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fascia에 대한 탐구가 계속되고 있다.
panic bird...
WATER, THE KEY NUTRIENT FOR FASCIA
Connective tissue consists of cells and an extracellular matrix that includes extracellular fibers, ground substance, and tissue fluid. It forms a vast and continuous compartment throughout the body, bounded by basal lamina of the various epithelia and by the basal or external lamina of muscle, nerve, or vascular endothelium.
- 결합조직은 세포와 세포외 섬유, 기질, tissue fluid(조직액)을 포함한 세포외 기질로 구성됨.
- 결합조직은 넓고, 인체전체에 걸친 연속적인 부분으로 다양한 상피세포의 기저층에 의해 둘러싸여 있고, 근육, 신경, 혈관내피세포로 둘러쌓여 있음.
Fascia is a part of the connective tissue system that historically has been given relatively little attention. But in fact, any discussion of soft tissue conditions or disorders is incomplete, and limited in scope of practice, if it does not include discussion of the fascial system.
- 섬유막은 역사적으로 주의가 덜 주어진 결합조직의 일부임. 하지만 사실상 섬유막 시스템에 대한 토의가 없다면 연부조직의 상태 또는 질환의 토의는 불완전하고 실행 범위의 한계를 가짐.
The cellular components of fascia include fibroblasts, mast cells, adipose cells, macrophages, plasma cells, and leukocytes. Collagen as well as reticular and elastin fibers comprise the fibrous component of fascia; the ground matrix consists of macromolecules (proteoglycans and glycoproteins), exogenous substances, and extracellular and intracellular fluid.
- 섬유막의 세포구성은 섬유아세포, 비만세포, 지방세포, 대식세포, 혈장세포, 백혈구 등을 포함함. 콜라겐, 세망섬유, 탄력섬유는 섬유막의 섬유성 부분을 포함하고, 기저물질은 대분자(프로테오글리칸과 당단백질), 외인성 물질, 세포외 및 세포내 활액을 포함함.
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FASCIA
The water content of the tissue matrix in fascia defines tissue volume, creates space for molecular transport and for molecular dynamic organization, offers compressive resistance (as water itself is essentially incompressible), and essentially determines the mechanical properties of fascia. These properties, as seen in collagen and elastin molecules, depend on the degree of hydration (Gniadecka et ai., 1998).
- 섬유막 조직의 물성분은 tissue volume로 정의함. 이는 분자이동을 위한 공간을 만들고, 분자의 동적 조직을 위한 공간을 만들어.. 압박저항을 만듬. 그리고 근본적으로 섬유막의 기계적 특성을 결정함. 이러한 특성은 콜라겐과 엘라스틴 분자에서 보이고, 이는 수화정도에 의존함.
o Resistance is provided by the inextensibility and organization of the collagen fibers.
- 저항성은 콜라겐 섬유의 조직과 비신장성에 의해서 제공됨.
o Elasticity is determined by the presence of elastic fibers that can run in varying directions (parallel, oblique, and perpendicular) with respect to the provision of the collagen fibers and allow the fascial tissue to return to its initial length following tractional force or pressure.
- 탄성은 탄력섬유에 의해서 결정되고...섬유막 조직은 압박 또는 당김힘에 따란 원래길이로 되돌아가게 함.
o Plasticity refers to the mechanical property of fascia to take on a certain form within certain limits provided by the presence of different fibers, adipocytes, and the colloidal state of the matrix and its relation with fibers.
- 가소성은 섬유막의 기계적 특성으로 어떤 한계내에서 특별한 형태를 유지하는 것.. 서로 다른 섬유, 지방세포, colloidal 상태 물질이 제공하는 ....
o Viscosity refers to a tissue's ability to resist or oppose forces of deformation. Regarding fascia, viscosity can be defined as the time-delayed modification made to fascia following the application of a force. The importance of this temporal delay and structural modification is determined by the presence of the matrix.
- 점성은 조직의 변형에 저항하는 힘을 말함. 섬유막과 관련하여 점성은 시간 지연 변형으로 정의됨.
- 이러한 시간적 지연과 구조적 변형은 기질의 존재에 의해서 결정됨.
PHYSIOLOGICAL PURPOSE OF WATER
The human body is comprised of over 70% water, and 90% of the brain is made up of water. The effects of dehydration on the overall state of the body can be life threatening. The following are some physiological functions of water.
- 인체는 70%가 넘는 물, 대뇌의 90%는 물로 구성됨.
- 탈수의 효과는 인체 전체에 영향을 미치고 생명을 위협할 수 있음. 아래는 물의 생리적 기능
o Water serves as the body's transportation system. It is the medium by which other nutrients and essential elements are distributed throughout the body. Without this transport of supplies, the body factory would stop. Water is also the transport system for removing waste materials, such as toxins and metabolites, from the body.
- 물은 인체 이동시스템을 제공함.
- 물은 다른 영양소와 필수 물질을 전신에 배달해주는 매개체임. 이러한 전달시스템이 없다면 인체 공장은 멈출 것임.
- 물은 또한 인체 독성물질, 대사물질 등의 찌꺼기를 제거하는 시스템을 제공함.
o Water is a lubricant. The presence of water in and around body tissues helps defend the body against shock. The brain, eyes, and spinal cord are among the body's sensitive structures that depend on a protective water layer. Water is present in the mucus and the salivary juices of our digestive systems. It is especially important for moving food through the digestive tract. Persons who experience reduced salivary output soon will realize that foods taste different and are harder to swallow. As a lubricant, water also facilitates smooth movement of bone joints.
- 물은 윤활성이 있음. 인체조직에 물의 존재는 충격에 저항하게 해줌.
- 대뇌, 눈, 척수는 물보호층에 의존한 민감한 조직임.
- 물은 점액에 존재하고 우리의 소화기관의 소화액으로 존재함. 소화기관을 통해 중요한 역할...
- 윤활물질로서 물은 관절의 움직임을 부드럽게 함.
o Water participates in the body's biochemical reactions. The digestion of protein and carbohydrates to usable and absorbable forms depends on water as part of the chemical reaction.
- 물은 인체 생화학적 반응에 참여함.
- 단백질과 탄수화물의 소화, 흡수는 물의 화학적 일부분에 의존함.
o Water regulates body temperature. Our health and well-being depend on keeping body temperature within a very narrow range. The human body, which is made of 60 to 75% water, serves this function quite well. Water itself changes temperature slowly and is able to help regulate body temperature by serving as a good heat storage material.
- 물은 인체 체온을 조절함. 건강함이란 아주 좁은 범위내에 적정온도를 유지하는 것임.
- 인체는 60-75%가 물로 구성되고, 기능을 잘 유지함. 물 자체는 온도를 천천히 바꾸고, 온도저장 물질에 의해서 체온은 잘 조절되게 함.
o Load-bearing and filtration properties of fascia result largely from the interaction of tissue components with water under the influence of various forces. At the molecular level, this function has to be interpreted in relation to the balance of osmotic and mechanical forces on the glycosaminoglycan-containing system.
- 섬유막의 load-bearing and filtration(여과)특성은 다양한 힘의 반응하에서 물의 작용에 의함.
- 분자단위에서, 이러한 기능은 클리코스아미노글리칸 포함 시스템에서 삼투압과 기계적 힘의 균형과 연관되어 해석되어야 함.
o Water is critical for collagen structure and stability. The enthalpy and the entropy of collagen melting are predominated by the effects of bound water molecules. It has been demonstrated through numerous methods of analysis that hydration forces between collagen triple helices are important for describing intermolecular interactions. Structural water the first water adsorbed by collagenous tissue, is incorporated into the triple helix. The bound water subsequently imbibed is associated with the polar side chains, which are located in the interhelical regions within the collagen fiber.
- 물은 콜라겐 구조와 안정성에 중요한 역할.
Finally, the free water along with the mucopolysaccharides makes up the interfibrillar matrix gel. The flexibility of the collagen helix is enhanced in the presence of water molecules, and water molecules probably allow rotational and translational freedom of segments of the triple helix. It is likely that, in the absence of water molecules, these water-binding sites are available to bond intermolecularly to stiffen the collagen triple helix and prevent the occurrence of slippage and translation between neighboring molecules (Kramer & Berman, 1998; Melacini, Bonvin, Goodman, Boelens, & Kaptein, 2000).
- mucopolysaccharide를 따라 존재하는 물은 interfibrillar matrix젤을 만듬.
- 콜라겐 삼중구조 유연성은 결국 물이 존재하여 가능하고, 콜라겐 삼중구조에서 회전, 이동을 허용하는 역할.
o Water molecules in collagen play a major role in both the mechanical and electromechanical properties in bovine collagen. According to wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAX D) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) measurements, the loss of water molecules decreases the crystallinity of collagen. The piezoelectric response observed in bovine cornea is attributed primarily to the N-H and c=o dipole polarization of the hydrogen-bonded crystal phase in the collagen Uayasuriya, Scheinbeim, lubkin, Bennett, & Kramer, 2003).
EFFECTS OF DEHYDRATION ON THE TISSUE TENSEGRITY MATRIX SYSTEM
Aggregation and cohesion of tropocollagen particles in collagen fibrils and fibers are further maintained by water molecules. It is especially important to realize that water molecules are influenced by the fiber lattice of collagen. When fibers align themselves with hydration, they also orient water molecules into a chain that spirals around the fiber. Those molecules that are adsorbed at low vapor pressure are tightly bound to collagen via reaction with polar functional groups. Excess water then builds up multiple layers of hydration, which force apart the fiber lattice. Liquid water then fills in and presumably moves across capillary spaces to produce a highly viscous fiber-water system at high vapor pressure.
- 물분자에 의해서 트로포콜라겐 입자의 aggregation and cohesion은 유지됨.
- 충분한 물은 수화층을 만듬. ....
The chemical potential of these water molecules must be lower than that of extrafibrillar water, or they would not be bound. Since the quantity of water bound to collagen at saturation is 100- 120% the weight of dry collagen, this represents an inactivation of a very large amount of water in mammalian systems (Elden, 1968). It is apparent that collagen-water interaction in vivo can significantly influence many biological processes, which will be discussed later in this book.
- 물분자의 화학적 기능은 ...
- 콜라겐-물의 상호작용이 수많은 생물학적 과정에 중요한 역할을 수행함.
Dehydration of collagen fibers has been shown to elicit an acute inflammatory response at around 10 days, using in vitro experiments. The response consisted of an equal mixture of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and histiocytes. Many of the chemical mediators released during dehydration (e.g., histamine, heparin, dopamine, catecholamines, serotonin, etc.) contribute to maintaining tension in the fascial tissue during the early inflammatory response.
- 콜라겐 섬유에 탈수는 급성염증 후 10일에 관찰됨.
- 탈수되는 동안 많은 화학적 매개자가 분비되어 초기 염증반응동안 섬유막 조직에서 장력을 유지하는데 공헌함.
Neutrophils, histiocytes, and giant cells were concentrated around areas of phagocytosis. During this early period, many of the fibers had been completely degraded while others were in various stages of resorption. The inflammatory response reached a plateau by six weeks. There were no remaining neutrophils; instead, giant cells, epithelioid cells, and fibroblasts constituted the major cell types present (Law, Parson, Silver, Et Weiss, 1989). Collagen cross-linking seems to positively affect the growth and activity of the fibroblasts involved in secreting additional collagen (Law et aI.,1989).
- 호중구, 조직구(대식세포), 거대세포는 식작용근처에 집중됨. 초기 염증기동안 많은 섬유가 완전하게 degraded되어 흡수됨.
- 염증기반응은 6주에 고원에 도달함. 더이상 호중구는 없고, 대신 거대세포와 유상피세포, 섬유아세포가 주요 세포를 대체함.
- 콜라겐 교차링크는 섬유아세포의 활성과 성장에 긍적적으로 영향을 미치고 추가적인 콜라겐 분비에 관여함.
The apparent advantage of having increased fibroblast activity due to collagen cross-linking is compromised by the mechanical disadvantages. The bonding between cross-bridges provides structural support to normal connective tissue. However, injury, chronic stress by dehydration, and immobility cause excessive bonding and lead to the formation of scars and adhesions, which limit the movement of these usually resilient tissues.
- 증가된 섬유아세포의 활성이 명백하게 장점으로 작용하는 것은 콜라겐 교차링크는 역학적 손실에 의해서 제대로 기능을 발휘하지 못하는 것 때문임.
- 손상, 과도한 탈수와 고정(immobility)는 과도한 공유결합을 야기하여 반흔조직과 유착을 형성하여 조직의 움직임을 제한함.
With dehydration, the complexes gradually disappear from the ground substance. As a result of less water bound, the bulk of the ground substance diminishes. As this process takes place, excessive cross-linking between collagen fibers occurs. As more and more molecules crossbind, the involved connective tissue becomes less elastic. This will result in a tissue that has lost elasticity because the collagen fibers and fascial sheets have lost their ability to slide freely over one another.
- 탈수와 함께, 복합체는 점차적으로 기질에서 사라짐. 물결합이 줄어듬으로써 기질의 양이 줄어듬. 이러한 과정이 일어남에 따라 콜라겐 섬유사이의 과도한 교차링크가 발생함.
- 콜라겐 분자들이 교차결합하면 할수록 연관된 결합조직은 탄성을 잃어버림.
- 이것은 콜라겐 섬유와 섬유막 sheet가 서로서로 자유롭게 움직이는 능력이 줄어 조직의 탄성도가 떨어지는 결과임.
The loss of the tissue's lengthening potential is not due so much to the volume of collagen, but to the random pattern in which it is laid down and to the abnormal cross-bridges that prevent normal movement patterns (Wang, Pins, Et Silver, 1994). Following tissue injury due to dehydration, it is essential for the human body to undergo rehydration followed by some passive activity to help prevent maturation of the scar tissue in fascia and further development of adhesive cross-links (Figure 5- 1).
- 조직길이가 줄어듬은 콜라겐 양이 과도하게 많아짐 때문이지만 random 패턴으로 비정상적인 교차다리가 정상움직임 패턴을 막기때문임.
- 손상조직이 탈수됨에따라 ... 재수화가 필수임. 반흔조직과 교차연결을 막아주는 수동적인 activity를 시행하여...
There appears to be a rapid deterioration of mechanical strength in the collagen fibers in the wet state following hydration, and this can be attributed to a high amount of swelling instead of extensive crosslinking (Wang et aI., 1994).
- 수화와함께 조직이 젖은 상태에서 콜라겐 섬유의 기계적 강도는 빠르게 줄어드는 방향으로 악화됨.
- 이것은 과도한 교차대신에 많은 양의 부종을 일으킬 수 있음.
Collagen cross-linking on the whole does improve tensile strength of dry collagen fibers by limiting interfibrillar slippage; however, in the wet state it is likely that swelling of the collagen fibers counteracts the effects of cross-linking (Wang et ai., 1994).
- 콜라겐 교차링크는 제한된 interfibrillar 하락에 의해서 마른 콜라겐 섬유의 장력강도증가시킴. 하지만 수화되어 젖은 상태에서는 콜라겐의 부종이 교차링크 효과에 반하는 효과를 가져옴.
In addition, the collagen cross-links reduce the mobility of the polypeptide chains, thus augmenting the mechanical stability of the collagen fibers and in turn making it more difficult for the clinician to remove the adhesion in the fascia.
- 게다가, 콜라겐 교차링크는 폴리펩타이드 체인의 운동성을 줄임. 그래서 콜라겐 섬유의 기계적 안정성 증가와 섬유막에서 유착을 제거하려는 의료인에게 어려움을 초래함.
참고) 파스칼단위
- 1 파스칼은 1 제곱미터 당 1 뉴턴의 힘이 작용할 때의 압력에 해당
- 1MPa = 1메가 파스칼
When the collagen fibers go from the dry state to the wet state, their tensile strength drops dramatically. In the dry state, collagen fibers have moduli as high as 8,000 MPa and tensile strengths up to about 600 MPa. The large decreases in these properties in the hydrated state suggest that water molecules act to break down the hydrogen and electrostatic bonds that hold collagen fibrils together.
- 콜라겐 섬유가 마른 상태에서 젖은 상태로 진행함에 따라, 강도는 급격하게 줄어듬. 마른 상태에서 콜라겐 섬유는 8천 메가파스칼만큼 moduli를 가지고, 장력강도는 6백 메가파스칼을 넘음.
- ...
The ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of uncrosslinked collagen fibers in the wet state is less than 2 MPa, suggesting that hydrogen and electrostatic bonding between molecules plays a critical role in the load-bearing capacity of collagen. The role of cross-linking appears to be that of minimizing the distances between neighboring molecules, preventing the incorporation of excess water that would prevent hydrogen and electrostatic bond formation between molecules (Fleiss, 1992).
- 젖은 상태에서 교차링크가 안된 콜라겐 섬유의 궁극적 장력강도는 2MPa보다 낮음. 이는 산소와 정전기결합은 콜라겐의 압력부하 능력에 중요한 역할을 함.
Dehydration of collagen can also have many other deleterious effects on the body, ranging from impairing the body's ability to communicate to initiating circulatory failure and causing a host of problems. Changes in hydration status can alter cellular activity within fascia and thereby indirectly disrupt the global communication network throughout the living matrix.
- 콜라겐의 탈수는 인체에 많은 나쁜 영향을 미칠 수 있음.
- 수화상태의 변화는 섬유막내 세포활성을 변화시킬 수 있고 생체의 큰 소통네트워크를 간접적으로 파괴할 수 있음.
When fascia becomes dehydrated, the polymerization of glycosaminoglycans reduces the fluidity and permeability of the matrix, thus reducing the ability of fascia to transfer and convey messages (in the form of hormones, neuromediators, inorganic ions, nerve potentials, growth factors, viruses, interferons, antigens, antibodies, etc.) throughout the body.
- 섬유막이 탈수될때, 글리코스아미노클리칸의 중합은 생체의 투과성과 유동성을 감소시킴으로써 섬유막의 정보전달 능력을 감소시킴. 호르몬, 신경전달문질, 무기질 이온, 신경전위, 성장인자, 바이러스, 인터페론, 항원, 항체 등
As a result, the tensional integrity (tensegrity) of the organism changes, and this in turn influences enzyme activities and protein conformations involved in maintaining homeostasis (growth, wound healing, regeneration, morphogenesis, and disease resistance).
- 그 결과, 기관의 장력완전성이 변화하고, 효소활성에 영향을 미치고, 항상성을 유지하는데 관여하는 단백질 배열에 영향을 미침.
- 성장, 상처치유, 재생, 형태발생, 질환저항 등의 항상성...
According to the continuum communication model, the living matrix creates a "symphony" of vibratory messages that travel to and fro, alerting each part of the organism about the activities taking place in each other part. Disease, disorder, and pain arise within portions of the vibratory continuum where information flows are restricted. Restrictions that occur locally can be attributed to infections, physical injury, and trauma such as dehydration that alter the properties of the fascial connective tissue.
- 연속적 소통모델에 따르면, 생체는 to and fro(이리저리왔다갔다) 전달하는 진동 메시지의 조화를 만들어 ....
- 질환, 질병, 통증은 진동연속체의 전보전달이 제한됨으로써 발생함.
- 감염, 손상, 타박상으로 탈수가 발생하여 제한이 발생면서 섬유조직의 특성이 변화함.
Water itself is a dynamic component of the living matrix and essentially is involved in generating and
conducting vibrations that are the basis of a global communication network. When water is altered physically or chemically in any way-such as in dehydration-its ability to rotate, vibrate, or wiggle in different spatial planes is compromised, resulting in a failure in continuum communication.
- 물자체는 생체의 동적인 구조임. 그리고 큰 소통네트워크의 기초인 전달진동 생성에 연관되는 필수요소임.
- 물이 탈수와 같이 물리적으로 화학적으로 변화할때, 소통은 ..제한됨...
Lymphatic sheets and vessels are often situated in close proximity or even attached to the fascial sheaths of blood vessels and nerves. Lymphatic capillaries are comprised of endothelial cells, to which are attached micro filaments whose movement is controlled by fascia. The structural organization of fascia controls the movement of endothelial cells, which in turn regulates the size of the openings in the walls of the lymphatic capillaries that allow for the movement of water, plasma proteins, and dissolved materials in the extracellular environment.
- 임파관과 혈관은 단힌 말단에 놓여짐. 또는 혈관과 신경의 섬유막에 부착함..
- 임파소관은 내피세포로 구성되고 ...
The cleansing role and absorption of proteins and various substances in the extracellular environment by the lymphatic capillaries depends on the physical quality (mobility, fluid state) of fascia. Lymphatic congestion can result if the fascia is not properly arranged due to collagen shortening. As the collagen fibers shorten, pressure within the myofascial tissue subsequently increases, resulting in lymphatic congestion. This condition will create ischemia and induce energy-deficient contracture and fascial adhesions around organs.
- 임파소관에 의한 외부환경에서 다양한 조직과 단백질의 흡수. 제거역할은 섬유막의 움직임, 활액상태에 의존함.
- 임파울혈은 콜라겐 짧아짐때문에 적절한 배열이 안되는 섬유막에 의해서 발생함.
- 콜라겐 섬유가 짧아짐에 따라 근막조직내에 압력은 증가하고 임파울혈이 야기됨.
- 이러한 상태는 허혈을 야기하고 에너지 부족 구축을 유발하고 섬유막 유착이 야기됨.
Adequate perfusion and oxygenation are important for successful repair, and the speed of wound healing is limited by the oxygen supply. Molecular oxygen is essential for the hydroxylation of proline during collagen synthesis and therefore for collagen accumulation in healing wounds. Dehydration causes a reduction in oxygenation of tissues in the body.
- 적절한 관류와 산화는 성공적인 회복을 위해 중요함. 그리고 상처치유 속도는 산소공급에 의해서 제한됨.
- 산소분자는 콜라겐 합성동안 프롤린 히드록실화에 필수임. 그래서 콜라겐은 치유조직에 축적됨.
- 탈수는 인체에서 조직의 산화 감소를 야기함.
It inevitably results in impaired collagen synthesis and hence has a deleterious effect on anastomotic healing. In addition, dehydration will reduce blood flow to some circumscribed areas and cause those tissues to become ischemic. At that point, energy deficient contractures can form and create adhesions in the fascia. Far worse, though, is ischemia, which can cause muscle fibers to deteriorate.
- 이는 필연적으로 손상된 콜라겐 함성을 야기하여 문합의 치유에 악영향을 줌.
- 게다가 탈수는 제한된 지역에 혈액공급을 감소시킬 수 있고, 조직을 허혈상태를 야기함.
- 이때 에너지 부족 구축은 섬유막에서 유착을 만듬.
- 더 악화되면 허혈이 되고, 근섬유 약화를 초래함.
At the same time, fibroblasts become active and increase their synthesis and excretion of collagen, creating some degree of fascial fibrosis (Hartmann, Jonsson, 8: Zederfeldt, 1992). The collagen fibers of this fibrotic area are likely to form cross-links that will tighten the tissue even more.
- 동시에 섬유아세포는 활성회되고 콜라겐 분비 합성이 증가하여 섬유막 섬유화의 정도가 증가함.
- 섬유화된 ....
The human body is a continuous network of tensional elements (ligaments, tendons, fascia, muscles, and cellular microfilaments) with discontinuous compressional elements (bones and cellular microtubules). A fascinating aspect of a tensegrity design is that an adhesion set up in the fascia is quickly conducted throughout the entire body, causing a mechanical disturbance to be set up within the fascial sheets covering the body and subsequently causing a disturbance in the body's biomechanics.
- 인체는 비연속적인 압박요소인 뼈와 세포 미소관을 동반한 장력 요소(인대, 힘줄, 섬유막, 근육, 세포미세섬유) 의 연속적인 네트워크임.
- 장력완전성 디자인의 흥미로운 부분은 섬유막에있어서 유착이 전체 몸을 거쳐 빠르져 전달하고, ....
Until recently, it was thought that ground substance functioned mainly as an inert scaffolding to support tissues. Now it is clear that the ground substance is quite active in functions such as influencing tissue development, migration, proliferation, shape, and even metabolic functions.
- 최근까지, 기질은 조직을 지지하는 기능을 하지 않는 조직(Inert scaffolding)으로 생각됨.
- 이제 기질이 능동적 기능을 한다는 사실은 명백함. 조직발달, 이동, 증식, 형태, 심지어 대사적 기능까지....
The ground substance is found within the internal environment of an organism and is closely associated with the human cardiovascular, nervous, and visceral systems. This association further explains the important role of fascia in the function of the epithelial, nervous, and muscular systems.
- 기질은 기관의 내부환경에서 발견되고, 인체 심혈관 신경, 내장기관과 밀접하게 연관됨. 이 연관성은 상피조직, 신경, 근육시스템의 기능에 있어서 섬유막의 중요한 역할을 설명함.
Hyaluronic acid and proteoglycans are two key constituents of the ground substance. They contribute to some important mechanical properties of fascia, such as cushioning and lubricating. Hyaluronic acid is a highly viscous substance that lubricates the collagen, elastin, and muscle fibers, thus allowing them to slide over each other with minimal friction.
- 히알루론산과 프로테오글라칸은 기질의 두가지 중요구성물임.
- 그것은 섬유막의 쿠션기능 윤활기능과 같은 기계적 특성에 공헌함.
- 히알루론산은 매우 점성이 높은 물질이고 콜라겐, 탄력섬유, 근섬유를 윤활하는 역할을 함. 그래서 최소의 마찰력으로 미끄러지게 허용함.
Proteoglycans are peptide chains that form the gel of the ground substance. This gel is extremely hydrophilic, allowing it to absorb compressive forces of movement (cartilage, which acts as a shock absorber, contains much water-rich gel). During dehydration, polymerization of hyaluronic acid occurs, causing loss in tissue volume; as a result, the distance between fibers decreaes and cross-linking between fibers occurs.
- 프로테오글리칸은 기질의 젤을 만드는 펩타이드 사슬
- 이 젤은 극도의 친수성이어서 움직임중에 발생하는 압박력을 흡수하는 역할. 특히 연골은 물이 풍부한 젤로 충격흡수작용을 함.
- 탈수동안, 히알루론산 중합이 일어나고, 조직액 감소를 야기함. 그 결과 섬유와 섬유사이의 교차링크는 거리는 감소함.
The microadhesions in fascia, as well as the reduction in water in the ground substance due to dehydration, will not disperse the forces through the body. Consequently, the body is then subjected to an intolerable impact-injury. During violent trauma, if the body is penetrated by a shock wave that reaches the interior of the body and releases a large quantity of energy, damage to internal structures and organs may occur. The role of fascia is to absorb this shock wave and disperse it in different directions to attenuate its intensity and preserve the physical integrity of the human body.
- 섬유막에서 미세유착은 탈수때문에 기질에서 물이 감소하기 때문에 발생함. 그 결과는 인체에 가해지는 힘을 분산하지 못함.
- 섬유막의 역학은 충격파를 흡수하고 다양한 방향의 힘을 분산하여 인체에 가해지는 물리적 압박 등을 감소시킴.
If the intensity of the shock wave exceeds a certain threshold, the connective tissue will not be able to fulfill its role; lesions are the end result. Lesions most often occur to the spleen, liver, or kidneys. Polymerization of hyaluronic acid also reduces the permeability of molecules and substances (nutrients, gases, hormones, cellular waste, antibodies, white blood cells) flowing through the fascia.
- 만약 충격파 강도가 역치를 넘어서면, 결합조직은 자신의 역할을 다하지 못하고, 손상이 발생함.
- 손상은 대개 비장, 간, 콩팥에서 일어남.
- 히알루론산 중합은 또한 분자와 물질(영양물, 가스, 호르몬, 세포찌꺼기, 항체, 백혈구 등)의 투과성을 감소시킴.
The fascial membranes covering connective tissue are a site of osmotic regulation of nutrition and metabolic elimination. Abnormal pressures or tension by themselves can affect the normal osmotic exchange of fluids. Under normal conditions, there is equilibrium between normal fluid flow and tissue fluid. Tension in the tissue membranes can alter the body's hemodynamics; for instance, dehydration or drainage of fluid from the tissue will disrupt equilibrium and lead to a progressive local dysfunction and accumulation of metabolites.
- 결합조직을 둘러싼 섬유막은 영양물질과 대사물질제거의 삼투조절의 위치임.
- 그들에 의한 비정상 압력과 장력은 활액의 정상삼투교환에 영향을 미칠 수 있음.
- 정상적인 조건하에서, 정상 활액이동과 조직활액사이의 평행이 존재함.
- 조직막의 장력은 인체의 혈역동학을 변화시킴. 예를들어 조직으로부터 활액을 배설하거나 탈수가 되면 평형이 깨지고, 국소적 기능부전과 축적되는 대사물질이 야기됨.
NEW RESEARCH FINDINGS
Werner Klingler and colleagues recently examined the water-binding qualities of ground substance (Klingler, Schleip, 8: Zorn, 2004). They took strips of porcine lumbar fascia and subsequently measured the water content at various stages and at the final dry weight (after drying the strips in an oven). They reported the following observations:
o During an isometric stretch period, water is squeezed out of the ground substance and is subsequently refilled during a rest (non-stretch) period.
- 등척성 스트레칭 동안, 물은 기질에서 쥐어짜 밖으로 빠져나가고, 연속적으로 쉬는 동안 다시 채워짐.
o If the applied stretch is above a threshold level and the following rest period is long enough, more water will move into the ground substance. The water content inside the ground substance will increase to a higher level than it had prior to the stretch.
- 만약 적용된 스트레치가 역치를 넘어서면 이어지는 휴지기 기간은 충분함. 좀더 많은 물이 기질로 이동함. 기질내의 물성분은 스트레치 전보다 높은 단계로 증가함.
A further series of tests was performed to ascertain the effect of hydration on the elastic stiffness of fascia (Klingler et aI., 2004). The researchers replaced the usual physiological solution with distilled water (increases tissue hydration) or with 25%
sucrose (dehydrates the tissue). The results showed that water (a hypotonic environment) increases hydration, which increases the elastic modulus that leads to stiffness.
-
When fascia is being stretched, water is being extruded from the ground substance and there is a subsequent change in the longitudinal arrangement of the collagen fibers (Figure 5-2).
- 섬유막이 스트레치될때, 물은 기질에서 빠져나옴, 연속적인 변화는 아래 표에 ...
When the stretch is finished, the longitudinal relaxation of the fibers takes a few minutes to revert to the original state (provided the strain has not been too strong and there have been no micro injuries); yet the water continues to be soaked up into the tissue, to the degree that the tissue even swells and becomes stiffer than before.
- 스트레치가 끝날때, 섬유의 종적 이완은 몇분이내에 원래상태로 되돌아감.
- 하지만 물은 조직은 흠뻑 젖게 하고, 전보다 뻣뻣하게 하고 .....
It is strongly suggested that before using any connective tissue therapy directed at fascia, the clinician should first assess the patient's hydration status. As previously discussed, chronic stress by dehydration and immobility causes excessive bonding, leading to the formation of scars and adhesions and limiting the movement of these usually resilient tissues.
- 섬유막에 직접적인 치료를 하기 전에, 임상치료사는 먼저 환자의 수분상태를 점검해야함.
- 탈수와 고정에 의한 만성 스트레스는 과도한 결합을 일으켜, 반흔조직과 유착, 움직임 제한을 야기함.
The adhesions are relatively strong, hardened nodules in the fascia that are difficult to release due to the excessive buildup of collagen cross-linking that reinforces the adhesion structure. A patient who is dehydrated should undergo a period of hydration via oral rehydration prior to connective tissue therapy. The clinician can use pumping and myofascial stretching to promote a more rapid uptake of water into the soft tissues. It has been suggested that to maintain optimal homeostasis in the body, the intake of water should be calculated as described in the following section.
- 유착은 상대적으로 강함. 섬유막에서 경화된 결절은 강한 콜라겐 교차링크결합때문에 이완시키기 어려움.
- 탈수된 환자는 결합조직에 구강수분공급을 통해 물을 충분히 공급해야 함.
- 임상치료사는 pumping과 근막스트레칭을 통해 연부조직에 빠른 물흡수를 촉진시킬 수 있음.
- 그 결과 인체에 적절한 항상성을 유지하고, 물흡수는 다음 단계에서 묘사한대로 정확하게 계산되어야 함.
MAINTENANCE DOSE OF WATER
The recommended daily intake of water is based on the formula:
0.6 oz. x body weight in pounds = number of ounces of water per day.
There is no scientific evidence indicating any significant benefits to fascia in consuming carbon-filtered, reverse osmosis, or distilled water. The intake of water in the body has many benefits.
- 카본정류한 물, 역삼투압물, 증류한 물 흡수가 섬유막에 어떤 유리한 점이 있다는 과학적 증거는 없음.
- 충분한 물 흡수는 많은 효과
Water causes collagen fibers to swell, resulting in mechanical slippage between collagen fibers so that less mechanical force is required to break the adhesion. Water removes toxins and metabolic end products (e.g., adenosine, serotonin, histamine, lactic acid, etc.) from the body, restores body temperature, and facilitates biochemical reactions. Additionally, the abundance of water resulting from rehydration will promote a greater diffusion of water molecules into the ground substance following applied manual therapy, subsequently increasing the tissues' swelling pressure and stiffness.
- 물은 콜라겐 섬유를 부풀게 하여 콜라겐 섬유사이가 기계적 미끄러짐이 일어나도록 함. 그래서 유착을 떼는데, 기계적 힘이 덜 받도록 함.
- 물은 독성물질과 대사산물(아데노신, 세로토닌, 히스타민, 젖산 등)을 몸으로부터 제거하고, 체온을 유지하고, 생화학적 반응을 촉진함.
- 게다가 충분한 물은 수기치료 후에 기질내로 물분자의 확산을 증가시켜 조직부종압력과 stiffness를 연속적으로 증가시킴.
Fascial therapy focuses mainly on removing adhesions displaced throughout the connective tissue sheets. This approach in turn restores mobility and flexibility, opens the lines of communication throughout the body by erasing the tissue's somatic memory, clears the body of toxic substances that have been entrapped in a meshwork of fibers, and resolves soft tissue pain.
- 섬유막 치료는 주로 결합조직 sheet를 통해 유착된 배열을 제거하는데 초점이 있음.
- 이러한 접근법은 움직임과 신장성을 회복하여, 조직의 체성기억 지움에 의해서 인체의 소통선을 열고, 섬유그물에 포착되어 있는 독선물질을 제거하고, 연부조직통증을 제거함.
The discovery of the physiological basis of connective tissue therapy stems from the discovery of the presence of mechanoreceptors, intra fascial smooth muscle cells, and autonomic nerves dispersed throughout the network of fascial tissue. Fascia is densely innervated by mechanoreceptors, which are responsive to manual pressure. Stimulation of these sensory receptors has been shown to lead to a lowering of sympathetic tonus as well as a change in local tissue viscosity (Schleip, 2003a).
- 결합조직 치료의 생리학적 기초의 발견은 기게적 수용기존재, 내부 섬유막 smooth muscle 세포, 섬유막조직의 네트워크에 자율신경 산재 등의 발견으로부터 출발함.
- 섬유막은 기게적 수용기가 치밀하게 신경지배하여 수기치료의 압력에 반응함.
- 이러한 감각신경의 자극은 교감신경 긴장을 낮출뿐 아니라 국소적인 조직의 점성을 변화시킴.
Additionally, smooth muscle cells have been discovered in fascia, which seem to be involved in active fascial contractility. Fascia and the autonomic nervous system appear to be intimately connected (Schleip, 2003b).
- 게다가 평활근 세포는 섬유막에서 발견되어짐. 결국 능동적 섬유막 수축과 연관됨. 섬유막과 자율신경계는 매우 밀접하게 연결되어 있음.
Fascial manipulation causes a stimulation of intrafascial mechanoreceptors, which in turn alter the proprioceptive input entering the central nervous system. This results in a change in autonomic tone via a change in gamma motor tone. Most of the fascial sensory nerve endings that are stimulated by fascial manipulation are interstitial receptors (type III and IV) that have been shown to induce a change in local vasodilation (Langevin, Bouffard, Badger, Iatridis, Et Howe, 2004).
- 섬유막 수기치료는 내측 섬유막 기계적 수용기의 자극을 야기하여 고유수용기 인풋을 변경시켜 중추신경계로 전달함.
- 이는 자율신경계 tone을 바꾸어 감마운동신경원 tone을 바꾸는 결과를 초래함. 섬유막 수기치료에 의해서 자극을 받는 섬유막 감각신경 종말의 대부분은 간질 수용기(interstitial receptor)임. 그래서 국소적 혈관확장의 변화를 야기함.
The additional group of Pacinian receptors seem to be involved in high-velocity manipulation; Ruffini endings are mostly stimulated by slow deep-pressure techniques, especially if they involve tangential forces-that is, lateral stretch (Kruger, 1987). Stimulation of fascial mechanoreceptors leads to changes in muscle tonus, caused primarily by a resetting of the gamma motor system rather than the more volitional alpha motor system. Additionally, stimulation of Ruffini organs as well as many of the interstitial receptors affects the autonomic nervous system, which can result in a lowering of sympathetic tone or in changes to local vasodilation (Schleip, 2003b).
- 파치니 수용기 그룹은 high velocity 수기치료와 연관됨.
- 루피니 종말은 느린 deep pressure 테크닉과 연관됨.
- 섬유막 기계적 수용기자극은 근육 tone 변화를 야기하는데, 의지적인 알파운동계보다는 감마운동신경계 재배열을 야기함.
- 게다가 루피니 기관의 자극은 자율신경계에 영향을 미쳐, 교감신경 tone을 줄이고, 국소적인 혈관확장변화를 야기함.
The clinician attempts to restore the fibers to their original length while also working to restore the thixotropic properties of the matrix by depolymerizing the matrix and thus increasing its fluidity. According to Kruger ( 1987), if the fascial interstitial fibers are strongly stimulated, there will be an extrusion of plasma from the blood vessels into the interstitial fluid matrix. Such a change in local fluid dynamics means a change in the viscosity of the extracellular matrix.
- 임상의사는 섬유의 원래길이를 회복하려 함. 또한 기질의 해중합을 통해 틱소트로피 특성을 회복하여 유동성 증가를 일으킴.
- 크루거에 의하면, 만약 섬유막 간질 섬유가 강하게 자극을 받으면,혈관에서 간질활액 조직으로 혈장방출이 일어남.
- 그래서 이러한 국소적 활액유동성은 세포외기질 점성변화를 의미함.
Unless irreversible fibrotic changes have occurred or other pathologies exist, the state of fascia can be transformed from a gel like substance (which limits movement) to a more watery, flexible solute state through therapeutic intervention applied by the clinician. Therapies' may include introduction of energy through muscular activity (active or passive movement provided by activity or stretching), soft tissue manipulation (massage, skin rolling), heat (hydrotherapies, manual friction), vibration (manually or mechanically applied), and nutrition (rehydration).
- 만약 비가역적인 섬유증 변화가 없다면 섬유막의 상태는 젤과같은 물질에서 좀더 물이 많은 성분으로 변할 것임.
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Summary
The various components of fascia are dependent on water for maintaining proper structural integrity, protection from physical trauma, and mechanical functioning. Maintaining hydration is important. Dehydration affects the proper sliding movement of
fascial sheets, interferes with biochemical messengers and intracellular signaling, and reduces healing of tissues.
첫댓글 읽기 섬유막(fascia)의 물, 주요 영양물의 생체역학적 역할에 관하여