■■이 세상에 목숨을 걸만한 불변의 진리와 신념은 존재하지 않는다

"There is no unchanging truth or belief in this world that can be risked for life" 물리적 법칙도 조금씩 변한다. 우리가 단지 느끼지 못할 뿐이다 Bertrand Russell (버트런드 러셀) I would never die for my beliefs because I might be wrong. 난 절대 내 신념 때문에 죽지는 않을 것이다. 내가 틀릴지도 모르니깐 말이다. "There is no unchanging truth or belief in this world that can be risked for life" The statement reflects a Buddhist perspective, particularly the concept of impermanence and the absence of a permanent, unchanging self. It suggests that clinging to beliefs as absolute truths can lead to suffering, as these beliefs may ultimately prove false or change over time. The statement emphasizes the importance of adaptability and accepting the constant flux of life, rather than risking life for a belief that may be impermanent. Elaboration: Impermanence: Buddhism teaches that everything is in a state of constant change, and nothing is permanent. This includes beliefs and even one's sense of self. No-Self (Anatta): Buddhist philosophy emphasizes that there is no permanent, unchanging self or soul. This challenges the idea of clinging to a fixed identity or set of beliefs as unchanging truths. Suffering (Dukkha): Buddhism views suffering as a fundamental aspect of life, arising from attachment to things that are impermanent and changing. This includes clinging to beliefs as absolute truths that might not hold true in the face of change. Adaptability: The statement suggests a need to be adaptable to change, rather than risking life for beliefs that may be proven false or may change over time. Risking Life for Beliefs: The statement cautions against risking life for beliefs that may be based on assumptions or lack of understanding, as these beliefs may not be universally true or unchanging. Bertrand Russell (버트런드 러셀) I would never die for my beliefs because I might be wrong. 난 절대 내 신념 때문에 죽지는 않을 것이다. 내가 틀릴지도 모르니깐 말이다. 절대로 믿음을 위해 죽지는 않을 것이다. 내가 틀렸을 수도 있으니까. I would never die for my beliefs because I might be wrong. In our life, what are the things that we consider real or unchanging? In our life, what are the things that we consider real or unchanging? In life, people often consider certain concepts or entities as real or unchanging based on their experiences, beliefs, and philosophical perspectives. Here are some common examples: 1. Natural Laws Physics and Chemistry: Laws such as gravity, thermodynamics, and chemical reactions are seen as constant and universally applicable. Biological Processes: Life processes like reproduction, growth, and metabolism are generally considered unchanging. 2. Mathematical Truths Mathematical Principles: Concepts like 2 + 2 = 4 or the properties of geometric shapes are viewed as absolute truths within their systems. 3. Personal Identity Self-Perception: Many people believe in a consistent sense of self or identity over time, despite changes in experiences or circumstances. 4. Cultural and Social Norms Traditions and Values: Certain cultural practices and values may be viewed as timeless or foundational within a community. 5. Universal Human Experiences Emotions: Feelings like love, grief, and joy are often considered fundamental aspects of the human experience, despite variations in expression‎. 6. Philosophical Concepts Existence: Philosophical discussions about existence often lead to the idea that certain truths about reality are unchanging, such as the fact that something exists rather than nothing. 7. Historical Events Recorded History: Events that have occurred in the past are viewed as fixed points in time, even as interpretations of their significance may evolve. 8. Faith and Spiritual Beliefs Religious Tenets: For many, the core beliefs of their faith are seen as eternal truths that guide their lives. Conclusion While many of these elements are considered real or unchanging, perceptions can vary widely based on individual perspectives, cultural backgrounds, and philosophical beliefs. The interplay between change and permanence is a central theme in many areas of human thought. In our life, what are the things that we consider real or unchanging? Assistant Poe In life, people often consider certain concepts or entities as real or unchanging based on their experiences, beliefs, and philosophical perspectives. Here are some common examples: Natural Laws Physics and Chemistry: Laws such as gravity, thermodynamics, and chemical reactions are seen as constant and universally applicable. Biological Processes: Life processes like reproduction, growth, and metabolism are generally considered unchanging. Mathematical Truths Mathematical Principles: Concepts like 2 + 2 = 4 or the properties of geometric shapes are viewed as absolute truths within their systems. Personal Identity Self-Perception: Many people believe in a consistent sense of self or identity over time, despite changes in experiences or circumstances. Cultural and Social Norms Traditions and Values: Certain cultural practices and values may be viewed as timeless or foundational within a community. Universal Human Experiences Emotions: Feelings like love, grief, and joy are often considered fundamental aspects of the human experience, despite variations in expression‎. Philosophical Concepts Existence: Philosophical discussions about existence often lead to the idea that certain truths about reality are unchanging, such as the fact that something exists rather than nothing. Historical Events Recorded History: Events that have occurred in the past are viewed as fixed points in time, even as interpretations of their significance may evolve. Faith and Spiritual Beliefs Religious Tenets: For many, the core beliefs of their faith are seen as eternal truths that guide their lives. Conclusion While many of these elements are considered real or unchanging, perceptions can vary widely based on individual perspectives, cultural backgrounds, and philosophical beliefs. The interplay between change and permanence is a central theme in many areas of human thought. What role does perception play in defining reality for individuals? Assistant Poe Perception plays a crucial role in defining reality for individuals in several ways: Subjective Interpretation Individuals interpret sensory information based on personal experiences, beliefs, and emotions, leading to unique understandings of the same event or object. Cognitive Biases People often filter information through cognitive biases, which can distort reality. For example, confirmation bias leads individuals to notice information that supports their existing beliefs while disregarding contrary evidence. Cultural Influences Cultural backgrounds shape perceptions, affecting how individuals interpret symbols, behaviors, and values. What is considered real or true can vary significantly across cultures. Emotional States Emotions can influence perception, causing individuals to view situations more positively or negatively. For instance, someone feeling anxious may perceive neutral situations as threatening. Social Context The influence of social groups and peer pressure can shape perceptions of reality. Individuals may adopt beliefs or attitudes preval‎ent in their social circles, impacting their understanding of the world. Limitations of Senses Human senses have limitations, meaning that not all aspects of reality can be perceived accurately. This can lead to misunderstandings or incomplete views of situations. Philosophical Perspectives Different philosophical schools, such as idealism and realism, explore how perception relates to reality. Idealists may argue that reality is shaped by perception, while realists maintain that an objective reality exists independent of perception. Constructing Meaning Individuals construct meaning from their perceptions, forming beliefs and narratives that guide their actions and decisions. This subjective construction of reality can lead to diverse interpretations of the same events. In summary, perception significantly influences how individuals define and understand reality, leading to a rich tapestry of personal experiences and beliefs that can differ widely from one person to another. 버트런드 러셀의 명언/어록 (영어 번역) 두려움은 미신의 근원이며, 잔인함의 중요한 원천이다. 두려움을 극복하는 것이 지혜의 출발점이다. Fear is the main source of superstition, and one of the main sources of cruelty. To conquer fear is the beginning of wisdom. 애국주의란 하찮은 이유로 죽이고 죽임을 당하려는 의지다. Patriotism is the willingness to kill and be killed for trivial reasons. 절대로 믿음을 위해 죽지는 않을 것이다. 내가 틀렸을 수도 있으니까. I would never die for my beliefs because I might be wrong. 당신의 생각이 상식과 달라도 두려워하지말아라. 지금은 인정받는 생각들도 처음에는 다 이상해보였었다. Do not fear to be eccentric in opinion, for every opinion now accepted was once eccentric. 이 세상의 문제는 바보들과 광신도들은 항상 확신에 차있고, 현명한 사람들은 의심으로 가득차 있다는 점이다. The whole problem with the world is that fools and fanatics are always so certain of themselves, but wiser men so full of doubts. 분명히 불합리한 일이지만, 철학자가 되려는 사람은 불합리한것에 겁먹지 않는 법부터 배워야 한다. This is patently absurd; but whoever wishes to become a philosopher must learn not to be frightened by absurdities. 신경쇠약이 발병할 때의 증상 중 한가지는 자기가 하는 일이 엄청나게 중요하다고 믿는 것이다. One of the symptoms of an approaching nervous breakdown is the belief that one’s work is terribly important. 내가 기억하는 한 성경에 지능을 칭찬하는 말은 한마디도 없었다. So far as I can remember there is not one word in the Gospels in praise of intelligence. 우리는 사실 두 종류의 도덕을 동시에 가지고 있다. 하나는 입으로는 외치지만 실천하지는 않는 것이고, 다른 하나는 실천하지만 말하지는 않는 것이다. We have, in fact, two kinds of morality side by side: one which we preach but do not practice, and another which we practice but seldom preach. 어리석은 사람이 전하는 현명한 사람의 이야기는 절대로 정확하지 않다. 무의식중에 자기가 들은 것을 자기가 이해할수 있는 것으로 바꿔서 전달하기 때문이다. A stupid man's report of what a clever man says can never be accurate, because he unconsciously translates what he hears into something he can understand. 큰 기쁨은 쓸데없는 지식을 얻을 때도 느낄 수 있다. There is much pleasure to be gained from useless knowledge. There are two motives for reading a book; one, that you enjoy it; the other, that you can boast about it. Of all forms of caution, caution in love is perhaps the most fatal to true happiness. To fear love is to fear life, and those who fear life are already 3-parts dead. War does not determine who is right - only who is left. And if there were a God, I think it very unlikely that He would have such an uneasy vanity as to be offended by those who doubt His existence In all affairs it's a healthy thing now and then to hang a question mark on the things you have long taken for granted. Men are born ignorant, not stupid. They are made stupid by education Three passions, simple but overwhelmingly strong have governed my life: the longing for love, the search for knowledge, and unbearable pity for the suffering of mankind. The point of philosophy is to start with something so simple as not to seem worth stating, and to end with something so paradoxical that no one will believe it. Most people would sooner die than think; in fact, they do so. It's easy to fall in love. The hard part is finding someone to catch you. To teach how to live without certainty, and yet without being paralyzed by hesitation, is perhaps the chief thing that philosophy, in our age, can still do for those who study it. Our great democracies still tend to think that a stupid man is more likely to be honest than a clever man. We know very little, and yet it is astonishing that we know so much, and still more astonishing that so little knowledge can give us so much power. Those who have never known the deep intimacy and the intense companionship of happy mutual love have missed the best thing that life has to give. One should as a rule respect public opinion in so far as is necessary to avoid starvation and to keep out of prison, but anything that goes beyond this is voluntary submission to an unnecessary tyranny, and is likely to interfere with happiness in all kinds of ways. The hardest thing to learn in life is which bridge to cross and which to burn. Really high-minded people are indifferent to happiness, especially other people's. Even if the open windows of science at first make us shiver after the cozy indoor warmth of traditional humanizing myths, in the end the fresh air brings vigor, and the great spaces have a splendor of their own. Beware the man of a single book. 한권의 책으로부터 나오는 사람을 조심해라. 한권의 책만 읽는 사람을 조심해라 (편견을 가질 수 있으므로) It is the preoccupation with possessions, more than anything else that prevents us from living freely and nobly. 소유물에 몰두 하는 것이다. 다른 어떤 것보다 더 많이 우리를 자유롭고 고상하게 사는 것으로부터 방해하는 것은 As a philosopher, if I were speaking to a purely philosophic audience I should say that I ought to describe myself as an Agnostic, because I do not think that there is a conclusive argument by which one can prove that there is not a God. On the other hand, if I am to convey the right impression to the ordinary man in the street I think that I ought to say that I am an Atheist, because, when I say that I cannot prove that there is not a God, I ought to add equally that I cannot prove that there are not the Homeric gods. An idealist is one who, on noticing that a rose smells better than a cabbage, concludes that it makes a better soup. It has been said that man is a rational animal. All my life I have been searching for evidence which could support this. No one gossips about other people’s secret virtues. If there were in the world today any large number of people who desired their own happiness more than they desired the unhappiness of others, we could have paradise in a few years. I think we ought always to entertain our opinions with some measure of doubt. I shouldn't wish people dogmatically to believe any philosophy, not even mine. Men fear thought as they fear nothing else on earth -- more than ruin -- more even than death.... Thought is subversive and revolutionary, destructive and terrible, thought is merciless to privilege, established institutions, and comfortable habit. Thought looks into the pit of hell and is not afraid. Thought is great and swift and free, the light of the world, and the chief glory of man. I believe in using words, not fists. I believe in my outrage knowing people are living in boxes on the street. I believe in honesty. I believe in a good time. I believe in good food. I believe in sex. Not to be absolutely certain is, I think, one of the essential things in rationality. Patriots always talk of dying for their country but never of killing for their country. To be without some of the things you want is an indispensable part of happiness. Almost everything that distinguishes the modern world from earlier centuries is attibutable to science, which achieved its most spectacular triumphs in the seventeenth century. Anything you're good at contributes to happiness. Man is a credulous animal, and must believe something; in the absence of good grounds for belief, he will be satisfied with bad ones. If throughout your life you abstain from murder, theft, fornication, perjury, blasphemy, and disrespect toward your parents, church, and your king, you are conventionally held to deserve moral admiration even if you have never done a single kind, generous or useful action. This very inadequate notion of virtue is an outcome of taboo morality, and has done untold harm. Everything is vague to a degree you do not realize till you have tried to make it precise. The greatest challenge to any thinker is stating the problem in a way that will allow a solution. The secret of happiness is this: let your interest be as wide as possible and let your reactions to the things and persons who interest you be as far as possible friendly rather than hostile. The fact that an opinion has been widely held is no evidence whatever that it is not utterly absurd; indeed in view of the silliness of the majority of mankind, a widely spread belief is more likely to be foolish than sensible. Science is what you know, philosophy is what you don't know I say people who feel they must have a faith or religion in order to face life are showing a kind of cowardice, which in any other sphere would be considered contemptible. But when it is in the religious sphere it is thought admirable, and I cannot admire cowardice whatever sphere it is in. The secret of happiness is to face the fact that the world is horrible, horrible, horrible. When considering marriage one should ask oneself this question; 'will I be able to talk with this person into old age?' Everything else is transitory, the most time is spent in conversation. If a man is offered a fact which goes against his instincts, he will scrutinize it closely, and unless the evidence is overwhelming, he will refuse to believe it. If, on the other hand, he is offered something which affords a reason for acting in accordance to his instincts, he will accept it even on the slightest evidence. The origin of myths is explained in this way. Good life is inspired by love and guided by knowledge What is wanted is not the will to believe, but the will to find out, which is the exact opposite. 버트런드 러셀 버트런드 아서 윌리엄 러셀 백작(Bertrand Arthur William Russell, 3rd Earl Russell, OM, 1872년 5월 18일~1970년 2월 2일)은 영국의 수학자, 철학자이자 수리논리학자, 역사가, 사회 비평가로 20세기를 대표하는 지성인으로 여겨진다. 그는 그의 일생의 여러 부분에서 자유주의자, 사회주의자, 평화주의자 순으로 자신의 이상을 생각해왔으나, 자신이 이 중 어느 쪽도 되지 않았다고 회고했다. 그가 일생의 대부분을 잉글랜드에서 보냈으나, 그는 웨일즈에서 태어났고, 97세에 거기에서 사망했다. 러셀은 1900년대 초반 "이상주의 반대운동" 을 일으켰으며, 그의 선배 프레게, 동료루트비히 비트겐슈타인과 함께 분석철학의 창시자 중 하나로 꼽히며, 20세기의 선두 논리학자로 자리매김했다. 그는 화이트헤드와 함께, Principia Mathematica를 저술했으며, 이는 수학을 이용해 논리학의 기틀을 닦고자 한 시도이다. 그의 철학 에세이 "On Denoting"는 "철학의 패러다임" 으로 간주되고 있다. 그의 저술은 논리학, 수학, 집합론, 언어학, 철학중에서도 언어철학, 인식론, 형이상학에 영향을 주었다. 러셀은 당시의 반전 운동가 로서 크게 활약했다; 그는 자유 무역을 지지했으며, 반제국주의 운동가로도 활약했다. 러셀은 1차 세계대전 때 반전 운동으로 인해 감옥에 수감되었으며, 이후, 아돌프 히틀러에 대한 반대 운동과, 스탈린주의자, 전체주의 에 대한 비판을 가했으며, 미국의 베트남 전쟁에 대해 반대 운동을 펼쳤다. 그는 핵무장 반대운동에도 열렬히 참가했다. 1950년, 러셀은 "인본주의와 양심의 자유 를 대표하는 다양하고 중요한 저술을 한 공로를 인정받아" 노벨 문학상을 받는다. "There is no work that is worth risking life and limb". Do you agree with this statement? "There is no work that is worth risking life and limb". Do you agree with this statement? No. I’m an intensive care physician. In March 2020, for the first time, I donned a load of PPE, (badly, I didn’t know how to do it and hadn’t had any training because no-one knew how to do it) and intubated the first COVID patient to arrive at our hospital. I knew I could get COVID. The two other doctors with me did. I knew I could be crippled and I knew I might die. Yes I was frightened, but did I consider for a second running away, refusing to do it or suggesting that it was someone else’s job? No. What kind of world would it be if people did that? Most soldiers, firefighters, North Sea divers etc know that its part of the deal. Not all doctors did, so some of us had to lead by example. But really, some essential and dangerous activities cannot have their danger mitigated effectively and someone has to do them. I know other people risk their lives to make my world work. Why wouldn’t I do the same when it is my turn? "There is no work that is worth risking life and limb". Do you agree with this statement? No. I’m an intensive care physician. In March 2020, for the first time, I donned a load of PPE, (badly, I didn’t know how to do it and hadn’t had any training because no-one knew how to do it) and intubated the first COVID patient to arrive at our hospital. I knew I could get COVID. The two other doctors with me did. I knew I could be crippled and I knew I might die. Yes I was frightened, but did I consider for a second running away, refusing to do it or suggesting that it was someone else’s job? No. What kind of world would it be if people did that? Most soldiers, firefighters, North Sea divers etc know that its part of the deal. Not all doctors did, so some of us had to lead by example. But really, some essential and dangerous activities cannot have their danger mitigated effectively and someone has to do them. I know other people risk their lives to make my world work. Why wouldn’t I do the same when it is my turn? To some people accepting a task means assume the risk involved in that task. If a job requires risking life and limb, that possibility should be considered before accepting the job. Some people actually like taking risks. They like opportunities that require them to be daring. That's when they feel most alive. There is an inherent risk in living. Survival isn't guaranteed. To some people, quality of life is more important than the length of our life. Saying “there is no work that is worth risking life and limb” is a statement that seems inhibiting, restrictive, and over protective. If we didn't venture outside of the safe zone we wouldn't have spread the human species around the entire globe. Considering that we evolved as hunter/gatherers this statement seems humorous. To brainwashed consumers there may be no work worth risking life and limb for. But in human history there would been few new discovery without those who were willing to risk life and limb. I think risking life and limb is part of the human experience. I'm not talking about negligence. Life can be incredibly meaningful without being something we cling to. Besides, daredevils can become celebrity brands in this society. Just look at the history of people like Evil Knievil. Apparently in this society a good show is worth risking life and limb for. It's something that people actually paid for the privilege to watch. There are some people who willingly take up dangerous work. Three that jump to mind (out of thousands of possibilities) are 1) food taster for royalty 2) people who stuff themselves inside tin cans, which we also call submarines; 3) roofers - people agile enough to leap like goats over rooves, and in the same category you could include multi-storey window cleaners (hanging on a small platform many metres above an unforgiving pavement). Michelangelo hung upside down under his creation on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel for 4 years, doing it again and again on a daily basis. Then you have people who run around measuring radioactivity in decibels. They are measuring the decay of the radioactivity, as it actually disintegrates over time. I do and was recently fired from my job for repeated complaints about it. Good news is, the very next day I was offered a job making twice as much. When I was interviewing, they asked why I left the old place, I told them and they said , “ Well you’re in luck, you only do what you want to, and safety is utmost important with us. If it ain’t safe, don’t do it.” So now I make twice as much, I am my own boss, I make my own hour, and I get to pick the work I want to do. Vikings are another category of humans who didn’t stop to consider life and limb. In fact, they rather enjoyed taking of life and limbs as part of their invasion tactics. What about all the people who have lost fingers and toes to frostbite while pushing the boundaries of exploration? Not even going to mention those that lost their lives in the effort to lift Man from the surface of the Earth in powered flight. People obviously think some of this work is worth it. Doctor, surgeons and alike often kill themselves because of the responsibilities they face every moment of every day. Think about where we would all be if they were not committed to their profession. A firefighter will run toward burning explosive materials to attempt to keep the public and workers safe. If they never came to your emergency call, what is likely to happen to your frightened children trapped by fire and smoke? People do risk their lives for the life of others and animals. If you saw some thug attack an elderly person for money, would you run to assist the elderly person? I believe we do not consider the danger to ourselves, but are acutely aware of the immediate risks and threats that cause us to react. It is a basic human instinct.