제 13 장 접속사(Conjunction)

[작은배]

제 13 장   접속사(Conjunction)

1. 접속사의 구실과 종류

(1) 접속사의 구실

        접속사는 단어와 단어, 구와 구, 절과 절을 연결하는 구실을 한다.

      ex) Tom and John are good friends.            (단어와 단어)

      ex) Put the book on the desk or in the desk.  (구와 구)

      ex) Spring has come, but it is still cold.    (절과 절)

(2) 접속사의 종류

  ① 의미상 종류

    ⓐ 등위 접속사 : and, but, or, for, both ∼ and 등과 같이 단어, 구, 절을

      문법상 대등한 관계로 연결하는 접속사이다.

     ex) It is morning, for the birds are singing.

    ⓑ 종속 접속사 : 주절과 그에 딸린 종속절을 연결시키는 접속사이다.  

                        이때의 종속절은 명사절과 부사절을 말한다.

명사절을 이끄는 접속사 : that, whether ∼ (or), if 등.

부사절을 이끄는 접속사 : when, because, as, while, if, before, after, till,

  since 등.

        ex 1) Summer is hot, but winter is cold.

           2) He says that he is right.

◇ 형용사절을 이끄는 것으로는 관계대명사와 관계부사가 있다.

        ex) This is the house where he lives.       (관계부사)

            = This is the house which he lives in.  (관계대명사)

  ② 형태상 종류

    단순 접속사 : and, when, as, for, but, or, after, if, that등

    상관 접속사 : either ∼ or, both ∼ and, not only ∼ but also, as ∼as 등

    접속사구 : as soon as, as well as, as long as, in case, now that 등

    ex 1) He is pretty and clever.           

       2) He gave me money as well as food.          

       3) Now that you are here, I can go shopping.

2. 접속사의 용법

(1) 등위 접속사

① and의 용법

  ex) She is pretty and clever.

  ex) Work hard, and you will pass the exam.

    = If you work hard, you will pass the exam.

  ex) Bread and butter is good for most sick people.

  ex) The poet and statesman is dead.

      The poet and the statesman are dead.

   ◇ 불가분의 관계에 있거나 단일개념은 단수 취급을 한다.

ex) Slow and steadily wins the race.

  ◇ go, come, try, send 등의 다음에 오는 and는 부정사 to  대용으로 쓰인 것인데,

     and 대신에 to를 쓰기도 한다.

       ex) Come and see me next week.

       = Come to see me next week.

   ◇ 형용사 + and + 형용사에서 앞의 형용사가 부사적 구실을 하는 경우.

    ex) I am good and tired

       = I am very tired.

      ◇ 명령문 + and : 『∼하여라, 그러면 ∼할 것이다.』

        ex) Work hard, and you'll succeed.

          = If you work hard, you will succeed.

          ※ 미국식 영어에서는 Let's go eat. 라고도 한다.

          ex) Let's go and eat. = Let's go to eat. = Let's to eat.

     ex 1) The novelist and poet lives about here.

        The novelist and the poet live about here.

        2) The room was nice and (=very) cold. (매우 시원했다)

        3) This book is both[at once] interesting and instructive.

② But의 용법.

   ex 1) He can speak English(,) but (he) can't speak French. 

      2) He is old, but I am young.

         ◇ not A but B : 『 A가 아니라 B이다』

            ex) That is not a dog, but a wolf.

         ◇ not that[not because] A but that[but because] B

            ⇒ A 때문이 아니라 B때문이다.

ex 1) Not that I don't like the game, but that I have no time.  

   2) But for[Without] the rain, we would have had a pleasant journey.

③ Or의 용법

   ex) Which do you like better, summer or winter?

        ◇ 명령문 + or : 『 ∼하여라, 그렇지 않으면 ∼할 것이다』

      ex) Come at once, or it will be too late.

            = If you don't come at once, it will be too late.

            = Unless you come at once, it will be too late.

④ Nor의 용법.

 ex) Not a man, a woman, nor a child is to be seen.

   ◇ nor는 and + not: 그리고 ∼도 역시 아니다.

      'nor + 조동사(또는 be 동사) + 주어'의 형태와 같이 nor 다음에는 도치.

   ex) I am nothing rich, and I do not wish to be (rich).

       = I am not rich, nor do I wish to be.

⑤ for의 용법

전치사로 주로 쓰이는데, 접속사로 쓰일 경우에는 앞에 comma(,)가 온다.

  간접적 또는 부가적인 이유를 나타낸다.for가 이끄는 절은 반드시 다른 절의 뒤에 놓이고,

  because가 이끄는 절은 주절의 앞뒤 어느 곳에 놓아도 된다. 

   because는 직접적인 이유를 표시한다.     

   회화체에서는 for를 써야될 경우에도 because를 쓰는 수가 있다.

     ex 1) It may rain, for it began thundering.

        2) They were very happy because they won the game.

           = Because they won the game, they were very happy.

⑥ so의 용법

  접속사로 쓰이면 [그래서, 그러므로]의 뜻이다.

     ex) I have no money, so I can't buy the book.

(2) 등위상관접속사

  ① both A and B = A와 B 둘 다

    ex) He is both a novelist and a poet.

    ex) He is remarkable both for his intelligence and for his skill.

    ◇ at once (alike, both) A and B : A도 B도 ∼이다. (양자긍정)

    ◇ 상관접속사는 같은 품사나 상당어구를 상관적으로 연결해야하며, 연결하는 어구가

       같은 형태이어야 한다.)

  ② either  A or  B :  A이거나 B이다.       (양자택일)

     neither A nor B :  A도 아니고 B도 아니다. (양자부정)

    ex 1) Neither his father nor his mother is at home.

             = Either his father or his mother is not at home. 

          2) I like neither coffee nor tea.

             = I don't like either coffee or tea.

    ex) He must either mad or drunk. 

    ex) Either of these buses goes to the stadium.

      ◇ either A or B, neither A or B에서 동사는 동사에서 가까운 곳에 있는

주어인 B에 일치시킨다.

    ex) He neither had money not food. (×)

    ex) He had neither money nor food. (○)

      ◇ either A or B, neither A nor B에 연결되는 부분은 문법상 같은 기능을

가진 상당어구이어야 한다.

  ③ not only (not merely) A but (also) B

     = B as well as A

     = A뿐만 아니라 B도 ∼이다. (동사는 B에 일치)

    ex 1) Not only she but also we were afraid of the dark.

           = We as well as she were afraid of the dark.  (접속사구)

    ex 2) He not only teaches English but also write many novels.

        = Besides (In addition to)teaching English, he writes many novels.

    ex 3) He gave me both food and money.

                     not only food but also money.

                     not merely food but also money.

        = He gave me money as well as food.

        = He gave me food, and money.

◇ as well as 가 [∼만큼 잘](동등비교)이라는 뜻도 있다.          

   ex) I want to speak English as well as you.

    ex) as well = besides = in to the bargain = in addition =   additionally.

(3) 명사절을 유도하는 종속접속사

  ① that의 용법

        that가 이끄는 절은 주어, 목적어, 보어이다.

      ex 1) That he can swim is certain.  (주어)

            = It is certain that he can swim.  (진주어)

         2) I know (that) he can swim.  (목적어)

           ⇒ 목적절을 이끄는 접속사 that는 생략할 수 있다.

         3) My point is that we don't have power when we are divided.  (보어)

■ 접속사 that

 ex) If I complain, it is that I want to get justice. (because)

 ex) He must be mad that he should cry out at this time of night. (판단의 기준)

 ex) That he should betray me! That I were in England again!      (놀람, 슬픔, 희망)

 ex) That he is guilty is certain.

(명사절 유도; It is certain that he is guilty)

 ex) He realized the fact that he had made a great mistake. (동격의 명사절 유도)

② whether, if의 용법

          if는 타동사의 목적절만 유도한다.

        ex 1) I asked him if (or whether) he could swim.  (목적절)

           2) I wonder if he will come home by noon.  (목적절)          

           3) Whether your father is rich or not is not important.  (주어절)

     ◇ 관계대명사 what도 명사절을 유도한다.

        ex) This is what she wants to have.  (보어)

(4) 부사절을 이끄는 종속접속사

① 시간을 나타내는 것

[when, before, as, after, since, till(until), while, whenever, as long as,

as soon as, the moment, the instant, instantly... 등]

      ex 1) He studied hard when he was in middle school.

         2) They sang merrily as they walked.

         3) She gets up before the sun rises.

         4) I brushed my teeth after I ate supper.

         5) Have you known him since he was a child?  (현재완료 계속)

         6) You must wait here till (or until) he comes back.

         7) Lincoln did many great things while he was President.

         8) Whenever she sees me, she smiles at me.

         9) I shall never forget your kindness as long as I live.

        10) As soon as I came home, it began to rain.

② 장소를 나타내는 것 [where, wherever]

      ex) You may go where you like.

   ③ 원인·이유를 나타내는 것 [because, since, as]

   ex) As                  --+     he is poor, he cannot buy the car.

         since                 |

         Because               |

         Now tha t             |

         Seeing that           |

         On the ground that  --+ → 이유접속사; ∼하기 때문에.

       = Because of        --+    his poverty, he cannot buy the car.

         Owing to            |

         On account of       |

         On the ground of  --+ → 이유를 표시하는 전치사구.

       ◇ 이유를 표시하는 전치사구 다음엔 명사 또는 동명사 구문을 사용.

     = He is so poor that he cannot buy the car.

     = He is so poor as not to buy the car.

     = He is too poor to buy the car.

     = His poverty is such that he cannot buy the car.

     = His poverty prevents him from buying the car.

     = His poverty forbids him to buy the car.

         ◇『∼때문에』라는 뜻을 가진 접속사를 그 뜻이 강한 순서대로 써 보면

  다음과 같다. ⇒  because 〉 since 〉 as 〉 for

④ 조건을 나타내는 것 [if, unless]

  ex) If you ask him, he will help you.

  ex) Unless you work harder, you will fail.

    = If you do work harder, you will fail.

  ex) Suppose (that) he refuses, what shall we do?

    = If he refuses, what shall we do?

  ex) In case you find the man, please let me know at once.

    ◇ unless : if ∼ not, 만일 ∼하지 않는다면.

       suppose that : 만일 ∼한다면.

       in case (that) : 만일 ∼한다면,∼하는 경우를 대비하여. : 접속사이므로 다음에

       주어 + 동사의 형태가 와야한다.

  ex) In case of (In the event of) fire, ring the alarm bell.

    ◇ in case of, in the event of는 조건을 나타내는 전치사구이므로 다음에

명사 또는 동명사 구문이 와야한다.

      ex 1) If it is fine tomorrow, we will go on a picnic.

         2) Unless you get up early, you will be late for school.

            = If you do not get up early, you will be late for school.

⑤ 양보를 나타내는 것 (although[though], even if, as, whether ∼ or not]

    Though   --+

    Although   |    he is poor, he is happy.

    If         |

    Even if  --+ → 양보접속사

     = In spite of       --+    his poverty, he is happy.

       Despite             |

       After all           |

       For all             |

       With all            |

       In the face of      |

       Not withstanding  --+→ 양보전치사구 (비록 ∼일지라도)

      ex 1) Though he was poor, he liked to help others.

         2) Even if (or though) he is young, he can do the work.

         3) You must do the work whether you like it or not.

⑥ 비교를 나타내는 것 [as, than]

      ex 1) Seoul is much bigger than I thought.

         2) The mountain is not as high as we heard.

    ⑦ 방법, 상태를 나타내는 것 [as, as if ( =as though)]

        ex 1) Do as I told you.

           2) He talks as if he were an Englishman.

    ⑧ 목적을 나타내는 것 [so that ∼ may (or can)]

     ex) He works hard that     -+   he may pass the examination.

                  so that        |

                  in order that -+   → 목적을 나타내는 부사절

       = He works hard to           -+   pass the examination.

                       so as to      |

                       in order to  -+   → 부정사의 부사적 용법

       = He works hard for the purpose of      -+    passing the exam.

                       with a view to           |

                       with the view of         |

                       with the object of       |

                       with the intention of   -+    → 전치사구

  ex) Make a note of it that you may not forget it.

    ◇ that ∼ may not : ∼하지 않도록, 부정어 not은 반드시 부정사 to 앞에.

  ex) He works hard lest            he should fail in the exam.

                     for fear (that)

    ◇ lest ∼ should나 for fear (that) ∼ should는 '∼하지 않도록,

       ∼ 하지 않기 위하여'로 그 속에 부정어 not을 포함한다.

     ex) He studies hard so that he may pass the examination.

⑨ 결과를 나타내는 것 [so ∼ that,  such ∼ that]

      ex 1) That book is so difficult that I can't read it.

            = That is such a difficult book that I can't read it.

            = That book is too difficult for me to read.

         2) He studied so hard that he could pass the examination. (결과)

            (cf) He studied hard so that he could pass the exam.   (목적)

    ◇ 조건부사절과 시간부사절에서는 미래시제 대신 현재시제를 사용한다.

ex) I'll have finished the work by the time you get back.

(5) 명령형 양보부사절

  ① 명령문(원형동사) + wh- clause.

    ex) Wherever he may(will) go    --+   he will be welcome.

        No matter where he may go     |

        Let him go where he will      |

        Go where he will            --+

        (그가 어디에 가더라도 환영받을 것이다.)

  ② 명령문 + as clause

    ex) However hard you may try       --+   you can never to it in a weak

        No matter how hard you may try   |

        Try as you may (will)          --+

        (네가 아무리 열심히 해볼지라도, 너는 그것을 1주일 안으로 해낼 수는 없다.)

  ③ 기타

    ex) Be it ever so humble             --+  there is no place like home.

        However humble it may be           |

        No matter how humble it may be   --+

        (아무리 누추하더라도 내 집 같은 곳은 없다.)

    ex) Be a man ever so rich            --+   he should not idle.

        However rich a man may be          |

        No matter how rich a man may be  --+

        (사람이 아무리 부자라 할지라도, 게을러서는 안 된다.)

    ex) Be it true or not          --+   it is not worth considering.

        Whether it be true or not  --+

        (그것이 사실이든 아니든, 생각해 볼만한 가치가 없다.)

(6) As 양보 부사절

형용사, 부사, 명사, 과거분사 + as(또는 though) + 주어 + 동사의 형태로서

양보의 뜻을 가진 것.

① 형 + as (though) + 주어 + 동사

  ex) Rich as he is     ---+  he cannot afford such extravagance

      Rich though he is    |  forever.

      Though he is rich ---+

      (비록 그는 부자일지라도 영원히 그런 낭비를 감당할 수는 없다.)

② 부사 + as + S + V

  ex) Though he studied hard --+  he failed in the exam.

      Hard as the studied   --+

③ 명사 + as + S + V

  ex) Though he was a coward--+   he could not bear such an insult.

      Coward as he was        |

      Coward though he was  --+

    ◇ a coward가 문장의 앞으로 도치되면 반드시 부정관사 a를 생략할 것.

④ 과거분사 (p.p) + as + S + V

     ex) Though he was startled ---+   he didn't lose his balance.

         Startled as he was        |

         Startled though he was ---+

         (비록 그는 놀랐지만 마음의 안정을 잃지는 않았다.)

      ◇ keep one's balance = keep steady : 몸의 균형을 유지하다.

         ≠ lose one's balance : 균형을 잃다. (become unsteady)

                                 마음의 안정을 잃다. (be upset)

3. 주의할 접속사의 용법

(1) 접속부사 however, so, therefore 등은 본래 부사이던 것이 접속사처럼 쓰이고 있다.

       ex 1) I didn't feel like going there.  Later, however, I decided to go.

          2) He was very tired, therefore he went to bed early. (= so)

(2) next time,  every time(= whenever),  by the time(∼할 무렵에는) 등도 접속사의

역할을 한다.

    ex 1) Next time you see him, please tell him about it.

       2) Every time you need this book, I'll lend it to you.

       3) By the time we reached the ground, the game had begun.

(3) 기타 중요한 접속사

① as far as = ∼까지(거리),  ∼하는 한(정도)      

   so far as ∼ = ∼하는 한(정도),  ∼만큼

     ex 1) I went as far as Seoul.

        2) As far as I know, he is honest. 

        3) You will succeed so far as you persevere.

 ② as long as ∼ = ∼하는 한, ∼하는 동안(while) 

    so long as ∼ = ∼하는 한, ∼하기만 한다면(if only)

     ex 1) I will not forget it as long as I live.

        2) You may stay here so long as you keep quiet. 

        3) Any book will do as[so] long as it is interesting.

      ③ 목적을 나타내는 접속사

     ex 1) He works hard that[so that, in order that] he may not fail

         = He works hard not to[so as not to, in order not to] fail.

          = He works hard lest he should[for fear (that) he should] fail.         

         2) We climbed higher so that we could get a better view.

④ not A till[until] B = B해서야 비로소 A하다

     ex 1) I did not get the news till last night.

         → It was not till last night that I got the news. (It ∼ that 강조구문)

         → Not till last night did I get the news.

         ⇒ 도치시 조동사 + 주어 + 본동사의 어순이 됨.

        2) The meeting did not open till he appeared.

         → It was not till he appeared that the meeting opened.

⑤ as soon as ∼ (∼하자마자) 

      As soon as 

      The moment  

      The instant     he saw me, he ran away.          

      Immediately   

      Instantly

           = He had     no sooner            than

                        hardly     seen me,  before  he ran away.

                        scarcely             when

           = No sooner                       than he ran away.

             Hardly       had he seen me,    before

             Scarcely                        when

            ⇒ 문장의 앞으로 도치되면 조동사 + 주어 + 본동사의 어순이 된다.

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