스크랩 영연방의 사회와 문화 제6강(2012)-전면수정

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영연방의 사회와 문화 제6강(2012)-전면수정

                                                                        한국방송통신대학교 김보원교수

                                                                        자료재편집:이종운영어학교실 http://cafe.daum.net/leebdsn

                                                                        ★이 자료는 학습이외의 영리를 목적으로의 사용을 금함

영연방의 사회와 문화 제6강(2012)-전면수정.pdf

이번 강의는 인구를 중심으로 영국의 사회변화를 살펴보고 후반부에는 영국의 교육 제도를 개관한다. 선진국 공통의 노령화 현상이 영국에서는 어떤 변화를 가져왔는지, 이 문제는 연금, 결혼, 이혼, 출산 등과 어떤 관계를 맺는지 영국통계청 자료와 함께 짚어본다. 교육제도와 관련해서는 기본적인 학제에서 시작하여 중등, 고등교육에 이르기까지 영국 특유의 Public School, Further Education이 어떤 역할을 하는지, 대학교육의 기본 구조와 Open University의 특성 등을 알아본다.

본문 강독

Equal Opportunities

82쪽 4행

D. Equal Opportunities

Race Equality

People from certain ethnic groups are more likely to experience poverty and social exclusion. The Households Below Average Income Series published by the Department of Work and Pensions (DWP) shows that the percentage of people living in low-income households in 2002/03 was higher when the household reference person (HRP) belonged to a minority ethnic group, particularly when the HRP was of Pakistani/Bangladeshi descent.

In areas such as education, health, housing and the labour market, there are considerable variations between minority ethnic groups and within the White group. For example, Indian, White Irish, Chinese and Black African, were more likely to be working in a professional occupation in Great Britain in 2001/02 than people who described themselves as White British.

Gender

The economic and domestic lives of women have changed considerably over time, and women have taken an increasingly important role in the labour market. In 1971, 55 per cent of women of working age in the United Kingdom were in employment, compared with 91 per cent of men. By spring 2004, in Great Britain, the rate for women was 70 per cent while the rate for men was 79 per cent. The likelihood of women being in employment, however, varies considerably according to whether or not they have dependent children. Employment rates are lowest for those women with a child under the age of five (53 per cent in spring 2004).

The pay gap between men and women who work full-time narrowed between 2002 and 2003, to the lowest since records began. The average gross weekly earnings of women working full-time in April 2003 were 75.4 per cent of those for men (£396 compared with £525).

Causes of the gender pay gap include the fact that men and women tend to work in different occupations and the impact of family responsibilities, as well as the possibility of pay discrimination. A much higher proportion of women than men work in administrative and secretarial jobs, for example, while a higher proportion of men work in skilled trades.

Equal Opportunities Policy and Legislation

Under the Equal Pay Act 1970, women and men in Great Britain are entitled to equal pay when doing ①work that is the same or broadly similar, ②work that is rated as equivalent, or ③work that is of equal value. The Sex Discrimination Act 1975 (as amended) makes it unlawful in Great Britain to discriminate between men and women in ①employment and vocational training, ②education, and ③the provision and sale(공급과 판매) [of goods, facilities, services and premises(양도재산]. The Act also outlaws discrimination in employment and training on the grounds of gender reassignment(성전환) and being married. Similar legislation on sex discrimination and equal pay applies in Northern Ireland.

There are two Ministers for Women, supported by the Women and Equality Unit based in the Department of Trade and Industry. They are responsible for a range of gender equality issues in Government and are sponsors of the Equal Opportunities Commission (EOC). The Equality Unit in the Scottish Executive and the Gender Policy Unit in the Northern Ireland Executive are also responsible for work in this area.

The Civil Partnership Bill, introduced into Parliament in March 2004, would give same-sex couples in England and Wales the option of gaining formal legal recognition(합법적 공삭 인정) for their relationship. A number of other EU Member States have already introduced a form of civil partnership registration--the first to do so was Denmark in 1989.

The Gender Recognition Act 2004 gives transsexual people the right to seek legal recognition in their acquired gender. If recognition is granted, they will be regarded for almost all purposes as being of their acquired gender. This means that a legally recognised transsexual person will be able to marry in their acquired gender, obtain a new birth certificate, and receive State benefits and pensions.

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