2회차_[Urban & Environment]_SMART cities

[Scarlet]

Hello ! This is Scarlett  

Let's go for it together ! 

with Luv

Scarlett :) 

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< Contents >

1. Three memorable sentences spoken by Martin Luther King, Jr.

2. Analyzing Structure & Key expressions of Script 

3. Brain Storming for Writing 

4. Summaries & Opinions on the Script 

<Appendix>

A. Selection of an Article 

B. Self assessment

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1. Three memorable sentences spoken by Martin Luther King, Jr.

 Faith is taking the first step even when you don't see the whole staircase.

(믿음이라는 것은 계단 끝이 보이지 않을 때도 첫 걸음을 내딛는 것이다.)

 Take the first step in faith. You don't have to see the whole staircase, just take the first step.

(믿음에 첫번째 발걸음을 내딛어라. 계단 전부를 볼 필요는 없다. 그냥 첫번째 발걸음을 내딛어라.)

 Nothing in the world is more dangerous than sincere ignorance and conscientious stupidity.

(무식하면서 성실한 것이나 멍청하면서 근면한 것이 세상에서 가장 위험하다.)

  Ignorance [^|ɪgnərəns]

   [NOUN] Ignorance of something is lack of knowledge about it.

ex) I am embarrassed by my complete ignorance of history

   [U] ~ (of/about sth) 무지, 무식

ex) They fought a long battle against prejudice and ignorance. (그들은 편견과 무지에 맞서 오랫동안 싸웠다.)

 Conscientious [|kɑ:nʃi^|enʃəs] 

   adj. Someone who is conscientious is very careful to do their work properly.

ex) We are generally very conscientious about our work.        

          형) 양심적인, 성실한

ex) a conscientious student / teacher / worker (성실한 학생/교사/근로자)

       Conscientious journalism (양심적인 신문(잡지)경영)

       He was a conscientious member in our club. 

 Stupidity [stu:^|pɪdəti]

   명사) 어리석음, 어리석은 짓 

ex) I couldn't believe my own stupidity. (나는 내 자신의 어리석음을 믿을 수가 없었다.)

ex) the errors and stupidities of youth (젊은 시절의 실수와 어리석은 짓들)

ex) sheer stupidity (아주 어리석은 생각[행동])

ex) display stupidity (어리석음을 보이다.)

ex) commit some stupidity (뭔가 서툰 짓을 저지르다.)

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2. Analyzing Structures & Key expressions of Script 

■ Sprawling cities

▶ become flashpoints of discontent

 flashpoint [^|flӕʃpɔɪnt]

[NOUN] A flashpoint is the moment at which a conflict, especially a political conflict, suddenly gets worse and becomes violent.

ex) The immediate flashpoint was Wednesday's big rally in the city centre 

[C , U] 일촉즉발의 상황; (비유적) 화약고

ex) Tension in the city is rapidly reaching flashpoint.

      (그 도시 내의 긴장 상태가 급속히 일촉즉발의 상황으로 치닫고 있다.)

ex) potential flashpoints in the south of the country 

(그 나라 남부 지역에 있는 잠재적인 화약고들)

 Discontent [|dɪskən|tent]

[NOUN] Discontent is the feeling that you have when you are not satisfied with your situation.

      ex) There are reports of widespread discontent in the capital.

▶ Precarious financial situation

▶ leads to a vicious cycle 

▶ lead to poor service delivery

ex) That is a serious impediment to health service delivery.  

     (이는 공공의료서비스 제공에 있어 심각한 장애물이다.)

[NOUN][oft N of n] Delivery or a delivery is the bringing of letters, parcels, or other goods to someone's house or to another place where they want them.

[ADJ] A delivery person or service delivers things to a place.

■ Urban rejuvenation programmes

 rejuvenation (NOUN) [ridƷù:vənéiʃən]

[U] 다시 젊어짐, 회춘, 원기 회복

ex) undergo a complete rejuvenation (완전히 회춘하다.)

▶ urban domains

ex) The Study on the Relation between the Methodology of the Public Domain in Contemporary Architecture and Urban Phenomena. (현대 건축에서 공공영역 구축방식과 도시와의 관계에 관한 연구)

▶ economies of scale

규모의 경제 ((생산 요소 투입량의 증대에 따른 생산비 절약 또는 수익 향상))

[NOUN] Economies of scale are the financial advantages that a company gains when it produces large quantities of products.

ex) Car firms are desperate to achieve economies of scale.

▶ The executive wing of the city needs to develop technical and management capacity to execute large urban rejuvenation programmes.

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3. Brain Storming for Writing

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4. Summaries & Opinions on the Script 

▶ Urbanization and Urban planning reflecting technological development

<Preparation for Expansion of Urban area Worldwide>

Now the world is experiencing an unprecedented transition from predominantly rural to chiefly urban living. Cities are arguably one of the most complex human creation to maximize the economies of scale. Based on those indispensable built environment, we have developed not only habitats for human communities but also various economic and cultural achievements so far. In spite of those advantages to our societies, we have to admit that some of tricky urban challenges should be addressed in detail and a series of countermeasures have to be prepared and implemented. 

<Increasing Needs for Urban Planning & Rejuvenation Program>

Existence of urban planning process can affect the levels of contentment by regional citizen from nation to nation. For example, some of underdeveloped countries without urban planning undergo 'urban sprawl' and become flashpoints of discontentment while the countries with well organized urban planning have more tendency for offering urban settings which can not only spark innovation due to the proximity and diversity of people but also create employment and provide the country's economic engine. 

If urban environment is properly planed and developed, urbanization can provide an efficient way for people to live, enabling economies of scale in the delivery of infrastructure and services. Even already developed city area can be revitalized by rejuvenation programs.The executive wing of the city needs to develop technical and management capacity to execute large urban rejuvenation programmes. 

<Planning Paradigms reflecting Technological Aadvancement>

Generally, when we are dealing with planning issues, two types of planning approaches can be addressed. One is 'Compact city' concept and the other is 'Landscape Urbanism movement' concept. Compare to the past, dealing with more segregated planning approach one by one, we currently adopt more mixed conceptual approaches. Even though smart city is more suitable for compacted planning theory, we can apply those technological developing concept in methodological planning at various size of spatial distribution. In this context, SMART city concept can be integrated with two types of planning theories which are distinguished by their land use density level. 

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<Appendix>

A. Selection of an Article 

- Main concept : SMART city

How can India make smart cities a reality?

The world is experiencing an unprecedented transition from predominantly rural to chiefly urban living.

India is no exception, with its urban population forecast to increase from 410 million in 2014 to 814 million by 2050. This represents an urban population increase of one Delhi per year, for the next 35 years.

If India properly plans and develops its urban environment, urbanization can provide an efficient way for people to live, enabling economies of scale in the delivery of infrastructure and services. Moreover, the proximity and diversity of people can spark innovation, create employment and provide the country’s economic engine. However, without proper planning and services, sprawling cities can become flash points of discontent.

In this context, India’s government has launched two ambitious urban rejuvenation programmes:

 100 Samart cities

The government plans to invest $7.5 billion over the next four years, with an equal contribution coming from state-level government, in the enhancement of physical infrastructure (water, energy, built environment, waste, mobility and ICT) and social infrastructure (health, education and recreational facilities) in 100 cities across India. The cities are identified through a “Smart City Challenge”, which makes cities compete against each other, while engaging citizens in identifying the key challenges facing the city and developing a plan to deliver smart solutions.

 500 AMRUT (Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation) cities

The AMRUT cities programme aims to enhance the basic infrastructure (water, sanitation, open spaces and public transportation) of 500 cities in India, with the Government of India investing $7.5 billion over next four years. The programme intends to provide training to strengthen the urban local bodies.

These programmes have brought a new emphasis on cities in a country that has traditionally focussed on rural development. In addition, it has brought renewed interest from international and domestic investors, who recognise that public private collaboration is required to enable India to bridge the infrastructure investment gap and invest $640.2 billion in urban infrastructure up to 2030. However, their message is clear: smart cities cannot exist without smart governance and smart regulation, and urgent reforms are required at the institutional and policy level in order to ensure that new urban rejuvenation programmes do not fall victim to the errors of the past.

 Infographic: Urban Infrastructure Requirement: 2012 – 2031

Infographic Source: The Future of Urban Development & Services: 

Urban Development Recommendations for the Government of India (Page 7) 

The World Economic Forum Future of Urban Development and Services initiative serves as a partner in the transformation of cities around the world, as they address major urban challenges. In 2015, the initiative has focused much of its efforts on India and in particular providing Urban Development Recommendations for the Government of India and more recently focusing on the reforms required at all levels of Government to accelerate the delivery of smart cities.

 Infographics: India’s Competitiveness Profile

Infographic Source: The World Economic Forum’s Global Competitiveness Report 2015-2016

The World Economic Forum Future of Urban Development and Services Initiative has identified four key reforms needed to make smart cities a reality.

 Strengthen city administration

At present, a mayor is only a ceremonial figure in cities in India, and the municipal commissioner, who is deputed by the state government and accountable to the state, is the executive head of the city.

An executive mayor – directly elected by the city or elected by council – with a unified command over all the city functions could bring accountability and purpose to city-level administration, which is currently plagued by frequent leadership changes.

Additionally, the executive wing of the city needs to develop technical and management capacity to execute large urban rejuvenation programmes.

 Infographic: Stakeholder preparedness for City Transformation

Scale measures preparedness of stakeholders, 0 implying not prepared and 4 implying fully prepared

Source: Survey conducted by World Economic Forum

 Get user charges right

Urban projects are often derailed because the people who use them don’t pay for them. This leads to a vicious cycle where the revenue receipts suffer leading to poor service delivery and precarious financial situation impedes the chances of urban local bodies to obtain financial assistance or raise loans. Across urban domains such as water, waste management and mobility, there is a need for an independent regulatory body that can determine service levels and minimum prices to meet the operations and management expenses. In a case where the state takes a populist decision to not impose the charges determined by the regulator, then the deficient charges should be funded by the state, thus ensuring the financial independence of the city.

The city administration must also take steps to reduce pilferage in utilities (non-revenue water accounts for 50% of water production) by ensuring 100% working meters (70% of leakages are due to malfunctioning meters), and only then make technology investments.

 Collaborate with the private sector and improve the resolution of disputes

While citizen engagement has rightly been made an integral part of the smart city programme, transparent avenues must also be provided for the private sector to provide feedback on key projects that cities plan to undertake. The early involvement of both the private sector and citizens will reduce the risks such as community risk (acceptance from local population) and scope risk (change, creep or cancellation of scope).

Ambiguity in project scope could lead to contractual disputes and India ranks 178th (out of 189) on dispute resolution. India might consider establishing special courts to expedite issues with strategic infrastructure projects, promote an alternate dispute resolution mechanism, and introduce an electronic litigation system like Singapore and Korea (that streamlines litigation proceedings) to ensure that key projects are not stalled and their financially viability is sustained.

 Infographic: Risks in Public Private Partnership in India (Urban development Projects)

Source: Survey conducted by World Economic Forum

 Improve the permit process

India ranks 183rd among 189 countries for obtaining construction permits, and the industry has often cited issues with environment compliance process. India’s three tier governance structure often involves liaising with multiple departments – which makes obtaining permits a lengthy process. With the Smart and AMRUT cities programmes only having an initial duration of four years, it is of utmost importance that projects are executed on time and bottlenecks in permit processes be removed.

India could consider adopting similar improvements to those introduced in Hong Kong SAR, China where 6 local departments and 2 private utilities were brought under one roof to establish a one-stop shop for building approvals. Further, India could consider adopting a risk based classification, whereby buildings which are low risk go through an accelerated process, similar to that in Singapore.

Since the Government of India launched its urbanization programmes, in particular the Smart Cities programme, India has witnessed euphoria around technology solutions for cities – which are being proposed as a panacea to all problems. However, India needs to first prioritize reforming its governance practices, otherwise technology investments could be futile.

Author: Alice Charles, Community Lead, Infrastructure and Urban Development Industry, World Economic Forum

Image: Vehicles jam the road after a flyover was briefly closed to vehicular traffic for precautionary measures following an earthquake in Srinagar October 26, 2015. REUTERS/Danish Ismail

Article source : https://agenda.weforum.org/2015/11/how-can-india-make-smart-cities-a-reality/?utm_content=bufferec9cc&utm_medium=social&utm_source=facebook.com&utm_campaign=buffer

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B. Self assessment

구 분		상	중	하
마틴루터킹 표현익히기 (20)	표현 분석	10	5	2
	표현 암기	10	5	2
기사분석 (30)	주제의 적절성/참신성	5	3	2
	주요표현정리	10	8	5
	기사요약	15	10	8
발표준비 (50)	구조화된 PT구성	20	10	5
	주제관련 의견요약	20	10	5
	발음체킹 & 발표연습	10	8	5
총 점		(      ) / 100