관에서 발견됐다. 고려불화 연구자인 정우택 동국대박물관장은 “동국대 개교 110주년 기념사업회 후원으로 유럽지역 한국 불교 미술품을 조사하는 과정에서 이달 초 이탈리아에서 고려불화 수월관음도를 확인했다”고 21일 밝혔다.
이 불화를 직접 확인하기까지 1년여의 시간이 걸렸다.
수월관음도는 달빛 아래 바위 위에 반가좌로 앉은 관음보살을 그린 그림이다. 비단에 색칠을 한 이 수월관음도(가로 55.4㎝, 세로 105.9㎝)에서 가장 특이한 점은 왼쪽 윗부분에 그려진 소나무다. 정 관장은 “소나무가 그려진 첫 수월관음도”라며 “유일한 사례일 뿐 아니라 한국에서 제일 오래된 수묵 소나무 그림이라 주목된다”고 설명했다. 지금까지 소나무가 그려진 한국 최고(最古)의 수묵화는 일본 교토 묘만지(妙滿寺)의 ‘세한삼우도(歲寒三友圖)’로, 이 그림은 고려 말에서 조선 전기로 추정된다.
관음보살 목걸이의 채색 방법도 독특하다. 정 관장에 따르면 일반적인 수월관음도에서는 금을 아끼기 위해 목걸이를 먼저 그리고 나서 금박가루를 칠해 몸체를 표현했는데 이 그림은 몸체 전체에 금을 칠하고 그 위에 목걸이를 그려 넣었다. 금의 효과를 최대한 살린 이 같은 채색 방법도 처음 발견됐다.
이번 수월관음도는 이탈리아의 근대 동판화가인 에도아르도 코소네(1833~1898)의 기증품을 모은 미술관에서 발견됐다. 코소네는 19세기 후반 일본 메이지 정부가 근대화를 위해 초빙해 1875년 대장성(재무부) 조폐국에 취임했다. 코소네는 일본에서 동양 미술품 1만5,000여점을 수집했고 1905년 유족들이 제노바시에 기증했다. 수월관음도는 그가 일본에서 수집한 그림 중 하나다. 정 관장은 “코소네가 수집해 제노바시에 기증한 작품이라 출처가 분명하고, 일본이 근대기에 유럽과 활발하게 소통했음을 고려할 때 앞으로도 유럽에서 새로운 고려불화가 발견될 가능성이 높다"고 말했다. 뛰어난 문화유산으로 평가 받는 고려불화는 국내 20여점을 포함해 세계적으로 160여점 밖에 남아있지 않아 그 가치가 더 높다. 이번에 발견된 수월관음도는 유럽에서 발견된 8번째 고려불화다.
양진하 기자 realha@hankookilbo.com
Koban
Edoardo Chiossone
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 고반(小判)
Edoardo Chiossone
Born January 21, 1833Arenzano, Province of Genoa
Died April 11, 1898 (aged 64)Tokyo, Japan
Nationality Italian
Occupation artist, engraver
Edoardo Chiossone (January 21, 1833 - April 11, 1898) was an Italian engraver and painter, noted for his work as a foreign advisor to Meiji period Japan, and for his collection of Japanese art. He designed the first Japanese bank notes.
Contents
[hide]
• 1Biography
• 1.1Chiossone in Japan
• 2Death
• 3Legacy
• 4See also
• 5External links
Biography[edit]
Chiossone was born in Arenzano, Province of Genoa, as the son of a printer. In 1847 he enrolled in the Accademia Ligustica, where he specialized in copper-plate engraving, and graduated in 1855. In 1857 he entered the atelier of Raffaele Granara and made several engravings of famous art works. One of his works was selected for display at the Exposition Universelle (1867) in Paris.
Later in 1867 he started working for the Italian National Bank and was sent to the Dondorf-Naumann company in Frankfurt, Germany to be trained in the making of paper money. While he was there, the company began making bank notes for the Imperial Japanese government, and in 1874 he was sent to London to learn new printing techniques. At this point he was invited to go to Japan, and accepted.
Many of the portraits by Chiossone have been lost, and others only survive in reproduction; they can all be said to have been faithful likenesses.
Chiossone in Japan[edit]
Chiossone arrived in Japan on January 12, 1875. The government Printing Bureau (Insatsu Kyoku) which was part of the Ministry of Finance (Okurasho) was under the directorship of Tokuno Ryosuke, who was eager to introduce modern machinery and techniques. The practical implementation of this policy was entirely the work of Chiossone, who founded printing companies such as Toppan Insatsu, trained the Japanese in printing techniques, designed official papers, paper currencies and postage stamps, taught the art of making printing ink and printing paper (with a watermark in it), and taught how to make many copies from one plate.
After five months Chiossone was offered a three-year contract with a monthly salary of 450 yen and a house; this was one of the highest salaries paid to a foreigner, and twice that of fellow Italian Antonio Fontanesi who was hired to teach oil painting, and his house was outside the foreign enclave in Tsukiji (he lived first in Kanda and then in Kōjimachi, with a retinue of servants). At the end of 1875 he made his first portrait, an engraving of the German physician Philipp Franz von Siebold. He also designed the "koban" stamp series which was issued in 1876, with a watermark; as there was a taboo against using the emperor's portrait, he had to resort to other images, such as the imperial chrysanthemum.
Other portraits followed in 1876, those of Ōkubo Toshimichi, Saigō Tsugumichi (younger brother of Saigō Takamori, who was Minister of the Navy and Home Minister), and William Chapman Ralston of the Bank of California. The next year the Emperor Meiji, attended by a hundred persons including Prince Arisugawa and Iwakura Tomomi visited the Printing Bureau and Chiossone's working room (destroyed in the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake). That year Chiossone also designed the first modern Japanese bank note, a one-yen note with the figure of Daikoku, the god of wealth. The next year he produced the first bank note containing a human figure, the image of the legendary Empress Jingū.
In 1879 Chiossone went on a trip around Japan with Tokuno Ryosuke to record ancient art works and monuments; 510 photographs were taken and Chiossone made 200 drawings. Tokuno recorded in his diary, published ten years later, that the two of them had had long conversations. The fruits of this trip were illustrated albums produced between 1880 and 1883.
In 1883 Chiossone was asked to make a portrait of Saigō Takamori, who had already been dead for six years; for this purpose he combined the features of Saigō's younger brother and a cousin of his, and this became the standard portrait and the model for famed bronze statue in Ueno Park. Chiossone also made a portrait of Tokuno two months before he died in that year, and designed his tombstone.
Chiossone's portrait of Emperor Meiji, 1888
In 1888 he received his highest recognition, when he was asked to produce a portrait of the Emperor, to be used as the official state portrait. The only existing portrait at that time was a photograph taken ten years before, and the Emperor refused to be photographed again. So the grand chamberlain Tokudaiji Sanemori arranged for Chiossone to sketch the Emperor at the palace from behind a screen. From his sketches, he made two faithful likenesses of Emperor Meiji, one in military uniform and the other in civilian clothes, and these were then photographed and became the official "photographs" of the Emperor and served as the basis of all the familiar representations of Emperor Meiji.
Besides being engaged in painting portraits, which included further portraits of the Empress, the future Emperor Taishō, General Ōyama Iwao, Iwakura Tomomi and Sanjō Sanetomi, Chiossone was constantly kept busy at the Printing Bureau, producing plates for notes, stamps and bonds; in 1888 he produced a 5‑yen bank note with the figure of Sugawara Michizane on it, and, as his last work before retiring, a 100‑yen note with Fujiwara Kamatari (614‑669) on it. In 1891 he retired with 3,000 yen severance pay and an annual pension of 1,200 yen. He also received the Order of the Sacred Treasure, 3rd class.
Death[edit]
On April 11, 1898, Chiossone died of heart failure at his home in Kōjimachi, and was buried in Aoyama Cemetery, where his tomb can still be seen in the foreign section. The papers brought out long articles on his death, and the Japan Weekly Mail spoke of his high reputation both for his artistic ability and for his friendly nature.
Legacy 유산(遺産)
Chiossone was an avid collector of Japanese art, with a wide range including nihonga, ukiyoe, Buddhist sculptures and liturgical objects, archaeological objects, lacquerware, porcelain, Noh masks, armor and weapons, musical instruments, and clothing for men and women. Per a provision in his will, this collection was sent to the Ligurian Academy of Fine Arts in Genoa after his death, where it was later formed into the Museum of Japanese Art "Edoardo Chiossone", opened to the public by King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy on October 30, 1905.
부산 일본 우편국 1905.9.29.