뉴질랜드 카우리Kauri 소나무, 코로만델Coromandel 반도 싹쓸이

[살점]

바오밥 나무와 비스끄리한 나무

배돛대, 건축자재로 남벌되었다


카우리 소나무 병
카우리 다이백

● Dieback

큰 가지로 퍼지는 어린 새싹의 죽음을 특징으로하는 나무와 관목의 질병입니다 : 뿌리에 대한 손상 또는 박테리아 또는 균류에 의한 공격으로 인해 발생합니다.

die‧back /ˈdaɪbæk/ noun [uncountable]

a condition that affects trees and bushes, in which the ends of branches die and then the whole branch dies




The Sacred Kauri Trees of New Zealand
On Maori-led tours in New Zealand, visitors can explore the remote forests where the sacred kauri trees grow.

The Yakas Kauri, Waipoua Forest, New Zealand (Destination Northland)

Traditional Maori culture has a deep connection to nature. On a tour of the North Island of New Zealand, I was privileged to learn about the sacred kauri tree.

The northern tip of New Zealand’s North Island was once covered with dense semitropical rainforests. Only a small fraction of that landscape remains, but what still exists is absolutely remarkable.

Then as now, one species of tree dominated the forest: the kauri. These trees are found only at a certain latitude in the western Pacific and are exceedingly slow growing. They make up for their dallying by growing for a long, long, long time. By the time they’re mature, the kauri are second in size only to sequoia, reaching heights of nearly 200 feet.

When Europeans came to New Zealand, they began harvesting these magnificent trees, which were valued not only because of their beautiful and durable wood but also because of their resin, which had a wide variety of industrial uses. The giants were felled, one by one, and the lumber was shipped across the sea.

On our tour, we first learned about the trees at the Kauri Museum in Matakohe. Exhibits there describe how the trees were harvested, including how the massive logs were transported out of the forests by damming rivers until the water was high enough to carry out the felled trunks.

The museum is chockfull of treasures, from exquisite antique furniture made from kauri wood to exhibits on the lives of the lumberjacks who felled them (say what you will for the environmental damage they caused, there’s no denying these were hardworking and brave men).

The museum’s most striking display is very simple: on a wall is traced the circumference of the largest kauri trees ever found (most measured only from their stumps, alas). Their size is so immense that it seemed almost impossible that such trees exist.

Ancient Forest

Then we traveled to the Waipoua Forest, which preserves a stand of kauri that because of its inaccessibility was never logged. Our guides were Koro Carman and Bill Matthews of Footprints Waipoua, a Maori-owned company that leads trips into the forest. Their goal is to tell two overlapping stories: how the trees are biological wonders and why the Maori honor them as sacred kin.

“The Maori believe that the ancestor of the kauri tree created life,” Koro told us. “When Sky Father and Mother Earth were locked in a passionate embrace, it was the kauri tree that separated them, creating space for light.”


Led by Koro and Bill, we drove to the outskirts of the forest. Before entering the woods, Bill said a prayer in Maori, asking for our protection as we walked. Then we started off on a hike that would take us to the two greatest trees of all: Te Matua Ngahere (the father of the forest) and Tane Mahuta (the lord of the forest).

Evening was approaching as we hiked on a path that wound through dense underbrush. As we walked, our guides pointed out the kauri trees that we passed, each one more immense than the last.

“That one is a baby, just eight hundred years old,” they said of one. “This one is a thousand years, still pretty young,” they said of another.

And then we came down into a slight ravine where we could see the glimmer of a white trunk ahead of us through the bush. Bill, who was walking behind us, began to sing in Maori, a song picked up by Koro at the front. As we approached Te Matua Ngahere, their song of greeting and praise wove a spell that still makes me shiver when I think of it.

Step by step we approached this 3,000-year-old tree, which was so massive that it wasn’t until we were fairly close to it that I could even see its top amid the thickness of the lower canopy of trees.

I’m not sure how to describe those minutes standing in front of that tree. I’ve stood before redwoods and sequoias and been awed by them as well, but seeing this ancient remnant of a race of giants was profoundly moving in a way that went deeper than words.

I know that if I’m allowed to take only a handful of memories to the grave, I would include this one, standing there in front of that tree, listening to the Maori men sing, sensing that something wild and wise and mysterious was in front of us.

Father of the Forest, indeed.


● Kauri dieback

Kauri dieback is a forest dieback disease of the native kauri trees (Agathis australis) of New Zealand caused by the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora agathidicida.

Symptoms include root rot and associated rot in a collar around the base of the tree, bleeding resin, yellowing and chlorosis of the leaves followed by extensive defoliation, and finally, death.

Etymology

Phytophthora (from Greek φυτόν (phytón), "plant" and φθορά (phthorá), "destruction"; "the plant-destroyer") is a genus of plant-damaging oomycetes (water moulds), whose member species are capable of causing enormous economic losses on crops worldwide, as well as environmental damage in natural ecosystems.

The species name agathidicida means "kauri killer", from the genitive noun agathid- (meaning "of the kauri genus Agathis") and the Latin suffix -cide (from the verb cadere, to kill).

Disease

Symptoms of kauri dieback include root rot of both fine-feeder and larger structural roots; a collar rot lesion causing resin production ("gummosis") at the collar and lower trunk region; severe chlorosis and defoliation of the canopy; and overall crown decline.

Infection by kauri dieback can rapidly kill seedlings and trees of all ages. Trees of all size classes are killed in natural forest remnants, amenity garden and park trees, and kauri plantations.