자료 BODY WORK

[Khan]

BODY WORK

 we have a number of approaches: bioenergetics, vegetotherapy, biosynthesis, biodynamic psychology, neo-Reichian work, Radix education, Hakomi therapy, Lomi body work, Hellerwork, Rolfing, postural integration, Tragering, Feldenkrais method, bio-release, Alexander technique and so on.

Much of this work stems ultimately from Wilhelm Reich, and we may lead into it by considering his approach. What Reich said was that a natural energy normally flowed through the body. This energy could be blocked at various points, usually where the segments of the body (he distinguished seven segments) joined on to one another. These blocks might have been set up originally as defences to some forbidden impulse or some painful trauma, and might be maintained as part of the person's character structure. By working on these blocks and releasing the energy, the person might be made more healthy and happy.

This makes it sound as if character, which we usually admire, were highly suspect, and Reich actually said that character is neurosis. In other words, we are responding to the world and acting in it either in an appropriate way, which stays in close contact with reality, or in a more rigid or floppy or otherwise inappropriate way. To the extent that it is the latter, Reich would see the undue rigidity or floppiness (or whatever) as neurosis, and would seek to undo the blocks which might be responsible.

This general approach has been adapted and extended in a number of ways by humanistic practitioners. One of the main schools where this has been done is in bioenergetics, led by Alexander Lowen, who has been to this country a number of times. Bioenergetics lays particular emphasis on grounding, and has many exercises concerned with making better contact with our legs and feet and what they mean to us. Stress positions are used to stir up valuable material which may be connected to the person's energy blocks.

Both Reich and Lowen think it worthwhile to say that certain patterns of blockages, certain systems of holding energy back, are very common. They draw attention to the existence of certain character types - the schizoid, the masochistic, and so on - and go into much detail as to the way of standing, the body posture and attitude, the type of breathing, the cognitive and affective patterns and contents and so on which belong to each type. One can actually do a body reading which amounts to a character reading, simply by getting the person to stand up and move about, so that one can see how the body is set in particular patterns of action. This gives some very clear ideas as to how to work with such a person in therapy.

One of the methods of working is to touch the body itself. The touch may be very light, as in Gerda Boyesen's biodynamic massage, or may involve pressue on tense parts, as in Lowen's bioenergetics, or may involve deep restructuring of the muscles, as in Rolfing or Postural Integration. This means that therapists in the area of body work must know the body very well, and many of them take massage qualifications, both because of the excellent education it gives on the whole body, and because of the legal requirements in certain countries. So in much body work some of the clothing is removed to give access to the muscles and also to enable the therapist to see any changes in colour of the skin as therapy progresses - these may be very important. Not all body therapists use massage tables, but it is quite common for them to do so.

Because of this emphasis on the body, and the possible sexual implications of this, it is particularly important for body therapists to have gone through their own therapy in this way. They can then work through sexual and other feelings which may arise in them when in contact with another person's skin, before ever meeting a client. Good supervision is also particularly important in this form of therapy, and very often the therapist will have a supervisor who will help in resolving any distress which occurs as a result of the therapist making any mistakes in this sensitive area. The supervisor can also keep an eye open for any infringement of the rather stringent ethical requirements of this discipline. It is extremely important that no one does this kind of work without adequate training and supervision.

The great pioneer of body work in England is David Boadella, and he has written and edited a number of books in this area. He is also the editor of Energy & Character, an excellent journal.

If you want a wide-ranging rundown on a whole host of approaches to the body it is worth looking at Nicholas Albery's book. One of the problems with the body therapies is that they seem to lead to a proliferation of individual practitioners each with a method about which he or she is completely dogmatic. For some reason, this seems to be much more the case in the body therapies than in any of the other approaches. It is quite a relief to come across someone like Boadella, who has a lot of knowledge and quite wide-ranging sympathies.

Anyone who goes in for body work should be aware that it can get you into very deep material quite quickly. If you are ready for that, because you have done a good deal of more conventional therapy already, and are feeling a bit impatient with it, this may be fine. But it is in any case important to make sure that your therapist is a well trained and well practised person, who has worked on themselves for at least five years. It is also well to check that the therapist is in supervision. Most good body practitioners recognise the need for supervision in their work. This is, of course, desirable for all therapists and compulsory for members of the AHP group of practitioners, AHPP, and also for the other practitioners who are recognised by the UK Council for Psychotherapy, and to be found on their National Register.

The body therapy techniques developed by Reich and Lowen and their followers, and described above, involve much stressful and often painful work, such as hitting, kicking, screaming, intense breathing, stress-inducing positions and movements, and deep pressure applied to tight musculature, referred to as one's body armour.

In contrast to this approach is the body work developed by a few German women, including Elsa Gindler, Magda Proskauer, Marion Rosen, Ilse Middendorf, and Doris Breyer (Moss 1981). Their work promotes mind/body awareness and integration using such techniques as movement, touch, natural breathing, sensory awareness, and voice work. These are much more nonstressful and nonpainful practices.

BOOKLIST

Albery, Nicholas (1983) How to save the body Revelaction Press, London. Runs through thirty different forms of body work, giving a client's view of each.

Boadella, David (1988) 'Biosynthesis' in J Rowan & W Dryden (eds) Innovative therapy in Britain Open University Press, Milton Keynes. An excellent and up-to-date chapter, giving a succinct rundown on his method.

Keleman, Stanley (1985) Emotional anatomy Center Press, Berkeley. We waited a long time for this to appear, and it is quite outstanding. Not all that easy to read, but first rate stuff.

Kogan, G (1980) Your body works: A guide to health, energy and balance Transformation Press, Berkeley. One of the gentler approaches mentioned above.

Kurtz, Ron & Prestera, Hector (1977) The body reveals Bantam, New York (also other editions). A good account of one approach to body work.

Lowen, A & Lowen L (1977) The way to vibrant health Harper & Row, New York. Gives all the basic exercises used in bioenergetics.

Moss, L E (1981) A woman's way: A feminist approach to body psychotherapy University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor. One of the gentler approaches.

Painter, Jack (1986) Deep bodywork and personal development Bodymind Books, Mill Valley. A fine account of Postural Integration, one of the deepest and most fundamental approaches to body work.

Rush, A K (1973) Getting clear: Body work for women Random House, New York. A nice approach, very friendly.

Southwell, Clover (1988) 'The Gerda Boyesen Method: Biodynamic Therapy' in J Rowan & W Dryden (eds) Innovative therapy in Britain Open University Press, Milton Keynes. The only exposition in print of the Boyesen method.

Whitfield, Geoffrey (1988) 'Bioenergetics' in J Rowan & W Dryden (eds) Innovative therapy in Britain Open University Press, Milton Keynes. A good brief account of the whole method.

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