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변수 | 분류 사례 | |
지리적 변수 | 지역 기후 인구밀도 도시의 크기(규모) | 서울특별시, 부산광역시, 광주광역시, 강원도 중부지방, 남부지방 도심지, 교외, 농어촌 특별시, 광역시, 시, 군, 읍, 면 |
인구통계적 변수 | 나이 성별 가족규모 가족수명주기 소득 직업 교육수준 종교 | 영유아, 10대, 20대, 30대 남성, 여성 독신자, 2인, 3~4인, 5인 이상 장수가족, 단명가족 저소득층, 중산층, 고소득층 직장인, 자영업, 기술자, 전문직 중졸, 고졸, 대졸 이상 기독교, 천주교, 불교, 이슬람교 |
심리분석적 변수 | 사회계층 lifestyle 개성 | 상류층, 중류층, 하류층 여피족, 오렌지족, 386세대 권위적, 사교적, 보수적, 야심적 |
행태적적 변수 | 편익 사용량 가격에 대한 민감도 상품애호도 상품구매단계 | 기능적 편익 : 편의성, 경제성 심리적 편익 : 제품이미지, 신분과시, 자기만족 소량사용자(light user), 중량사용자, 다량사용자(heavy user) 수요의 가격탄력성 가정용, 선물용, 휴대용, 사무실용, 점포용 자사 브랜드 애호자, 타사 브랜드 애호자 |
시장세분화에 활용하는 AIO 요소
1. activity(활동)
2. interest(흥미)
3. opinion(의견)
제2절 시장공략과 표적시장
Ⅰ. 표적마케팅
1. 표적 마케팅
우리 주위에서 쉽게 접할 수 있으며 오늘날 기업들이 가장 많이 사용하고 있는 마케팅전략으로 시장 세분화(segmentation), 표적시장 선정 (targeting), 시장 위치화 (positioning)의 3단계로 구성되어 있는 표적마케팅이 오늘날 가장 많이 사용되고 있는 이유는 첫째, 시장 세분화를 통해 기업들이 마케팅 기회를 더 잘 발견할 수 있으며, 둘째, 표적 시장 선정과 포지셔닝을 통해 표적시장에 적합한 마케팅 믹스(제품, 가격, 유통, 촉진)를 개발 할 수 있기 때이다.
가 1단계 : Market Segmentation
⑴ 시장 세분화를 위한 차원을 식별해 내야하고
⑵ 세분화된 시장의 프로파일/ 특징을 기술해야 한다.
나. 2단계 : Market Targeting
⑶ 세분화된 시장의 매력도를 측정해야 하고
⑷ 목표 시장을 선정해야 한다.
다. 3단계 : Positioning
⑸ 목표 시장별 포지셔닝을 개발해야 하고
⑹ 목표 시장별 마케팅 믹스를 개발해야 한다.
2. 대안
가. 비차별마케팅(undifferentiated marketing)
⑴ 의의
각 세분시장간의 차이를 무시하고 전체소비자를 대상으로 하는 마케팅전략으로 소비자들감의 차이점보다는 공통점에 초점을 맞추는 것이다.
⑵ 장점 : 경제성(마케팅조사비용, 광고)
⑶ 단점 : 고객상실
⑷ 사용 : 소비자들간의 욕구차가 그다지 크지 않고 단일 marketing mix의 사용으로 인한 비용절검이 아주 클 때 사용한다,
나. 차별화마케팅(differentiated marketing)
⑴ 의의
기업이 복수의 세분시장에서 사업을 헐 것을 결정하고 각 세분시장에 맞는 marketing mix를 개발하여 활용하는 전략이다.
⑵ 장점 : 소비자만족 제고 및 매출액 증대
⑶ 단점 : 비용과다
⑷ 사용 : 비용의 상승보다 매출액의 상승이 훠씬 더 커서 수익률이 향성될 것으로 예상될 때 적합하다.
다. 집중마케팅(concentrated marketing)
⑴ 의의
단 하나의 세분시장만을 표적으로 삼아서 마케팅믹스를 개발하는 것을 말한다.
⑵ 장점
집중마케팅은 단 하나의 시장에 집중함으로써 표적시장을 전문화할 수 있다는 장점과 비용이 적게 든다.
⑶ 단점
시장의 불확실성에서 오는 위험이 크다.
Ⅱ. 어떤 시장공략전력이 좋은 가?
1. 기업의 지원
기업의 자원이이 제한되어 있는 경우 집중마케팅전략이 좋다.
2. 제품의 동질성
생활필수품은 비차별화전략이 좋고, 내구재는 차별화 또는 집중화전략이 좋다.
3. 제품의 수명주기
신제품도입기는 비차별화 또는 집중마케팅전략이 좋고 성숙기에는 차별화전략이 권할만 하다.
4. 시장의 동질성
고개의 취미, 구매량이 비슷하고 기업이 다양한 마케팅믹스에 비슷한 반응을 보인다면 비차별화전략이 적합하다.
5. 경쟁사의 마케팅전략
경쟁사기 세분화전략을 사용하면 비차별화전략은 자살행위와 같고 경쟁사기 비차별화전략을 고수하면 차별화 또는 집중마케팅전략을 써서 허를 찔러야 한다.
Ⅲ. 표적시장의 선정
1. 매력적 시장
개관적으로 보아 매력 있는 시장이어야 한다.
2. 자사와의 적합성
회사가 그 시장에서 성공할 수 있는 강점이 있어야 한다.
3. 시장의 경쟁정도
그 시장의 경쟁정도를 고려해야 한다.
제3절 시장에서의 포지셔닝
Ⅰ. 제품의 위상(제품의 위상정립, 시장위치화, psositioning)
1. positioning
소비지들의 마음속에 자사제품을 경쟁사의 제품과 어떻게 차별적 우위로 인식시킬 것인가에 대한 전략을 말한다. 포지션닝은 브랜드가 소비자의 마음속에서 차지하는 장소와 경쟁사들로부터 제품이 구별되는 방법을 말한다.
2. positioning 일람표 개발(Developing the positioning statement)
Positioning is part of the broader marketing strategy which includes three basic decision levels, namely segmentation, targeting and positioning, sometimes known as the S-T-P approach:
The STP approach highlights the three areas of decision-making.
Segmentation: refers to the process of dividing a broad consumer or business market, normally consisting of existing and potential customers, into sub-groups of consumers (known as segments)
Targeting: refers to the selection of segment or segments that will become the focus of special attention (known as target markets).
Positioning: refers to an overall strategy that "aims to make a brand occupy a distinct position, relative to competing brands, in the mind of the customer".[26]
Positioning
3. 포지션닝 과정(Positioning process)
To be successful in a particular market a product must occupy an "explicit, distinct and proper place in the minds of all potential and existing consumers". It has to also be relative to other rival products with which the brand competes.
Generally, the brand positioning process involves segmentation, targeting and positioning.
Approaches to positioning
Hungry Jack's slogan clearly positions the burger against the market leader
There are a number of different approaches to positioning:
Positioning against a competitor
e.g. Hungry Jack's tastes better (with implicit assumption 'better than the market leader, McDonald's)
J & J Baby Bath Products are positioned against a user or segment, namely children
Positioning within a category
e.g. Within the prestige car category, Volvo is the safe alternative
Positioning according to product benefit
e.g. Toothpaste with whitening or Tartar control (or both)
Haigh's Chocolates stopped making chocolate Easter bunnies, replacing them with Easter bilbies as culturally appropriate symbol of Easter in Australia
Positioning according to product attribute
e.g. Dove is one quarter moisturiser
Positioning for Usage Occasion
e.g. Cadbury Roses Chocolates?for gift giving or saying 'Thank-you'
Positioning along price lines
e.g. a luxury brand or premium brand
Positioning for a User
e.g. Johnson and Johnson range of baby products (No Tears Shampoo)
Positioning by cultural symbols
e.g. Australia's Easter Bilby (as a culturally appropriate alternative to the Easter Bunny)
Ⅱ. positioning 방법
1. Algorithms used in positioning analysis]
1. Algorithms used in positioning analysis]
The following statistical procedures have been found to be useful in carrying out positioning analysis:
가. 군집분석(Cluster analysis including overlapping clustering)
너, 호응분석(Correspondence analysis)
다. Conjoint Analysis
라. Multidimensional scaling especially non-metric scaling (NMS)
마. Multivariate analysis
2. Perceptual maps
가. product position map(제품위치도) 작성
나. 현재의 경쟁제품에 근접한 positioning
제4장 marketing mix
제1절 marketing mix
Ⅰ. marketing mix(4Ps)
The marketing mix has been defined as the "set of marketing tools that the firm uses to pursue its marketing objectives in the target market". Thus the marketing mix refers to four broad levels of marketing decision, namely: product, price, promotion, and place.
In services marketing, a modified and expanded marketing mix is used, typically comprising seven Ps made up of the original 4 Ps plus process, people, physical environment. Occasionally service marketers will refer to eight Ps; comprising the 7 Ps plus performance.
Ⅱ. Emergence: 4 Ps and 7 Ps concepts
1. McCarthy's four Ps
Category | Definition/ Explanation | Typical Marketing Decisions |
Product | A product refers to an item that satisfies the consumer's needs or wants. Products may be tangible (goods) or intangible (services, ideas or experiences). | product design – features, quality Product assortment – product range, product mix, product lines Branding Packaging and labeling Services (complementary service, after-sales service, service level)] Guarantees and warranties Returns Managing products through the life-cycle |
Price | Price refers to the amount a customer pays for a product. Price may also refer to the sacrifice consumers are prepared to make to acquire a product. (e.g. time or effort) Price is the only variable that has implications for revenue. Price also includes considerations of customer perceived value. | Price strategy Price tactics Price-setting Allowances – e.g. rebates for distributors Discounts – for customers Payment terms – credit, payment methods |
Promotion | Promotion refers to marketing communications May comprise elements such as: advertising. PR, direct marketing and sales promotion | Promotional mix - appropriate balance of advertising, PR, direct marketing and sales promotion ]Message strategy - what is to be communicated Channel/ media strategy - how to reach the target audience ]Message Frequency - how often to communicate |
Distribution(Place) | Refers to providing customer access Considers providing convenience for consumer. | Strategies such as intensive distribution, selective distribution, exclusive distribution Franchising Market coverage Channel member selection and channel member relationships Assortment Location decisions Inventory Transport, warehousing and logistics |
2. Modified and expanded marketing mix: 7 Ps
In 1981, Booms and Bitner proposed a model of 7 Ps, comprising the original 4 Ps plus process, people and physical evidence, as being more applicable for services marketing. Since then there have been a number of different proposals for a service marketing mix (with various numbers of Ps -6Ps, 7Ps, 8Ps, 9Ps and occasionally more). Today, most texts are organised around a framework of seven Ps or eight Ps. The 7 Ps comprises the original 4 Ps plus process, people, physical environment. The eight Ps framework; comprises the 7 Ps plus performance which refers to the standards of service performance or service quality.[5]
Outline of the Modified and Expanded Marketing Mix
Category | Definition/ Explanation | Typical Marketing Decisions |
Physical evidence | The environment in which service occurs. The space where customers and service personnel interact. Tangible commodities (e.g. equipment, furniture) that facilitate service performance. Artifacts that remind customers of a service performance. | Facilities (e.g. furniture, equipment, access) Spatial layout (e.g. functionality, efficiency) Signage (e.g. directional signage, symbols, other signage) Interior design (e.g. furniture, color schemes) Ambient conditions (e.g. noise, air, temperature) Design of livery (e.g. stationery, brochures, menus, etc.) Artifacts: (e.g. souvenirs, mementos, etc.) |
People | Human actors who participate in service delivery. Service personnel who represent the company's values to customers. Interactions between customers. Interactions between employees and customers. | Staff recruitment and training Uniforms Scripting Queuing systems, managing waits Handling complaints, service failures Managing social interactions |
Process | The procedures, mechanisms and flow of activities by which service is delivered. | Process design Blueprinting (i.e. flowcharting) service processes Standardization vs customization decisions Diagnosing fail-points, critical incidents and system failures Monitoring and tracking service performance Analysis of resource requirements and allocation Creation and measurement of key performance indicators (KPIs) Alignment with Best Practices Preparation of operations manuals |
3. Lauterborn's four Cs (1990)
Robert F. Lauterborn proposed a four Cs classification in 1990. His classification is a more consumer-orientated version of the four Ps that attempts to better fit the movement from mass marketing to niche marketing:
Four Ps | Four Cs | Definition |
Product | Consumer wants and needs | A company will only sell what the consumer specifically wants to buy. So, marketers should study consumer wants and needs in order to attract them one by one with something he/she wants to purchase. |
Price | Cost | Price is only a part of the total cost to satisfy a want or a need. The total cost will consider for example the cost of time in acquiring a good or a service, a cost of conscience by consuming that or even a cost of guilt "for not treating the kids". It reflects the total cost of ownership. Many factors affect cost, including but not limited to the customer's cost to change or implement the new product or service and the customer's cost for not selecting a competitor's product or service. |
Promotion | Communication | While promotion is "manipulative" and from the seller, communication is "cooperative" and from the buyer with the aim to create a dialogue with the potential customers based on their needs and lifestyles. It represents a broader focus. Communications can include advertising, public relations, personal selling, viral advertising, and any form of communication between the organization and the consumer |
Place | Convenience | In the era of Internet, catalogues, credit cards and phones people neither need to go anywhere to satisfy a want or a need nor are limited to a few places to satisfy them. Marketers should know how the target market prefers to buy, how to be there and be ubiquitous, in order to guarantee convenience to buy With the rise of Internet and hybrid models of purchasing, Place is becoming less relevant. Convenience takes into account the ease of buying the product, finding the product, finding information about the product, and several other factors. |
3. Shimizu's Four Cs: in the 7Cs Compass Model (1973~ 2010)
After Koichi Shimizu proposed a four Cs classification in 1973, it was expanded to the 7Cs Compass Model to provide a more complete picture of the nature of marketing in 1979. The 7Cs Compass Model is a framework of co-marketing (commensal marketing or Symbiotic marketing). Also the Co-creative marketing of a company and consumers are contained in the co-marketing. Co-marketing (collaborate marketing) is a marketing practice where two companies cooperate with separate distribution channels, sometimes including profit sharing. It is frequently confused with co-promotion. Also commensal (symbiotic) marketing is a marketing on which both corporation and a corporation, a corporation and a consumer, country and a country, human and nature can live.
The 7Cs Compass Model comprises:
(C1) Corporation
The core of four Cs is corporation (company and non profit organization). C-O-S (organization, competitor, stakeholder) within the corporation. The company has to think of compliance and accountability as important. The competition in the areas in which the company competes with other firms in its industry.
The four elements in the 7Cs Compass Model are:
A formal approach to this customer-focused marketing mix is known as "Four Cs" (commodity, cost, communication, channel) in the Seven Cs Compass Model. The four Cs model provides a demand/customer centric version alternative to the well-known four Ps supply side model (product, price, promotion, place) of marketing management.
Product → Commodity
Price → Cost
Promotion → Communication
Place → Channel
"P" category (narrow) | "C" category (broad) | "C" definition |
Product | (C2) Commodity | (Latin derivation: commodus=convenience,happiness) : Co-creation.It is not "product out". The goods and services for the consumers or citizens. Steve Jobs has been making the goods with which people are pleased. It will not become commoditization if a commodity is built starting. |
price | (C3) Cost | (Latin derivation: constare= It makes sacrifices) : There is not only producing cost and selling cost but purchasing cost and social cost. |
Promotion | (C4) Communication | (Latin derivation: communis=sharing of meaning) : marketing communication : Not only promotion but communication is important. Communications can include advertising, sales promotion, public relations, publicity, personal selling, corporate identity, internal communication, SNS, MIS. |
Place | (C5) Channel | (Latin derivation: canal) : marketing channels. Flow of goods. |
The compass of consumers and circumstances (environment) are:
(C6) Consumer ? (Needle of compass to consumer)
The factors related to consumers can be explained by the first character of four directions marked on the compass model. These can be remembered by the cardinal directions, hence the name compass model: N = Needs
W = Wants
S = Security
E = Education:(consumer education)
(C7) circumstances ? (Needle of compass to circumstances )
In addition to the consumer, there are various uncontrollable external environmental factors encircling the companies. Here it can also be explained by the first character of the four directions marked on the compass model: N = National and International (Political, legal and ethical) environment
W = Weather
S = Social and cultural
E = Economic
These can also be remembered by the cardinal directions marked on a compass. The 7Cs Compass Model is a framework in co-marketing (symbiotic marketing). It has been criticized for being little more than the four Ps with different points of emphasis. In particular, the seven Cs inclusion of consumers in the marketing mix is criticized, since they are a target of marketing, while the other elements of the marketing mix are tactics. The seven Cs also include numerous strategies for product development, distribution, and pricing, while assuming that consumers want two-way communications with companies.
An alternative approach has been suggested in a book called 'Service 7' by Australian Author, Peter Bowman. Bowman suggests a values based approach to service marketing activities. Bowman suggests implementing seven service marketing principles which include value, business development, reputation, customer service and service design. Service 7 has been widely distributed within Australia.
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